Metabolism — Flashcards
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During oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP are produced per FADH2?
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Where does the TCA cycle take place?
Where does acetyl-CoA production take place?
Where does heme synthesis occur?
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Where does the HMP shunt take place?
aldose reductase
sorbitol dehydrogenase
TCA cycle
Metabolism US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 1552 Cards
Flashcard 1: During oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP are produced per FADH2?
Answer: 2
Flashcard 2: Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 3: Where does the TCA cycle take place?
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 4: Where does acetyl-CoA production take place?
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 5: Where does heme synthesis occur?
Answer: steps in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria
Flashcard 6: Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
Answer: steps in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria
Flashcard 7: Where does the HMP shunt take place?
Answer: cytoplasm
Flashcard 8: aldose reductase
Answer:
Extra: sequester glucose in cell or transform it into fructose glucose sorbitol
Flashcard 9: sorbitol dehydrogenase
Answer:
Extra: sorbitol fructose notably LOW in Schwann cells, retinal cells, kidney cells
Flashcard 10: TCA cycle
Answer: isocitrate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 11: HMP shunt
Answer: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Flashcard 12: de novo pyrimidine synthesis
Answer: carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II
Flashcard 13: de novo purine synthesis
Answer: glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Flashcard 14: What enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH)
Flashcard 15: What enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
Answer: pyruvate carboxylase (PC)
Flashcard 16: CO (carbon monoxide)
Answer:
Extra: inhibits electron transport chain inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
Flashcard 17: thermogenin
Answer:
Extra: endogenous protein, causes heat production inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by increasing permeability of the mitochondrial membrane
Flashcard 18: gluconeogenesis
Answer: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Extra: pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, F-1,6-BPase, G6Pase mnemonic: Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose
Flashcard 19: oxidative phase of HMP shunt
Answer: G6PD
Flashcard 20: What initial substrate is common to the following four pathways? - to alanine via alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase (PC) - to acetyl-CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) - to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Answer: pyruvate
Flashcard 21: lag
Answer: metabolic activity without division
Extra: A
Flashcard 22: plasma membrane
Answer: site of oxidation and transport enzumes
Extra: lipoprotein bilayer
Flashcard 23: During the fed and fasting states, what kind of fuels are used by muscles and liver?
Answer: anything; glucose, FFA
Flashcard 24: What are the main metabolic processes active during late starvation (after 3 days)?
Answer: adipose release of FFA, vital protein degradation
Flashcard 25: What are the main metabolic processes active during early starvation (1-3 days)?
Answer: hepatic glycogenolysis, hepatic gluconeogenesis (major), adipose release of FFA
Flashcard 26: What are the main metabolic processes active during fasting?
Answer: hepatic glycogenolysis (major), hepatic gluconeogenesis, adipose release of FFA
Flashcard 27: What are the main metabolic processes active during the fed state?
Answer: glycolysis, aerobic respiration
Flashcard 28: List the metabolic fuels used during exercise in rough order of earliest to latest
Answer: ATP, creatinine phosphate, free glucose, glycogen, fats, proteins
Flashcard 29: How many kcal are produced per gram of carbohydrate?
Answer: 4 kcal
Flashcard 30: What is the function of S-adenosyl-methionine?
Answer: transfers methyl units, conversion of NE to Epi
Flashcard 31: Where does the first step of ethanol metabolism occur?
Answer: cytosol
Flashcard 32: Where does the second step of ethanol metabolism occur?
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 33: What happens in the first step of ethanol metabolism?
Answer: alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetylaldehyde, reduces NAD+
Flashcard 34: What happens in the second step of ethanol metabolism?
Answer: acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetylaldehyde to acetate, reduces NAD+
Flashcard 35: essential fructosuria
Answer:
Extra: few, if any, problematic symptoms fructose in blood and urine AR fructokinase
Flashcard 36: fructose intolerance
Answer:
Extra: fructose builds up in cells and sequesters phosphate needed for other pathways jaundice, cirrhosis, vomiting after fruit meal hypoglycemia limit intake of fructose and sucrose AR aldolase B
Flashcard 37: Why does the body convert glucose into sorbitol?
Answer: second mechanism (in addition to phosphorylation) of trapping glucose in the cell; step towards making fructose
Flashcard 38: What is the consequence of a cell expressing low levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase?
Answer: Sorbitol can't be rapidly converted to fructose, so it may build up, especially during hyperglycemia. This leads to osmotic pressure and damage to the cell.
Flashcard 39: What is the ultimate product of the respiratory burst?
Answer: HOCl i.e. bleach
Flashcard 40: What are the two phases of the HMP shunt pathway? Which is reversible?
Answer: oxidative - irreversible nonoxidative - reversible
Flashcard 41: What are the primary tissues involved in the HMP shunt pathway?
Answer: mammary glands, liver, adrenal cortex, RBCs
Flashcard 42: What is the purpose of the HMP shunt pathway?
Answer: produce NADPH for redox, produce ribose for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis
Flashcard 43: What is the primary tissue involved in gluconeogenesis?
Answer: liver
Flashcard 44: What is the role of thermogenin in brown fat?
Answer: Disrupts ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation, shunting that energy into heat production.
Flashcard 45: During oxidative phosphorylation, how many ATP are produced per NADH?
Answer: 3
Flashcard 46: What enzyme actually creates ATP at the end of oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer: ATP synthase (that one's a gimme!)
Flashcard 47: What drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer: mitochondrial proton gradient (electron transport allows for generation of proton gradient inside mitochondrion that ultimately drives ATP synthase)
Flashcard 48: What are the energy products produced for every acetyl-CoA that enters the TCA cycle?
Answer: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP
Flashcard 49: Give the formula for the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Answer: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ --> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Flashcard 50: Anabolic processes, the respiratory burst, P-450 enzymes, and glutathione reductase all rely on what molecule?
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 51: What kind of metabolic processes usually consume free electrons?
Answer: anabolic processes
Flashcard 52: What kind of metabolic processes usually generate free electrons?
Answer: catabolic processes
Flashcard 53: NADH, NADPH, FADH2
Answer: electrons
Flashcard 54: ATP
Answer: Phosphoryl groups
Flashcard 55: What tissues perform aerobic respiration via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?
Answer: skeletal muscle
Flashcard 56: What tissues perform aerobic respiration via the malate-aspartate shuttle?
Answer: heart, liver
Flashcard 57: How many ATP are produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose via the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?
Answer: 30 ATP/glucose
Flashcard 58: How many ATP are produced by aerobic metabolism of glucose via the malate-aspartate shuttle?
Answer: 32 ATP/glucose
Flashcard 59: carbomoyl phosphate synthetase II
Answer: de novo pyrimidine synthesis
Extra:
Flashcard 60: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Answer: HMP shunt
Extra: NADP+ NADPH
Flashcard 61: isocitrate dehydrogenase
Answer: TCA cycle
Extra: ADP ATP, NADH
Flashcard 62: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP-1)
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Extra: ATP AMP, fructose-2,6-BP
Flashcard 63: If an enyzme is a dehydrogenase, what do you know about its function?
Answer: catalyzes redox reaction
Flashcard 64: If an enyzme is a phosphatase, what do you know about its function?
Answer: removes phosphate group from substrate mnemonic: -tase takes away
Flashcard 65: What is the effect of alcohol metabolism on the NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver?
Answer: increased NADH/NAD+ ratio
Flashcard 66: Outline the pathway for pyrimidine synthesis.
Answer: make temporary base (orotic acid) PRPP + orotic acid = UMP UMP can converted to CTP or dTMP
Flashcard 67: Outline the pathway for purine synthesis.
