Metabolism US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 831: A healthy 34 y/o worker is trapped underground following partial collapse of an access shaft.
-He's trapped and take 2 days to reach him.
-The patient tells the rescuers: He feels weak and dizzy.
-He has not eaten for over 30 hours.
-Fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 78mg/ dL.
-Which biochemical reactions is most likely responsible for maintaining this patient's current blood glucose levels?
Answer: Oxaloacetate ---> phosphoenolpyruvate or the intitial step is: pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
Flashcard 832: What are the symtoms of deficiency of the following vitamins and substances?
-Ascorbic acid
-Biotin
-Linoleic acid
-vitamin K
-Zink
Answer: Ascorbic acid: scurvy, lack of wound healing, bleeding.
-Biotin: Vit B7, neuropsychiatic defects, hair loss, rash.
-Linoleic acid: essential fatty acid in arachidonic acids pathway. could affect growth.
-Vitamin K deficiency: bleeding but not in gums.
-Zink: growth retardation, infertility, acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Flashcard 833: What are the disacharide breakdown of:
-Sucrose
-Lactose
-Maltose
Answer: Sucrose: Glucose + fructose
-Lactose: Glucose + galactose
-Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
Flashcard 834: Erythroblasts from a bone marrow biopsy sample of a patient with Neonatal jaundice.
-Cells are unable to generate NADPH from glucose metabolism.
-But the cells are able to convert fructose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate, which is required for nucleic acid synthesis.
-Which enzyme is essential for the latter conversion?
Answer: Transketolase or transaldolase
due to fructose-6-phosphate conversion to ribose-5-phosphate, this reaction occurs in pentose phosphate pathway.
Flashcard 835: What are the following substances? What happen due to defiency of these substances?
-Folic acid
-Tocopherol
-Riboflavin
-Pyridoxine
Answer: Folic acid: Vit B9, deficiency of folate could lead to megaloblastic anemia.
-Tocopherol: Vit E, fat soluble vitamin (ADEK), an antioxidant vitamin, Deficiency lead to myelopathy & neurological symptoms.
-Riboflavin: Vit B2, it synthesize FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) and FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide). Deficiency lead cheilosis, glossitis, keratis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, sebrorrheic dermatitis.
(seborrheic dermatitis: looks like eczema) Cheilosis: dry scaling in side of lip
Conjuctivitis
- Pyridoxine: Vit B 6, deficiency lead to anemia, peripheral neuropathy and dermatitis, homocysteinuria.
Flashcard 836: In what disease, deficiency of these enzymes would most likely present?
-Acid a-glucosidase
-Aldolase B
-Fructokinase
-Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase
-Lactase
Answer: Acid a-glucosidase: a-1,4-glucosidase (Pompe disease), a-1,6-glucosidase (Cori disease) "glycogen storage disease" "Very Poor Carb Metabolism"
-Aldolase B: Hereditary fructose intolerence
-Fructokinase: Essential fructosuria
-Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase: Galactosemia (most common in babies)
-Lactase: Lactose intolence (adult), will cause diarrhia after ingestion of dairy products.
Flashcard 837: What are the followings in relation to gluconeogenesis?
-Glycogen phosphorylase
-Hormone sensitive lipase
-Lipoprotein lipase
Answer: Glycogen phosphorylase: involved in the break down of glycogen. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis.
Occurs during 1st several hours of fasting. 2 days will most likely be gluconeogenesis.
-Hormone sensitive lipase: enzyme found in adipose tissue, will break down tryglycerides into glycerol & free fatty acids--------> leads to glucose & ketone bodies. It depends on stress hormone (catecholamines, glucagon, ACTH)
-Lipoprotein lipase: enyzme found in bloodstream will break down tryglycerides found chylomicrons & VLDL and turn them to free fatty acids acids. very similar to hormone sensitive lipase.
Flashcard 838: A 5 month old boy is brought to the office by his parents concerning that he has development delay.
-Physical exam: unable to roll. Does not seem to recognize his parents.
-Labs: Impaired tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis.
-Which is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Serotonin or Tyrosine
due to BH4 deficiency that lead to lack of serotonin from tryptophan.
Flashcard 839: 22 y/o man comes with recurrent blistering on the back of his hands and forarms for the past several years.
-He has used overcounter meds, but symptoms didn't improve.
-He has no exposure to chemicals or animals
-Physical exam: vesicles and erosions on the dorsum of both hands.
-Which enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient in relation to heme synthesis pathway?
Answer: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
because patient present with skin blistering (photosensitivity) due to Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
Flashcard 840: What are the followings are associated with in relation to hormones in the body?
-Binding of activated receptors to DNA to modify transcription
-Cyclic AMP-Protein kinase A pathway
-Diacylglycerol-Protein kinase C pathway
-Inositol triphosphate-calcium-calmodulin pathway
-Jak-STAT pathway
Answer: Binding of activated receptors to DNA to modify transcription: (Intracellular receptor)Steroids and thyroid hormones (cortisol, T3/t4, estrogen, vitamin D).
-Cyclic AMP-Protein Kinase A pathway: "FLAT ChAMP GCG" FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, Glucagon, Calcitonin, GHRH.
-Diacylglycerol-Protein Kinase C pathway (DAG) & Inositol triphosphate-calcium-calmodulin pathway (IP3) : "GOAT HAG" GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin 2, Gastrin.
-Jak-Stat: Receptor associated tyrosine kinase. "PiGGLET" Prolactin, GH, G-CSF, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin.
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