Answer: PRPP + base = IMP IMP converted to AMP or GMP (base may be salvaged or created de novo)
Flashcard 68: Which form of C5 convertase is produced via the lectin and classic complement pathways? _____
Answer: C4b2b3b
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: In Purine metabolism, purines end up being converted to _____, a substrate for xanthine oxidase
Answer: hypoxanthine
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Flashcard 70: Zellweger syndrome is a result of mutations in _____ genes that encode for peroxins, which are required for normal assembly of peroxisomes
Answer: PEX
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Flashcard 71: The _____ complex is a mitochondrial enzyme complex linking glycolysis and the TCA cycle
Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: What protein in hemidesmosomes binds to fibronectin, laminin, or collagen in the basement membrane? _____ *bonus-Ca2+ dependent? Y/N
Answer: Integrin
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Flashcard 73: Dietary ingestion of which amino acids should be restricted in patients with maple syrup urine disease? _____
Answer: Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 74: In the cells of the ileum, the vitamin B12-IF complex dissociates and B12 is bound to _____
Answer: transcobalamin II
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Flashcard 75: Glucose can form covalent bonds with free amino groups on proteins without enzymes (non-enzymatic glycation) leading to formation of _____
Answer: advanced glycation end products (AGE)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Once absorbed, gliadin is deamidated by the enzyme _____
Answer: tissue transglutaminase (tTG)
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Flashcard 77: Pompe disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type _____
Answer: II
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Flashcard 78: How does Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) change with hepatic failure and steroids? _____
Answer: Decrease
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Flashcard 79: Which is a better intracellular buffer in physiologic pH range, oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin? _____
Answer: Deoxyhemoglobin
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Flashcard 80: What are the two starting substrates of folate synthesis (prokaryotes)? _____
Answer: PABA and pteridine
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Flashcard 81: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome may present with orange "sand" _____ crystals in the diaper of an infant
Answer: sodium urate
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Flashcard 82: One possible adverse metabolic effect of exogenous calcitonin is _____
Answer: hypocalcemia
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Flashcard 83: Cyanide inhibits _____ metabolism, resulting in hypoxia unresponsive to supplemental O2
Answer: aerobic
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Flashcard 84: The minimum fragment necessary for biologic activity of cholecystokinin (CCK) is the _____
Answer: C-terminal heptapeptide
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Dyshormonogenetic goiter (congenital defect in thyroid hormone production) most commonly involves a(n) _____ deficiency
Answer: thyroid peroxidase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: What organ is responsible for metabolism of ethanol? _____
Answer: Liver
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: A(n) _____ enzyme transfers CO2 groups (usually with the help of biotin)
Answer: carboxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Inosine is converted to _____ via the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine salvage)
Answer: hypoxanthine
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Flashcard 89: One function of the HMP shunt is to provide a source of _____, which is used for nucleotide synthesis and glycolytic intermediates
Answer: ribose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Can red blood cells use ketones for energy? Why? _____
Answer: No, they lack mitochondria
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Which two organs does galactose primarily enter? _____
Answer: Liver, Brain
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ FADH2 per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 1
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 93: Maple syrup urine disease may cause severe CNS defects, _____ disability, and death
Answer: intellectual
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 94: Which monosaccharide(s) are absorbed from the intestine by GLUT-5? _____
Answer: Fructose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: When insulin binds to its receptor, _____ is activated and autophosphorylates the β-subunits
Answer: tyrosine kinase
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Flashcard 96: Which vesicular trafficking protein is responsible for transport between the plasma membrane and endosomes (receptor-mediated endocytosis)? _____
Answer: Clathrin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Citrate synthase is regulated via negative feedback by _____
Answer: ATP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 98: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (glycolysis)
Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase
Extra: Watch Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Vitamin B1 [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: Which membrane-bound organelle is involved in the catabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and ethanol? _____
Answer: Peroxisome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Nicotinamides (NAD+, NADP+) come from Vitamin _____
Answer: B3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Porphyria cutanea tarda is due to deficiency of the enzyme _____
Answer: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
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Flashcard 102: The role of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is to increase both Ca2+ and phosphate plasma concentrations to promote _____
Answer: bone mineralization
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Flashcard 103: Pyrimidine synthesis begins with _____, CO2, and 2 ATP
Answer: glutamine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Hereditary fructose intolerance may present with _____
Answer: hypoglycemia
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Flashcard 105: What is the only type of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by enterocytes? _____
Answer: Monosaccharides
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Flashcard 106: What do the carrier molecules CoA and lipoamide carry in their activated forms? _____
Answer: Acyl groups
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Vitamin _____ is also known as riboflavin
Answer: B2
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Flashcard 108: Pyruvate is converted to alanine via the enzyme _____ (Cahill cycle)
Answer: alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Extra: Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Pyruvate is converted to _____ by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase
Answer: acetyl CoA
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Flashcard 110: What enzymes reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to O2 and H2O? _____ and _____
Answer: Catalase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Isoleucine and valine are eventually broken down into _____ via the enzyme branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase
Answer: propionyl-CoA
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: AMP is broken down into _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: adenosine
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Flashcard 113: Where in the cell does conversion of glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose take place? _____
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum
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Flashcard 114: The amino acids _____ and _____ are positively charged at body pH (basic)
Answer: lysine
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Flashcard 115: Plasmin is inactivated by _____, which is produced in the liver
Answer: α2-antiplasmin
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Flashcard 116: Hemolysis is associated with dark urine due to increased urine _____
Answer: urobilinogen
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: After 1 - 3 days of starvation, the muscle and liver shift fuel use from glucose to _____
Answer: free fatty acids
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: What is the initial breakdown product of epinephrine? _____
Answer: Metanephrine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Chronic kidney disease results in a(n) _____ deficiency
Answer: 1-alpha hydroxylase
Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: _____ in brown fat may act as a(n) uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: Thermogenin
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: Through which secondary messenger(s) does glucagon exert its actions on liver and adipose tissue? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: Transport of glucose from blood into the pancreatic β-cell occurs via a(n) _____ transporter
Answer: GLUT2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: In the following group of diseases, what is the most likely ratio of conjugated bilirubin : total bilirubin? _____% Gilbert Syndrome / Crigler-Najjar Physiologic Jaundice of Newborn Hemolysis
Answer: <20
Extra: *Gilbert syndrome on left= Slow farmer Gilbert with leash Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Which amino acid is the precursor to histamine? _____
Answer: Histidine
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: Activated _____ degrades fibrin clots
Answer: plasmin
Extra: Watch Thrombolytics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-thrombolytics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: The Fe3+ iron in the plasma is bound to _____ for transport in the blood
Answer: transferrin
Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: What ion is released from dense granules of platelets during degranulation? _____
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: After complete metabolism, what is the total amount of ATP (or GTP) produced from 1 round of the Krebs cycle? _____
Answer: 10 ATP equivalents
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 129: Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (propionyl CoA metabolism)
Answer: propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: What does the carrier molecule S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: CH3 groups
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: What is the storage form of vitamin D? _____
Answer: 25-OH D3
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Glucagon acts on the _____ (primarily) and _____ tissue
Answer: liver
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: The _____ of I2 into thyroglobulin is mediated by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase
Answer: organification
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: _____ receptors bind glycoproteins and contain three domains; an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain coupled with heterotrimeric G proteins
Answer: G protein coupled
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and heme
Answer: glucose
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 136: Deamination of adenine ultimately makes _____
Answer: hypoxanthine
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: Increased phenylalanine (e.g. in PKU) results in excess _____ in the urine
Answer: phenylketones
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other: BH4 = tetrahydrobiopterin
Flashcard 138: The main importance of the cofactor THF (Tetrahydrofolate) is that it can be given a(n) _____ group for use in _____ation reactions
Answer: methyl
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: In _____ order kinetics, the rate of reaction is constant
Answer: zero
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: In extrahepatic tissues, β-hydroxybutyrate may be converted back to _____ via the enzyme β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Answer: acetoacetate
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: What hormone acts through a receptor guanylyl cyclase? _____
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: Lactose is a disaccharide that is digested into _____ and _____ by lactase
Answer: glucose
Extra: Watch Lactase Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-lactase-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: _____ can generate lots of energy through cellular respiration using O2
Answer: Obligate Aerobes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: Elevated levels of _____, a metabolite of serotonin, in the urine is indicative of a(n) carcinoid tumor
Answer: 5-HIAA
Extra: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 145: How much ATP is produced from one molecule of NADH via ATP synthase (ETC)? _____
Answer: 2.5 ATP
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 146: Serum _____ is a measure of iron in the blood
Answer: iron
Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 147: The hemoglobin within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is broken down into _____ and _____
Answer: heme
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 148: Which monosaccharide(s) are extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by GLUT-2? _____
Answer: Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: After release from iodinated thyroglobulin, MIT and DIT are _____ by the enzyme thyroid deiodinase, reproducing I- and tyrosine
Answer: deiodinated
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: Retinoids (like isoretinoin / all-Trans Retinoic Acid) are derivatives of Vitamin _____
Answer: A
Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: What is the mode of inheritance of Hartnup disease? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: _____ binds to the ferroportin transporter on intestinal mucosal cells and macrophages, thus inhibiting iron absorption
Answer: Hepcidin
Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: _____ facilitate hydrolysis of GTP, decreasing the rate of G protein activation
Answer: GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: What clinical features are seen in 21β-hydroxylase deficiency that are a result of increased androgen levels in males? _____
Answer: Precocious puberty
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and activates _____ resulting in a(n) increase in _____ in epithelial cells
Answer: Gs
Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Enzyme Replacement Therapy for _____ requires replacement of alpha-L-iduronidase
Answer: Hurler Syndrome
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/lysosomal-storage-diseases?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: Conversion of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate releases a molecule of _____ and _____
Answer: CO2
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 158: Vitamin _____ is also known as folate
Answer: B9
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: Amine hormones are derivatives of the amino acid _____
Answer: tyrosine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and AMP
Answer: fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Reg PFK 1 FBPase 1 F 2, 6 BP Fed Fasting State [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 161: Increased NADH/NAD+ (e.g. due to ethanol) causes increased conversion of oxaloacetate -> malate, thus preventing _____
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: PDGF induces vascular remodeling and _____ cell migration
Answer: smooth muscle
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: Conversion of succinyl CoA into succinate produces a molecule of _____
Answer: GTP
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 164: Kwashiorkor may present with edema (due to decreased plasma _____ pressure) and skin lesions
Answer: oncotic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: Are acute phase reactants produced by liver in acute or chronic inflammatory states? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: _____ are chemical species with an unpaired electron in their outer orbit
Answer: Free radicals
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis? _____
Answer: Glycogen phosphorylase
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: Vitamin _____ is also known as niacin
Answer: B3
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: Norepinephrine may be broken down into _____ via the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase
Answer: normetanephrine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: Does electron transport continue with electron transport inhibitors (e.g. CO, CN)? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: Excess glucose and FFAs may contribute to _____ cell dysfunction
Answer: β
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 172: In addition to ingestion of raw eggs, vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency may occur with _____ use or biotinidase deficiency
Answer: antibiotic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a cofactor for _____ and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Answer: methionine synthase
Extra: Watch Vitamin B [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-b12-cobalamin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Megaloblastic Anemia: Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 174: The _____ is a barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins
Answer: proteasome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 175: CO2 binds to hemoglobin at the N-terminus of _____ (heme or globin)
Answer: globin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 176: In hereditary fructose intolerance, decreased available phosphate leads to _____ of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Answer: inhibition
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: In diabetes, what can crosslink proteins leading to damage/dysfunction, especially in collagen? _____
Answer: Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 178: _____ is a plasma transport protein for T3/T4
Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki T4 and T3 bind to the transport proteins thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxin-binding pre-albumin (TBPA), and albumin, for transportation in the bloodstream.
Flashcard 179: Maleylacetoacetate, from homogentisic acid, is used to make _____, which then enters the Kreb's cycle
Answer: fumarate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, the αq-GTP complex activates phospholipase C, which then catalyzes the liberation of _____ and _____ from PIP2
Answer: DAG
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: Can noncompetitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 182: Obesity _____ the conversion of T4 to T3
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 183: The symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome may be remembered with the mnemonic "HGPRT": H: _____ G: Gout P: Pissed off (aggression, self-mutilation) R: Retardation (intellectual disability) T: dysTonia
Answer: Hyperuricemia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 184: Glycogen synthase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and glucagon
Answer: epinephrine
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 185: Each subunit of hemoglobin contains a(n) _____ moiety, which is a(n) iron-binding porphyrin, and a polypeptide chain
Answer: heme
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 186: Does Crigler-Najjar syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Extra: * due to absence of UDP-glucuronyltransferase, which normally converts UCB -> CB Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 187: Vitamin C is found in _____ and _____
Answer: fruits
Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 188: Vitamin _____ is also known as ascorbic acid
Answer: C
Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 189: Folate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase
Answer: dihydrofolate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 190: _____ (inactive) is activated to elastase (active) via trypsin
Answer: Proelastase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 191: Activated Ras is regulated by its own intrinsic _____ activity
Answer: GTPase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 192: _____ have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within the receptor molecule
Answer: Receptor tyrosine kinases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 193: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hypocalcemic _____
Answer: tetany
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 194: Methemoglobin (Fe3+) binds O2 much _____ readily than hemoglobin (Fe2+)
Answer: less
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 195: 17-hydroxyprogesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21β-hydroxylase
Answer: 11-deoxycortisol
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 196: Insulin increases expression of the GLUT4 transporter on adipose and muscle tissue via the _____ signaling pathway
Answer: PI3 kinase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 197: What enzyme deficiencies may cause homocystinuria? _____ and methionine synthase deficiencies
Answer: Cystathionine synthase
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 198: Vitamin B9 (folate) is converted to _____, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
Answer: tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 199: Albinism is associated with a(n) _____ melanocyte count with _____ melanin production
Answer: normal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 200: Zinc deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that is associated with _____-gonadism
Answer: hypo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 201: Gout may occur secondary to _____ syndrome due to inability to salvage purines
Answer: Lesch-Nyhan
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 202: Methionine is combined with adenosine (using ATP) to form _____
Answer: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 203: Do facultative anaerobes perform cellular respiration or fermentation? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 204: Maple syrup urine disease is characterized by blocked degradation of _____ amino acids
Answer: branched
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 205: _____ is converted to fructose via the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase
Answer: Sorbitol
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 206: Hyperparathyroidism often presents with increased levels of serum _____ due to increased osteoblast activity
Answer: ALP
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 207: Increased glucagon (fasting) leads to increased cAMP and protein kinase A, thus _____ activity of FBPase-2 and _____ activity of PFK-2
Answer: increasing
Extra: Watch Reg PFK 1 FBPase 1 F 2, 6 BP Fed Fasting State [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-regulation-of-pfk-1-and-fbpase-1-by-f-26-bp-and-during-the-fed-and-fasting-state?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 208: The _____ test may be used to indirectly assess circulating levels of TBG
Answer: T3 resin uptake
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 209: Myeloproliferative disorders may cause _____ and gout due to high turnover of cells
Answer: hyperuricemia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 210: _____ disease is characterized by neutral aminoaciduria and decreased neutral AA absorption (esp. tryptophan) from the gut
Answer: Hartnup
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 211: Downstream effects of insulin cause protein _____
Answer: dephosphorylation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 212: Propionic acidemia results in _____ levels of propionyl-CoA and _____ levels of methylmalonic acid
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Organic Acidemias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-organic-acidemias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 213: Extra- and intravascular hemolysis may present with increased _____ in the urine, which results from increased conjugated bilirubin
Answer: urobilinogen
Extra: * UNcollared Billy goats next to baby urine goats= Increased UNconjugated bilirubin Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 214: Can a urine test for ketones detect β-hydroxybutyrate? _____
Answer: No
Extra: * can test for acetoacetate in urine - confirmed by measuring BHB in the SERUM Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 215: Vitamin E primarily functions as a(n) _____; protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage
Answer: antioxidant
Extra: Watch Vitamin E [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-e?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 216: Acute intermittent porphyria is due to deficiency of the enzyme _____
Answer: porphobilinogen deaminase
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Porphyrias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-porphyrias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 217: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ GTP per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 1
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 218: The _____ subunits of the insulin receptor are connected by a disulfide bond and lie in the extracellular domain
Answer: alpha
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 219: Glucose, galactose and fructose are extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by _____
Answer: GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 220: What complement protein does the lectin pathway of activation begin with? _____
Answer: C1-like complex
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 221: One sign of vitamin A deficiency is dry, scaly _____
Answer: skin (xerosis cutis)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 222: What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 into CO2 and H2O (and its reverse reaction)? _____
Answer: Carbonic anhydrase
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 223: When using an irreversible competitive inhibitor, the _____ changes, while the _____ remains the same
Answer: Vmax
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 224: How much energy (kcal) can be produced from 1g of protein or carbohydrate (ex. whey)? _____
Answer: 4 kcal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 225: Von Gierke disease is associated with increased blood lactate, _____, and uric acid
Answer: triglycerides
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 226: HMP shunt activity is primarily found in the _____ glands, liver, lactating mammary glands (females), and RBCs
Answer: adrenal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 227: _____ (inactive) is activated to chymotrypsin (active) via trypsin
Answer: Chymotripsinogen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 228: The acetyl-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA (ketone body metabolism) is used to generate energy via the _____
Answer: Kreb's cycle
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 229: The _____ variant of G6PD deficiency results in markedly reduced half-life of G6PD
Answer: Mediterranean
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 230: What enzyme converts DHF back to THF? _____
Answer: Dihydrofolate reductase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 231: _____ deficiency results in buildup of adenosine, which is toxic to lymphocytes; causes SCID
Answer: Adenosine deaminase
Extra: Watch Combined B & T Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-combined-b-and-t-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 232: What salivary enzyme cleaves kininogen into bradykinin, a potent vasodilator? _____
Answer: Kallikrein
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/complement?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 233: When four glucose units remain on a branch of glycogen, _____ moves 3 molecules of glucose-1-phosphate from the branch to the linkage
Answer: debranching enzyme (4-α-D-glucanotransferase)
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 234: Catecholamine synthesis begins with transport of the amino acid _____ into the nerve terminal
Answer: tyrosine
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Indirect Sympathomimetics) https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 235: Bcl-2 normally keeps the mitochondrial outer membrane impermeable, thus preventing _____ release from the intermembrane space
Answer: cytochrome c
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 236: _____ results in the formation of α-(1,6) bonds between glucose molecules
Answer: Branching enzyme
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 237: _____ glutathione may be converted to _____ glutathione via the enzyme glutathione reductase
Answer: Oxidized
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 238: What type of collagen makes up reticulin fibers? _____
Answer: Type III
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/connective-tissue?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 239: Type II diabetes mellitus is associated with deposition of _____ in the islets of the pancreas
Answer: amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide)
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 240: In Purine metabolism, _____ first converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and then converts xanthine to uric acid
Answer: xanthine oxidase
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 241: What enzyme is a blue-green heme pigment that gives sputum its color? _____
Answer: Myeloperoxidase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 242: The rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of both the _____ and the _____
Answer: enzyme
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 243: When insulin acts on muscle tissue, it causes _____ glycogen storage and increased protein synthesis
Answer: increased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Endocrine (diabetes) Watch Insulin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, GLP 1 agonists, DPP 4 inhibitors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-diabetes-insulin-sulfonylureas-meglitinides-glp-1-agonists-dpp-4-inhibitors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 244: Is glucokinase activity inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 245: Vitamin _____ is also known as pyridoxine
Answer: B6
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 246: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)? _____
Answer: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 247: 5-phosphoribosylamine is converted to _____, which may then be converted to AMP or GMP (purine synthesis)
Answer: IMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 248: Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme _____ in the GI tract
Answer: MAO-A
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch MAO inhibitors [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antidepressants-and-anxiolytics-mao-inhibitors?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/pharmacology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 249: Enzymes exert their effects by decreasing the energy of _____
Answer: activation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 250: Administration of 5-fluorouracil results in a build-up of _____ in cells
Answer: dUMP
Extra: Watch Methotrexate, leucovorin, 5 fluorouracil, hydroxyurea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-methotrexate-leucovorin-5-fluorouracil-hydroxyurea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 251: Which collagen synthesis pathologies are associated with problems with cross-linking? _____
Answer: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Menkes disease
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 252: The bond formed between an α-carboxyl group and an α-amino group of adjacent amino acids is a(n) _____
Answer: peptide bond
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 253: 2,4-dinitrophenol is a(n) _____ of oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: uncoupling agent
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 254: Factor IX of the coagulation cascade is activated by factor _____
Answer: XIa
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 255: Newly synthesized cGMP (from guanylyl cyclase activity) activates _____, which phosphorylates specific proteins responsible for physiologic actions
Answer: protein kinase G
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 256: Does heme synthesis occur in the cytoplasm or mitochondria? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 257: Xanthine may be converted to _____ via the enzyme xanthine oxidase
Answer: uric acid
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 258: _____ is characterized by the absence of the Gal-1-P uridyltransferase enzyme
Answer: Classic galactosemia
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Galactose [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-galactose?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 259: What eye pathology is associated with galactokinase deficiency? _____
Answer: Cataracts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 260: Which adrenal cortex deficiency results in shunting towards the aldosterone synthesis pathway? _____
Answer: 17α-hydroxylase deficiency
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 261: Deficiency of _____ in the catecholamine synthesis pathway causes a rare form of dysautonomia characterized by ptosis, orthostatic hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia
Answer: dopamine hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 262: Which cellular organelle is responsible for catabolism of branched-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and ethanol? _____
Answer: Peroxisome
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 263: Factor II (prothrombin) is activated to thrombin by factor _____
Answer: Xa
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 264: Does electron transport continue with ATP synthase inhibitors (e.g. oligomycin)? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 265: Cori disease presents as a milder form of Von Gierke with _____ blood lactate levels
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 266: Cori disease is characterized by _____ gluconeogenesis and _____ glycogenolysis
Answer: functional
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 267: Which monosaccharide(s) are absorbed from the intestine by Na+-dependent cotransport (SGLT1)? _____
Answer: Glucose and galactose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 268: Crohn disease is associated with calcium oxalate kidney stones due to increased levels of _____
Answer: oxalate
Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 269: What is the mode of inheritance of maple syrup urine disease? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 270: _____, an endocrine hormone, is a member of a family of peptides that includes the GI hormones secretin and GIP
Answer: Glucagon
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 271: Homocysteine may be converted to _____ via the enzyme methionine synthase (with methyl-THF and vitamin B12 as cofactors)
Answer: methionine
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 272: Vitamin B6 deficiency is characterized by _____ anemia and peripheral neuropathy
Answer: sideroblastic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 273: After the α subunit is bound by GTP (cellular signaling), the α-GTP subunit _____ from its respective G protein (i.e. Gs, Gi, or Gq)
Answer: detaches
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 274: Oxaloacetate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme PEP carboxykinase
Answer: phosphoenolpyruvate
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 275: Which organs phosphorylate glucose using glucokinase? _____
Answer: Liver, β cells of the pancreas
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 276: One function of the HMP shunt is to provide a source of _____, which is required for reductive reactions
Answer: NADPH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 277: PABA and Pteridine are combined by _____ to form dihydropteroic acid (prokaryotic folate synthesis)
Answer: dihydropteroate synthase
Extra: Watch Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-other-antibiotics-trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 278: Vitamin B1 deficiency is associated with wet and dry _____
Answer: beriberi
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 279: Maple syrup urine disease causes increased _____ in the blood, especially those of leucine
Answer: α-ketoacids
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 280: _____ do not have intrinsic kinase activity, but rather associate non-covalently with proteins that do (e.g. JAK)
Answer: Receptor-associated tyrosine kinases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 281: What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of T4? _____
Answer: Thyroid Peroxidase (Thyroperoxidase)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 282: Congenital sideroblastic anemia is most commonly due to a defect in the enzyme _____
Answer: δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 283: Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to _____ via the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase
Answer: glucose
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 284: Dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme _____
Answer: inactivation
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 285: _____ is synthesized from L-arginine via NO synthase
Answer: NO
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 286: Formation of lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkages (collagen synthesis) requires both _____ and the enzyme _____
Answer: copper
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 287: The enzyme _____ is an important enzyme for de novo purine production, which converts PRPP to an intermediate used in the generation of IMP
Answer: PRPP amidotransferase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 288: Lactase deficiency is characterized by a(n) _____ stool pH
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Lactase Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-lactase-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 289: When one glucose unit remains on a branch of glycogen, _____ cleaves off the last residue, liberating glucose
Answer: debranching enzyme (α-1,6-glucosidase)
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 290: Tissues that are not dependent on insulin for glucose uptake may be remembered using the mnemonic "BRICK LIPS": B: _____ R: RBCs I: Intestine C: Cornea K: Kidney L: Liver I: Islet (β) cells P: Placenta S: Spermatocytes
Answer: Brain
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 291: What is the major source of energy while fasting between meals? _____
Answer: Hepatic glycogenolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 292: In addition to glutamine, what other amino acid is necessary for pyrimidine synthesis? _____
Answer: Aspartate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 293: How does TIBC change with pregnancy or OCP use? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 294: Mild deficiencies of vitamin B3 cause _____
Answer: glossitis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 295: Which amino acids are required during periods of growth? _____
Answer: Arginine, Histidine
Extra: Watch Amino Acids (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acids-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 296: Treatment of maple syrup urine disease includes high-dose _____ supplementation
Answer: thiamine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 297: _____ is an acute phase reactant (APR) that rises with bacterial toxins and falls with viral infections
Answer: Procalcitonin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 298: Do noncompetitive inhibitors resemble the substrate? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 299: Which liver zone contains the cytochrome P-450 system? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 300: What hormone/chemical acts through a cytosolic guanylyl cyclase? _____
Answer: Nitric Oxide
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 301: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a(n) _____ donor
Answer: methyl
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 302: The major buffers of the extracellular fluid are _____ and phosphate
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 303: In males, androgens are converted to _____ by cytochrome P-450 aromatase
Answer: estrogen
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 304: _____ and Fe2+ combine to form heme via the enzyme ferrochelatase
Answer: Protoporphyrin
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 305: What G-protein is the M1 muscarinic receptor coupled to? _____
Answer: Gq
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) Watch Cholinomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-cholinomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 306: Uncoupling agents cause a(n) _____ proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 307: _____ is a form of hemoglobin bound to CO in place of O2
Answer: Carboxyhemoglobin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 308: Type 1 RTA leads to what acid-base disorder? _____
Answer: Metabolic acidosis
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 309: What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B6? _____
Answer: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 310: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (HMP shunt)
Answer: transketolase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 311: Synthesis of vitamin B3 (niacin) requires vitamins _____ and B6
Answer: B2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 312: Edward syndrome presents with _____ free α-fetoprotein (AFP)
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Edwards & Patau Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-trisomy-diseases-edwards-and-patau-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 313: In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism of cellular signaling, the second messenger _____ activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates specific proteins to produce physiologic actions
Answer: cAMP
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 314: Ribulose-5-phosphate may be converted to _____-5-phosphate via the enzyme phosphopentose isomerase (HMP shunt)
Answer: ribose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 315: Which amino acid is the precursor to glutathione? _____
Answer: Glutamate
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 316: If the amount of enzymes doubles, the Vmax _____, while Km _____
Answer: doubles
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 317: Patients get exposed to Nitrosamines through the consumption of _____
Answer: smoked meats
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 318: Does the oxygen-myoglobin dissociation curve have a sigmoidal shape? Why? _____
Answer: No, myoglobin is monomeric (no positive cooperativity)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 319: Vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency presents with _____, macular dermatitis, mental status changes, enteritis, and lactic acidosis
Answer: alopecia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 320: What type of bilirubin (conjugated or unconjugated) is formed in the splenic macrophages? _____
Answer: Unconjugated/indirect bilirubin
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 321: Does Gilbert syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 322: What is the normal serum BUN:creatinine ratio? _____
Answer: ~ 15:1
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 323: In 5-alpha-reductase deficiency, there are _____ levels of testosterone and _____ levels of LH
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 324: Cirrhosis may cause vitamin _____ deficiency due to decreased synthesis of 25-hydroxylase
Answer: D
Extra: Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 325: What is the major source of energy during the first minute of exercise? _____
Answer: Anaerobic metabolism
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 326: Glucose-6-phosphate is ultimately converted to _____-5-phosphate via the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Answer: ribulose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 327: Some of the hemoglobin in the blood due to intravascular hemolysis is returned to the spleen by _____ molecules
Answer: haptoglobin
Extra: Watch Intravascular Hemolysis Overiew & Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-intravascular-hemolysis-overiew-and-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 328: _____ of the insulin receptor allows binding of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)
Answer: Autophosphorylation
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 329: Hartnup disease is due to a deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters (especially _____) in the proximal renal tubular cells and enterocytes
Answer: tryptophan
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 330: Increased levels of cGMP cause _____ dephosphorylation, preventing its interaction with actin
Answer: myosin light chain
Extra: Watch Nitrates [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-nitrates?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 331: Vitamin B3 (niacin) is involved in many _____ reactions
Answer: redox
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 332: Which coagulation factor(s) are part of the intrinsic coagulation cascade? _____
Answer: Factor 8, 9, 11, 12
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 333: What effect does 11- and 21-hydroxylase deficiency have on serum levels of aldosterone? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: * 11-hydroxylase deficiency leads to increased mineralocorticoid effects due to increased 11-DOC which is a mineralocorticoid Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 334: After its use as a second messenger in the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway, cAMP is degraded to _____ by phosphodiesterase
Answer: 5'-AMP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 335: Collagen Synthesis: After the collagen alpha chains are synthesized, specific residues of the amino acids _____ and _____ are hydroxylated
Answer: proline
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 336: Methotrexate is a(n) folic acid analogue that blocks pyrimidine synthesis by competitively inhibiting _____
Answer: dihydrofolate reductase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 337: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogenesis? _____
Answer: Glycogen synthase
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 338: After adipose stores have been depleted (prolonged starvation), vital _____ degradation accelerates, leading to organ failure and death
Answer: protein
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 339: Iron deficiency anemia is associated with a(n) _____ free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 340: Electrons from coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) of the ETC are transferred to complex _____
Answer: III (Cyto b/c1)
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 341: Pyruvate is converted to lactate via the enzyme _____ (Cori cycle)
Answer: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Fates Pyruvate [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 342: What non-volatile acid may be elevated with ethylene glycol ingestion? _____
Answer: Oxalic acid
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 343: Homogentisic acid (from tyrosine) may be converted to _____ via the enzyme homogentisate oxidase
Answer: maleylacetoacetate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 344: Wilson disease results in lack of copper transport into _____ and lack of incorporation into ceruloplasmin
Answer: bile
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 345: Where in the cell does conversion of alcohol -> acetaldehyde take place? _____
Answer: Cytosol
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 346: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 3
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 347: O2- is converted to _____ by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (oxidative burst)
Answer: H2O2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 348: What mitochondrial enzyme reduces superoxide (O2-) to H2O2? _____
Answer: Superoxide dismutase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 349: Effect of diabetes on hepatic glycolysis: no answer _____ - No PFK-2 due to lack of insulin - No glucose trapping in liver leads to elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
Answer: :)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 350: Folate deficiency is characterized by _____ serum homocysteine
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 351: ATP synthase inhibitors cause a(n) _____ proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 352: What form of hemoglobin protects against sickling in sickle cell anemia? _____
Answer: HbF
Extra: Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 353: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is regulated via positive feedback by _____, Ca2+, and increased NAD+/NADH ratio
Answer: ADP
Extra: Watch Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 354: _____ is an insectiside that inhibits complex I of the ETC
Answer: Rotenone
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 355: What vitamin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan? _____
Answer: Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 356: _____ may be converted to H2O via the enzyme glutathione peroxidase
Answer: H2O2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 357: Fructose is extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by _____
Answer: GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 358: An enteropeptidase deficiency will lead to diarrhea, failure to thrive, and edema (due to _____)
Answer: hypoproteinemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 359: A nonspecific symptom of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is _____
Answer: glossitis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 360: What is the mode of inheritance of hereditary hyperbilirubinemias (e.g. Gilbert, Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson)? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch Autosomal Recessive Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-autosomal-recessive-diseases-autosomal-recessive-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 361: In the _____, ethanol may be converted to acetaldehyde via the enzyme catalase
Answer: peroxisome
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 362: Inside the nerve terminal, tyrosine is converted to _____ via tyrosine hydroxylase
Answer: L-DOPA
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Indirect Sympathomimetics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 363: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a disorder resulting in reduced _____ of G6PD
Answer: half-life
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 364: In the ETC, protons travel down their gradient through the _____ pump, generating ATP and heat
Answer: F0/F1 ATP Synthase
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 365: Amine hormones include _____ hormones and _____ (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Answer: thyroid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 366: Which amino acids have sulfur groups? _____
Answer: Cysteine, Methionine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 367: If ΔG for a reaction is _____ than zero, energy must be added for the reaction to occur
Answer: greater
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 368: Treatment for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency includes increased intake of _____ nutrients
Answer: ketogenic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 369: Do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 370: Heme is composed of _____ and _____
Answer: iron
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 371: The Vmax of a reaction is _____ proportional to enzyme concentration
Answer: directly
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 372: What is the cause of death in a patient that overdosed on an uncoupling agent (e.g. 2,4-DNP)? _____
Answer: Hyperthermia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 373: What is the level of aldosterone in 17α-hydroxylase deficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased!
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 374: _____ is a defect in the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Answer: Propionic acidemia
Extra: Watch Organic Acidemias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-organic-acidemias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 375: The _____ granules of platelets contain ADP and Ca2+
Answer: dense
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 376: One component of bile is _____, which is the major bile pigment
Answer: bilirubin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 377: Pancreatic and salivary _____ hydrolyze 1,4-glycosidic bonds in starch
Answer: α-amylases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 378: _____ is an enzyme that neutralizes proteases (e.g. elastase) in the lung
Answer: α1-antitrypsin
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 379: Deamination of guanine makes _____
Answer: xanthine
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 380: The globin within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is further broken down into _____
Answer: amino acids
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 381: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to prevent iron release from macrophages and enterocytes? _____
Answer: Hepcidin
Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 382: Alkaptonuria is a metabolic disorder associated with _____-colored urine after prolonged exposure to air
Answer: black
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 383: Vitamin _____ excess increases risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in infants
Answer: E
Extra: Watch Vitamin E [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-e?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 384: Vitamin C keeps iron in the _____ state which increases absorption
Answer: Fe2+
Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 385: Which amino acids are the precursors to catecholamines and melanin? _____
Answer: Tyrosine, Phenylalanine
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Catecholamine Synthesis Degradation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 386: McArdle disease may present with red-colored urine due to _____
Answer: myoglobinuria
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 387: Glucocorticoids stimulate _____ by the liver, which may cause hyperglycemia
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 388: The transcobalamin II-B12 complex is transported to the _____ (hematopoiesis) and liver (storage)
Answer: bone marrow
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 389: Pyruvate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase
Answer: oxaloacetate
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 390: The more serious defects in galactose and fructose metabolism may lead to _____ depletion
Answer: phosphate (PO43-)
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 391: D-dimers are derived from splitting of _____
Answer: cross-linked fibrin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 392: In the muscle, glutamate transfers its NH3 group to _____, forming alanine and α-ketoglutarate
Answer: pyruvate
Extra: Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 393: Regeneration of 11-cis retinal (from all-trans retinal) requires vitamin _____
Answer: A
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 394: Vitamin B2 deficiency is characterized by _____ and corneal vascularization
Answer: cheilosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 395: What substrates accumulate in the lysosomes of a patient with Hunter syndrome? _____ and _____
Answer: Heparan sulfate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 396: Lead (Pb) poisoning leads to inhibition of the enzymes _____ and ferrochelatase (heme synthesis)
Answer: δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 397: Physiological neonatal jaundice occurs due to transiently low _____ activity at birth
Answer: UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 398: Disorders of galactose metabolism may present with cataracts due to accumulation of _____ in the lens
Answer: galactitol
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Galactose [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-galactose?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 399: IFN-y upregulates production of inducible _____ which is involved in the generation of ONOO- (a powerful free radical)
Answer: nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 400: The "-ogen" suffix (e.g. urobilinogen) indicates a(n) _____ compound
Answer: colorless
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 401: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis? _____
Answer: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 402: One type of receptor tyrosine kinase is a(n) _____, which dimerizes and auto-phosphorylates upon binding of a hormone or ligand
Answer: monomer
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 403: CD_____ is a marker of the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage
Answer: 14
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 404: Dopamine in the CNS may be degraded to DOPAC via the enzyme _____
Answer: MAO-B
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Levodopa/carbidopa, entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, ropinirole, pramipexole, amantadine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antipsychotics-and-parkinsons-levodopacarbidopa-entacapone-tolcapone-selegiline-ropinirole-pramipexole-amantadine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 405: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin leads to _____
Answer: HbA1c
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 406: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of the HMP shunt? _____
Answer: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 407: The diagnosis for diabetes mellitus may be made using _____ which reflects average blood glucose over 3 prior months
Answer: HbA1c
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/outpatient-diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 408: Conversion of arginine to nitric oxide requires _____ as a cofactor
Answer: BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin)
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 409: If ΔG for a reaction is _____ than zero, the reaction happens spontaneously
Answer: less
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 410: High iron levels and inflammatory conditions _____ the synthesis of hepcidin
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 411: What vitamin is used as a cofactor for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, histamine, and neurotransmitters? _____
Answer: B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 412: Methyl-THF (reduced THF) is used by the enzyme _____ to convert homocysteine to methionine
Answer: methionine synthase
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 413: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ serum homocysteine
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-organic-acidemias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 414: Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) can bind to and activate _____ throughout the body
Answer: receptors of AGE (RAGE)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 415: The number of insulin receptors is _____ in starvation and _____ in obesity
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 416: McArdle disease is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme _____
Answer: muscle glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase)
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 417: What happens to the iron (from heme) within macrophages that have consumed RBCs? _____
Answer: It is recycled
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 418: When insulin binds its receptor, the receptor _____ and is activated via tyrosine kinase activity
Answer: dimerizes
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 419: Activated vitamin K acts as a co-factor for the enzyme _____
Answer: γ-glutamyl carboxylase
Extra: Watch Vitamin K [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-k?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-k?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 420: δ-aminolevulinic acid is converted to _____ via the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (heme synthesis)
Answer: porphobilinogen
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 421: Congenital primary lactase deficiency is _____; due to a defective gene
Answer: rare
Extra: Watch Lactase Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-lactase-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 422: Von Gierke disease is characterized by _____ gluconeogenesis and _____ glycogenolysis
Answer: impaired
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 423: The hypercalcemia seen in patients with Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy is mediated by _____
Answer: PTHrP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-cancer?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 424: Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase causes enzyme _____
Answer: inactivation
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 425: Vitamin K deficiency is characterized by a(n) _____ bleeding time
Answer: normal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 426: Uroporphyrinogen III is converted to _____ via the enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (heme synthesis)
Answer: coproporphyrinogen III
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 427: What is the major transport form of NH3 in the blood (from most tissues)? _____
Answer: Glutamine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 428: In splenic macrophages, heme is metabolized to _____ by the enzyme heme oxygenase
Answer: biliverdin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 429: Coproporphyrinogen III is converted to _____ (heme synthesis)
Answer: protoporphyrin
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 430: Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces _____ net ATP via the malate-aspartate shuttle (heart and liver)
Answer: 32
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 431: Deficiency of the enzyme _____ causes maple syrup urine disease
Answer: branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 432: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is regulated via positive feedback by _____
Answer: NADP+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 433: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is regulated by positive feedback via _____ and PRPP
Answer: ATP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 434: The range of normal values for the plasma anion gap is _____ to _____ mEq/L
Answer: 8
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 435: The zona glomerulosa normally cannot produce glucocorticoids because it lacks the enzyme _____
Answer: 17α-hydroxylase
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 436: Increased NADH/NAD+ (e.g. due to ethanol) causes increased conversion of pyruvate -> lactate, thus increasing risk for _____
Answer: lactic acidosis
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 437: Do irreversible competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 438: If the iron in hemoglobin is in the _____ state, it is called methemoglobin
Answer: ferric (Fe3+)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 439: The APP receptor on neurons is normally broken down by _____ cleavage
Answer: alpha
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 440: Which pancreatic protease cleaves all pancreatic proenzymes to their active forms? _____
Answer: Trypsin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 441: Abnormal secondary hemostasis may occur due to _____ failure, which causes decreased production of coagulation factors and decreased activation of vitamin K
Answer: liver
Extra: Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 442: What is the molecular formula for reduced glutathione? _____
Answer: 2x Glutathione-sulfhydryl (G-SH)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 443: Hers disease is characterized by _____ gluconeogenesis and _____ glycogenolysis
Answer: functional
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 444: Alzheimer's Disease presents with low acetylcholine levels due to decreased activity of _____
Answer: choline acetyltransferase
Extra: Watch Alzheimer Disease & Dementia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-neurodegenerative-alzheimer-disease-and-dementia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 445: Autosomal recessive diseases are often due to _____ deficiences
Answer: enzyme
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/basics-of-clinical-genetics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics/modes-of-inheritance/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 446: When using a(n) _____ inhibitor, the Km changes, while the Vmax remains the same
Answer: reversible competitive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 447: Biliary tract infections may cause pigment gallstones by _____ bilirubin, which increases risk of precipitation
Answer: deconjugating
Extra: * bacteria release beta-glucuronidases, which deconjugate bilirubin Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 448: Once I- has been pumped into the cell for thyroid hormone synthesis, it is _____ to I2 by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase in the follicular cell membrane
Answer: oxidized
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 449: Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency causes impaired _____ breakdown with consequent ATP depletion
Answer: glucose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 450: Isocitrate is converted to _____ via the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase
Answer: α-ketoglutarate
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 451: The pK of the HCO3-/CO2 buffer is _____
Answer: 6.1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 452: What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing sorbitol into fructose? _____
Answer: sorbitol dehydrogenase
Extra: Liver, Ovaries, and Seminal vesicles have both enzymes (they LOSe sorbitol) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 453: _____ activates factor XII, which initiates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade
Answer: Subendothelial collagen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 454: Ribose-5-phosphate is converted to _____ via the enzyme PRPP synthetase
Answer: phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 455: The HMP shunt may be referred to as the _____ pathway
Answer: pentose phosphate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 456: Progesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21β-hydroxylase
Answer: 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 457: H2CO3 is converted into _____ and _____ by carbonic anhydrase
Answer: H2O
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 458: Which coagulation factor(s) are part of the extrinsic coagulation cascade? _____
Answer: Factor VII
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 459: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by decreasing _____ via increased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 460: Are the essential amino acids methionine, valine, and histidine ketogenic or glucogenic? _____
Answer: Glucogenic
Extra: Watch Amino Acids (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acids-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 461: What mineral deficiencies are associated with delayed wound healing? _____
Answer: Zinc and copper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 462: How much ATP is produced from one molecule of FADH2 via ATP synthase (ETC)? _____
Answer: 1.5 ATP
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 463: Most (80%) of urobilinogen is excreted in feces as _____, which gives stool its brown color
Answer: stercobilin
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 464: Pellagra (B3 deficiency) is associated with _____-pigmentation of sun-exposed limbs
Answer: hyper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 465: Which metabolic disorder is associated with bluish-black connective tissue and sclerae (ochronosis)? _____
Answer: Alkaptonuria
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 466: The function of collagen is to organize and strengthen the _____
Answer: extracellular matrix
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/connective-tissue?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 467: What vitamins function as antioxidants? _____
Answer: Vitamins A, C, and E
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 468: Vitamin _____ is also known as pantothenic acid
Answer: B5
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 469: What gives elastin its elastic "rubber-like" properties? _____
Answer: Cross-linking
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 470: Inosine is a ribose plus a(n) _____
Answer: hypoxanthine
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 471: α-ketoglutarate is converted to _____ via the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Answer: succinyl CoA
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other: Other: Other: Other: Other:
Flashcard 472: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis? _____
Answer: δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS)
Extra: Watch Heme Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-heme-and-porphyrias-heme-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 473: Pompe disease is associated with exercise _____
Answer: intolerance
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 474: The insulin receptor is a tetramer consisting of two _____ subunits and two _____ subunits
Answer: α
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 475: dUDP is converted to _____ (pyrimidine synthesis)
Answer: dUMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 476: Thyroid Peroxidase is involved in the second part of T4 synthesis, generating _____ and _____ bound to thyroglobulin
Answer: T3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 477: Is a glucokinase gene mutation associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 478: A(n) myo-globin molecule has the potential to bind _____ O2 molecule(s)
Answer: 1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 479: Which two amino acids do protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylate to continue the signaling cascade? _____
Answer: Serine & threonine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 480: In the kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol may be hydroxylated to produce _____; this compound is chemically inactive
Answer: 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 481: Collagenase requires _____ as a cofactor
Answer: zinc
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 482: Guanine may be converted to GMP via the enzyme _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: HGPRT
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 483: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type _____ is due to a defect in Sialyl-Lewisx
Answer: 2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 484: Dihydrofolate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase
Answer: tetrahydrofolate
Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-other-antibiotics-trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 485: The extrinsic (death receptor) pathway of apoptosis can occur via receptor binding between _____-(receptor: CD95) or TNF-α and their respective receptors
Answer: Fas-L
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 486: Cyanide may inhibit the ETC by binding _____, preventing transfer of electrons to O2 in complex IV
Answer: Fe3+
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 487: Vitamin _____ is also known as cobalamin
Answer: B12
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 488: Which enzymes are unique to the zona fasciculata/reticularis and thus the glucocorticoid and androgen synthesis pathways? _____
Answer: 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 489: Classic galactosemia causes liver damage and renal damage, which manifests as _____, hepatomegaly, and a metabolic acidosis
Answer: jaundice
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Galactose [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-galactose?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 490: _____ is converted to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone-P via the enzyme aldolase B *primarily in the liver
Answer: Fructose-1-phosphate
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 491: Vitamin B5 deficiency (rare) presents with dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, and _____ insufficiency
Answer: adrenal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 492: _____ syndrome is due to mildly low UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity
Answer: Gilbert
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 493: What non-volatile acid may be elevated with methanol ingestion? _____
Answer: Formic acid
Extra: Watch Acid/Base Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-acidbase-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 494: Purines are first converted to _____
Answer: hypoxanthine
Extra: Watch Gout drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-gout-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 495: Vitamin B9 (folate) is stored in the liver for up to 3-4 _____
Answer: months
Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 496: What enzyme converts T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues? _____
Answer: 5' Deiodinase
Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 497: The serotonin released from carcinoid tumors in the small bowel is metabolized in the _____ by monoamine oxidase (MAO), producing 5-HIAA
Answer: liver
Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 498: Hartnup disease is treated with a high-_____ diet and nicotinic acid (niacin)
Answer: protein
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 499: UDP-glucose contributes to _____ formation via the enzyme glycogen synthase
Answer: glycogen
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 500: NADPH, a by-product of G6PD, is needed to regenerate _____ glutathione
Answer: reduced
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 501: _____ iron (meat-derived) is readily absorbed and enters the duodenal cell via the heme transporter
Answer: Heme
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 502: Vitamin C is necessary for _____ of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
Answer: hydroxylation
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 503: Why does type 1 diabetes mellitus present with weight loss and decreased muscle mass? _____
Answer: increased lipolysis and proteolysis due to unopposed glucagon from lack of insulin
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 504: In hereditary fructose intolerance, _____ sugars can be detected in the urine
Answer: reducing
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 505: Which tissues are affected first in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency? _____
Answer: Highly aerobic tissue (e.g. brain, heart)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 506: The treatment for propionic acidemia is a low _____ diet that does not include _____, _____, _____, or _____
Answer: protein
Extra: Watch Organic Acidemias [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-organic-acidemias?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 507: In the cytosol, malate may be converted to pyruvate via the enzyme _____ (fatty acid synthesis)
Answer: malic enzyme
Extra: Watch Fatty Acid Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-fatty-acid-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 508: The enzyme _____ catalyzes the formation of α-(1,4) bonds between glucose molecules
Answer: glycogen synthase
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 509: mTOR is a(n) _____
Answer: protooncogene
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 510: G6PD deficiency renders RBCs susceptible to _____ stress
Answer: oxidative
Extra: Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 511: Which glycogen storage disease has an increased risk for gout? _____
Answer: Von Gierke disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 512: The degree of advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation is directly correlated with serum levels of what? _____
Answer: Glucose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 513: Cholecalciferol is converted to _____ in the liver; this compound is chemically inactive
Answer: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-cholecalciferol)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 514: Superoxide dismutase and Catalase are two enzymes contained in _____ organisms
Answer: aerobic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 515: Deficiency of the enzyme _____ causes alkaptonuria
Answer: homogentisate oxidase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 516: In 21β-hydroxylase deficiency, there is an increased level of urinary _____
Answer: 17-ketosteroids
Extra: * 17-hydroxyprogesterone Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 517: Adenosine is converted to _____ via the enzyme adenosine deaminase (purine salvage)
Answer: inosine
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 518: Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) is associated with poor _____ healing
Answer: wound
Extra: Watch Vitamin C [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-c?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 519: The enzyme _____ is deficient in HurLer syndrome
Answer: α-L-iduronidase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 520: Which mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transport chain? _____
Answer: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 521: _____ is an inhibitor of ATP synthase of the ETC
Answer: Oligomycin
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 522: The main sources of energy in a fed state are _____ and aerobic respiration
Answer: glycolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 523: _____ is an inhibitor of complex III of the ETC
Answer: Antimycin A
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 524: Which amino acid is the precursor to heme? _____
Answer: Glycine
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 525: In adrenogenital syndrome, the overproduction of adrenal androgens will result in increased urinary levels of _____
Answer: 17-ketosteroids
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 526: What vitamin is used as a cofactor for transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and glycogen phosphorylase? _____
Answer: B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 527: Receptor-associated tyrosine kinases are non-covalently associated with a tyrosine kinase, such as _____
Answer: JAK
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 528: Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (gluconeogenesis)
Answer: pyruvate carboxylase
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Vitamin B7 [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-fatty-acid-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 529: H2O2 is converted to _____ by the enzyme myeloperoxidase (oxidative burst)
Answer: HClO (hypochlorite)
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 530: In diabetes patients, _____ damage may occur when glucose in tissue is converted to sorbitol by the enzyme aldose reductase
Answer: osmotic
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Complications [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-chronic-complications?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 531: Vitamin _____ is also referred to as phytomenadione, phylloquinone, and phytonadione
Answer: K
Extra: Watch Vitamin K [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-k?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 532: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for any buffer states that: pH = _____
Answer: pK + log [A-]/[HA]
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 533: In addition to enzyme deficiencies, homocystinuria may be caused by decreased affinity of cystathionine synthase for _____
Answer: pyridoxal phosphate (B6, active form)
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 534: What carbohydrate metabolism enzyme deficiency may present with failure to track objects or develop a social smile? _____
Answer: Galactokinase deficiency
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 535: Wilson disease is characterized by _____ urinary copper
Answer: increased
Extra: * normally copper is secreted into bile and excreted in stool, however, in wilson disease, copper is not incorporated into ceruplasmin and thus not excreted into bile normally, thus kidneys compensate * Serum copper is decreased; *Urinary copper is increased due to increased free serum copper, which is able to traverse the GMB because it is not bound to ceruplasmin Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 536: What renal enzyme facilitates the conversion of 25-OH vitamin D3 to 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3? _____
Answer: 1α-hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 537: GMP is broken down into _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: guanosine
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 538: What glycogen storage disorder is a cause of secondary gout? _____
Answer: von Gierke disease
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 539: Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme _____
Answer: activation
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 540: Homocystinuria due to methionine synthase deficiency is treated with increased _____ in the diet
Answer: methionine
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 541: Each α- and β-tubulin heterodimer of a microtubule has 2 _____ bound
Answer: GTP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 542: Fumarate is converted to _____ via the enzyme fumarase
Answer: malate
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 543: Which lysosomal storage disease presents with corneal clouding? _____
Answer: Hurler syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 544: Which form of C3 convertase is produced via the lectin and classic complement pathways? _____
Answer: C4b2b
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 545: Adenosine deaminase deficiency is one of the major causes of autosomal recessive _____
Answer: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/immunodeficiency-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 546: Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by increasing _____ via decreased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Extra: Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 547: When a Ras-linked Growth Factor receptor is bound, this leads to the Ras bound GDP being replaced with a(n) _____, resulting in activation of the Ras protein
Answer: GTP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 548: Once the mitochondrial membrane has been made permeable, _____ can leak out and activate initiator caspases
Answer: Cytochrome C
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 549: Can reversible competitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 550: G proteins have _____ subunits
Answer: three
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 551: Crigler-Najjar syndrome type _____ is less severe and responds to phenobarbital, which increases liver enzyme synthesis
Answer: II
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 552: Vitamin K is synthesized by _____
Answer: colonic bacteria
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 553: What substrates accumulate in the lysosomes of a patient with Hurler syndrome? _____ and _____
Answer: Heparan sulfate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 554: Deficiency of the enzyme _____ causes albinism
Answer: tyrosinase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 555: A(n) _____ enzyme relocates a functional group within a molecule
Answer: mutase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 556: Zinc deficiency is associated with delayed _____ healing
Answer: wound
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 557: Glucokinase is characterized by a(n) _____ Km relative to hexokinase
Answer: high
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 558: Alcohol dehydrogenase operates via _____-order kinetics
Answer: zero
Extra: Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism-alcohol-metabolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki PEA: phenytoin, ethanol, and aspirin - same AMOUNT removed per unit time
Flashcard 559: After preprohormone has been formed, signal peptides are cleaved, producing a(n) _____, which is transferred to the golgi apparatus
Answer: prohormone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 560: Which complement proteins are increased in C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency? _____
Answer: C3a, C4a, and C5a
Extra: * due to overly active complement cascade Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 561: The tissue damage in hemochromatosis is mediated by the generation of _____
Answer: free radicals
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 562: Norepinephrine may be converted to _____ via the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (with SAM as a cofactor) and stimulated by cortisol
Answer: epinephrine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 563: dUMP is converted to _____ via the enzyme thymidylate synthase (with methylene THF as a cofactor)
Answer: dTMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 564: What is the molecular formula for oxidized glutathione? _____
Answer: Glutathione-sulfur-sulfur-Glutathione (GS-SG)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 565: 11, 17, and 21 hydroxylase deficiencies are _____
Answer: autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 566: Vitamin _____ is also known as thiamine
Answer: B1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 567: In splenic macrophages, biliverdin is reduced to _____
Answer: (unconjugated) bilirubin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 568: Hemoglobin is made of _____ and _____
Answer: heme
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-part-1?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 569: Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by a(n) _____ PT and _____ PTT
Answer: normal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 570: Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder characterized by excess _____
Answer: homocysteine
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 571: The first step in intestinal protein digestion involves activation of _____ (inactive) to _____ (active)
Answer: trypsinogen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 572: The _____ form of hemoglobin is found in most tissues
Answer: taut
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 573: Which amino acid is the precursor to creatine? _____
Answer: Arginine
Extra: Watch Amino Acid Derivatives [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acid-derivatives?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 574: Carbon monoxide may inhibit the ETC by binding _____, preventing transfer of electrons to O2 in complex IV
Answer: Fe2+
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 575: _____ is a malnutrition disorder that results from a(n) protein-deficient diet
Answer: Kwashiorkor
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 576: Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate, via G6PD, produces a molecule of _____
Answer: NADPH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 577: Which step of the Krebs cycle directly produces a molecule of GTP? _____
Answer: Succinyl CoA --> Succinate
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 578: Dopamine in the CNS may be degraded to 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) via the enzyme _____
Answer: catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Levodopa/carbidopa, entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, ropinirole, pramipexole, amantadine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-antipsychotics-and-parkinsons-levodopacarbidopa-entacapone-tolcapone-selegiline-ropinirole-pramipexole-amantadine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/dementia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 579: Conversion of glucose-6-P into ribulose-5-P (HMP shunt) produces one molecule of CO2 and two molecules of _____
Answer: NADPH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 580: HGPRT deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) results in _____ production of uric acid
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 581: 11-deoxycortisol may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase
Answer: cortisol
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 582: What effect does 11-hydroxylase deficiency have on serum levels of cortisol? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 583: What effect does 11β-hydroxylase deficiency have on serum potassium levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: * due to increased mineralocorticoids; there is no salt wasting, which is seen with 21β-hydroxylase deficiency Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 584: Which lysosomal storage disease is the most common? _____
Answer: Gaucher disease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 585: Factor V of the coagulation cascade is activated by factor _____
Answer: IIa
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 586: Which cytokine(s) utilize receptor-associated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways? _____
Answer: IL-2, IL-6, and IFN
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/cytokines?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 587: What foods are a natural source of fructose? _____
Answer: Fruits, Honey
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 588: UMP is converted to _____ (pyrimidine synthesis)
Answer: UDP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 589: Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting of _____ subunits
Answer: four
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 590: If protoporphyrin is deficient (e.g. sideroblastic anemia), iron remains trapped in the _____
Answer: mitochondria
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 591: After organification of I2, coupling between two molecules of DIT may combine to form _____
Answer: thyroxine (T4)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 592: Mutation of the frataxin gene in Friedreich ataxia leads to impairment of _____ function
Answer: mitochondrial
Extra: Watch Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) & Friedreich Ataxia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-spinal-muscular-atrophy-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-and-friedreich-ataxia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:
Flashcard 593: Only _____-amino acids are found in proteins
Answer: L
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 594: Advanced Glycation End Products _____ proteins thereby reducing intimal integrity in arteries (allowing LDL to enter vessel walls and cause atherosclerosis)
Answer: crosslink
Extra: * via cross-linking proteins https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 595: What vitamin deficiency may be caused by malignant carcinoid syndrome? _____
Answer: Niacin (B3) deficiency
Extra: Refer to endocrine section: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 596: Fructose is converted into _____ by the enzyme fructokinase
Answer: fructose-1-phosphate
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 597: Vitamin _____ is necessary for the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine
Answer: C
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 598: Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is excreted in bile and metabolized by bacterial flora, producing _____
Answer: urobilinogen
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 599: Does electron transport continue with uncoupling agents (e.g. 2,4-DNP)? _____
Answer: Yes**
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 600: What polypeptide is co-secreted with insulin from β cells and assists in glycemic control? _____
Answer: Amylin
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 601: Pathologic generation of free radicals arises with metals (e.g. copper and iron) via the _____ reaction
Answer: Fenton
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 602: _____ is characterized by a defect in the fructokinase enzyme
Answer: Essential fructosuria
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Fructose Sorbitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-fructose-and-sorbitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki
Flashcard 603: Vitamin A is found in _____ and leafy vegetables
Answer: liver
Extra: Watch Vitamin A [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-a?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 604: After oxaloacetate has been formed from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis), it may exit the mitochondria and enter the cytosol via the _____ shuttle
Answer: malate
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 605: Muscle cannot participate in gluconeogenesis because it lacks the enzyme _____
Answer: glucose-6-phosphatase
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 606: Does hemolysis result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Extra: * due to heme breakdown; high levels of UCB overwhelm the conjugating ability of the liver Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 607: Most notably, the serum tumor marker _____ is elevated in patients with neuroendocrine tumors
Answer: Chromogranin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 608: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis? _____
Answer: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 609: PEP carboxykinase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and cortisol
Answer: glucagon
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/biochemistry?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 610: The _____ variant of G6PD deficiency results in mildly reduced half-life of G6PD
Answer: African
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 611: Following binding of insulin receptor substrate 1 to the insulin receptor, _____-domain proteins bind to IRS-1
Answer: SH2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 612: Homocystinuria due to decreased affinity of cystathionine synthase for B6 is treated with very increased _____ and increased cysteine in the diet
Answer: B6
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 613: Cells generate purines for cell growth through either _____ production or through the salvage pathway
Answer: de novo
Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 614: Porphyrea cutanea tarda is exacerbated by _____ consumption
Answer: alcohol
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 615: Which amino acid may cause endothelial cell damage when serum levels are elevated? _____
Answer: Homocysteine
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 616: Unconjugated bilirubin travels in the blood bound to _____
Answer: albumin
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 617: Collagen Synthesis: Hydroxylation of selected prolines and lysines during collagen synthesis requires vitamin _____
Answer: C
Extra: Watch Collagen (Overview and Synthesis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-cell-biology-parts-of-cell-collagen-overview-and-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 618: Vitamin B3 (niacin) excess is associated with hyper-_____ and hyper-uricemia
Answer: glycemia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 619: What differentiates I-cell disease from other inclusion body diseases? _____
Answer: I-cell has a mixed accumulation of junk forming the inclusion bodies
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 620: Where in the cell does acetyl CoA production (from pyruvate) take place? _____
Answer: Mitochondria
Extra: Watch Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 621: Vitamin K is necessary for _____ of factors II, VII, IX, X, and proteins C and S
Answer: gamma carboxylation
Extra: Watch Vitamin K [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-k?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acquired Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-k?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Warfarin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-warfarin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 622: Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the _____, but necessary enzymes are also found in the kidney and intestinal epithelium
Answer: liver
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 623: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by _____ homocysteine levels
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Vitamin B [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-water-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-b12-cobalamin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 624: Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by _____ homocysteine levels
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-megaloblastic-anemia-folate-deficiency-and-vitamin-b12-deficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 625: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to promote endothelial repair? _____
Answer: Fibrinogen
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 626: One non-volatile acid is _____ acid, which is generated from metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (protein)
Answer: sulfuric
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 627: Vitamin D2 is obtained via _____
Answer: plants
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 628: Buffers are most effective within _____ pH unit of the pK of the buffer
Answer: 1.0
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 629: The NH3 from amino acid breakdown in muscle is transported into the blood in the form of _____
Answer: alanine
Extra: Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 630: The Michaelis-Mentin constant, Km is defined as the _____ concentration at which rate is equal to _____
Answer: substrate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 631: What enzyme and cofactor catalyze conversion of dUMP to dTMP? _____
Answer: Thymidylate synthase (methylene-THF as cofactor)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 632: Ketogenesis occurs in alcoholism due to excess _____, which causes shunting of oxaloacetate to malate
Answer: NADH
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Alcohol Metabolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 633: _____ is the key enzyme in the conversion of androgens to estrogen
Answer: Aromatase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 634: In Diabetic Ketoacidosis, _____ accumulate in the serum and are used as fuel in peripheral tissues
Answer: ketone bodies
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/diabetic-ketoacidosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 635: Leucine is eventually broken down into _____ via the enzyme branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase
Answer: acetyl-CoA
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 636: Is the conversion of glucose-6-P into ribulose-5-P (HMP shunt) a reversible or irreversible reaction? _____
Answer: Irreversible
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 637: Pepsinogen (inactive) is converted into _____ (active) in the presence of H+
Answer: pepsin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 638: Acetoacetate may spontaneously be converted to _____, which is expired in the lungs
Answer: acetone
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 639: _____ is a tyrosine-rich protein precursor to thyroid hormone located in the follicular lumen
Answer: Thyroglobulin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 640: What type of hormone results in increased sebum production (and thus acne)? _____
Answer: Androgens (sebaceous glands have androgen receptors)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 641: The glycoprotein thyroglobulin (TG) contains large quantities of the amino acid _____
Answer: tyrosine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 642: A(n) _____ enzyme removes phosphate from a substrate
Answer: phosphatase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 643: Can red blood cells use ketones for energy? Why? _____
Answer: No, they lack mitochondria
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 644: Hypoxanthine may be converted to IMP via the enzyme _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: HGPRT
Extra: Watch Purine Salvage Pathway [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology/videos/medical-biochemistry-molecular-biology-dna-purine-salvage-pathway?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 645: _____ is a(n) obligate activator of pyruvate carboxylase
Answer: Acetyl-CoA
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 646: Enteric bacteria (Gut flora) produce vitamins, particularly Vitamins _____ and _____
Answer: K
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 647: High carrier frequency of the mutant G6PD allele is likely due to its protective role against _____ malaria
Answer: Plasmodium falciparum
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 648: In Reye syndrome, aspirin can act as a(n) _____ in oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: uncoupling agent
Extra: Watch Influenzavirus (Orthomyxoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-influenzavirus-orthomyxoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-influenzavirus-orthomyxoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 649: In complex IV, _____ accepts electrons, forming _____, which then donates the electrons to oxygen (forming H2O)
Answer: Fe3+
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 650: Isocitrate dehydrogenase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and NADH
Answer: ATP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 651: Which vitamin deficiencies are associated with increased risk for thrombosis? _____
Answer: Vitamin B12 and B9 (folate)
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 652: If the Y-intercept increases on a lineweaver-burke plot, the Vmax has _____
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/enzyme-kinetics/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 653: _____ is converted to UDP-glucose via the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glycogen synthesis)
Answer: Glucose-1-phosphate
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 654: Galactose is converted to _____ via the enzyme galactokinase
Answer: galactose-1-phosphate
Extra: Watch Metabolism Disorders Galactose [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-metabolism-and-disorders-of-galactose?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 655: What is the charge of the amino acid histidine at body pH? _____
Answer: No charge
Extra: Watch Amino Acids (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-amino-acids-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 656: Which metabolic enzymes require an obligate activator? 1. _____ 2. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (N-acetylglutamate)
Answer: Pyruvate carboxylase (acetyl-CoA)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 657: Vitamin D3 is obtained via _____ and _____
Answer: dairy products
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 658: Vitamin _____ is also referred to as tocopherol or tocotrienol
Answer: E
Extra: Watch Vitamin E [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-e?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 659: Ninety-eight percent of circulating testosterone is bound to plasma proteins, such as _____ and albumin
Answer: sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 660: One type of receptor tyrosine kinase is a(n) _____, which auto-phosphorylates upon binding of a hormone or ligand
Answer: dimer
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 661: Tyrosine is converted to _____ via the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (with tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor)
Answer: dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 662: Ketone bodies are primarily used for energy in the brain (starvation state), _____, and kidney
Answer: muscle
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 663: In the muscle, amino acids transfer their NH3 group to _____, forming glutamate and α-ketoacids
Answer: α-ketoglutarate
Extra: Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 664: Orotic aciduria is treated with UMP or _____ to bypass the mutated enzyme
Answer: uridine triacetate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 665: FADH2 electrons from glycolysis are transferred to _____ of the ETC, also known as succinate dehydrogenase
Answer: complex II
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 666: Leydig cells do not contain the steroid hormone enzymes _____ or _____ and, therefore, cannot synthesize glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids
Answer: 21β-hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 667: Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine induce _____ leading to phosphorylation of _____ / threonine residues of the insulin receptor and IRS-1
Answer: insulin resistance
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 668: Malignant carcinoid syndrome is characterized by increased metabolism of the amino acid _____
Answer: tryptophan
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 669: Which "Tender Loving Care for Nancy" cofactor is inhibited by arsenic? _____
Answer: Lipoic acid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 670: Ketogenesis occurs in prolonged starvation and ketoacidosis due to depletion of _____, thus preventing gluconeogenesis
Answer: oxaloacetate
Extra: Watch Ketone Bodies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-ketone-bodies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 671: TSH increases which 2nd messenger? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 672: Von Gierke disease is also known as glycogen storage disease type _____
Answer: I
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 673: What type of receptor do growth hormones use for their signaling pathways? _____
Answer: Receptor associated tyrosine kinases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 674: Free radicals may be eliminated via metal carrier proteins, such as _____ and ceruloplasmin (Cu2+)
Answer: transferrin (Fe2+)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 675: One role of plasmin is _____ of fibrin and serum fibrinogen
Answer: cleavage
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 676: In the liver, unconjugated bilirubin is converted to _____ via the enzyme UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Answer: conjugated bilirubin
Extra: Watch Lab Evaluation of Liver Injury & Hyperbilirubinemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-lab-evaluation-of-liver-injury-and-hyperbilirubinemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 677: The one to four glucose residues remaining on a branch after glycogen phosphorylase has shortened it are referred to as "_____"
Answer: limit dextrins
Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 678: Sucrose is a disaccharide that is digested into _____ and _____ by sucrase
Answer: glucose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 679: The branched glycogen molecule (pre-debranching enzyme) is cleaved by the enzyme _____ in the lysosomes, only
Answer: α-1,4-glucosidase (acid maltase)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 680: The [A-] form of the bicarbonate buffer is _____
Answer: HCO3-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 681: NAD+ is generally used as an electron carrier in _____ processes
Answer: catabolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 682: What is the most common cause of oxidative stress in patients with G6PD deficiency? _____
Answer: Infection
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 683: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency result in mildly elevated _____ levels, increasing risk for thrombosis
Answer: homocysteine
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 684: TRH acts on which signalling cascade? _____
Answer: IP3
Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 685: UDP is converted to _____ via the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (pyrimidine synthesis)
Answer: dUDP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 686: Treatment for phenylketonuria includes a diet low in _____ with supplemental tyrosine +/- tetrahydrobiopterin
Answer: phenylalanine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 687: Conversion of malate into oxaloacetate produces a molecule of _____
Answer: NADH
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Malate-Aspartate Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-malate-aspartate-and-glycerol-phosphate-shuttles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/gluconeogenesis/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 688: Upregulation of interferon synthesis in infected cells is accomplished by _____
Answer: interleukins
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Hepatitis) Watch Interferon a, b, y [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-immunology-interferon-a-b-g?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 689: Inflammation of the lips with scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth is known as _____
Answer: cheilosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 690: Binding of atrial natriuretic peptide to its receptor guanylyl cyclase causes conversion of _____ to _____
Answer: GTP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 691: In _____, the respiratory burst is intact, and thus will produce superoxide (O-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Answer: Myeloperoxidase deficiency (MPO)
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 692: What is the effect of uncoupling agents (ETC) on O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 693: What enzyme is elevated in mumps patients due to involvement of the pancreatic or salivary glands? _____
Answer: α-amylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 694: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a precursor to _____ and _____
Answer: FAD
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 695: Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine increase cellular levels of _____
Answer: PRPP
Extra: Watch Azathioprine, 6 mercaptopurine, mycophenolate mofetil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-antimetabolites-azathioprine-6-mercaptopurine-mycophenolate-mofetil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/immunosuppression/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 696: 25-hydroxylase converts Vitamin D3 into _____
Answer: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol)
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 697: Pure vegan diets (without calcium supplementation) may cause _____ kidney stones
Answer: calcium oxalate
Extra: Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 698: What indicates a positive dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry test for CGD? _____
Answer: Minimal green flourescence (lack of rhodamine)
Extra: * due absence of superoxide, which converts dihydrorhodamine to rhodamine Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Neurofibromatosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neurofibromatosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 699: Cystine kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH
Answer: low
Extra: Watch Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (MAP) Stones, Uric Acid Stones, & Cystine Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-magnesium-ammonium-phosphate-map-stones-uric-acid-stones-and-cystine-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 700: A deficiency in _____ is the most common genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia
Answer: methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
Extra: Watch Homocystinuria [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-homocystinuria?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 701: What do the carrier molecules NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 carry in their activated forms? _____
Answer: Electrons
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 702: Thyroid Peroxidase is involved in the first part of T4 synthesis, specifically by catalyzing the addition of iodine to tyrosine residues on _____
Answer: thyroglobulin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 703: Phenylalanine may be converted to _____ via the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (with tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor)
Answer: tyrosine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Other: BH4 = tetrahydrobiopterin
Flashcard 704: Carcinoid tumors are characterized by increased excretion of _____ in the urine
Answer: 5-HIAA
Extra: Refer to endocrine section: * "HI-AA": elevated urine 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindolacetic acid), a breakdown product of serotonin, is diagnostic of carcinoid syndrome Watch Carcinoid Tumor & Small Bowel Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-carcinoid-tumor-and-small-bowel-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/chronic-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 705: The primary way unabsorbed copper is eliminated is by excretion into _____
Answer: bile
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 706: Corticosterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme aldosterone synthase
Answer: aldosterone
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 707: Electrons from complex III of the ETC are transferred to _____
Answer: cytochrome C
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 708: Flavin nucleotides (FAD+) come from Vitamin _____
Answer: B2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/pyruvate-dehydrogenase/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 709: Conversion of malate to pyruvate via malic enzyme produces a molecule of _____ (fatty acid synthesis)
Answer: NADPH
Extra: Watch Fatty Acid Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-fatty-acid-synthesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 710: Where in the cell is the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II enzyme found? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm (pyrimidine synthesis)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 711: _____ is combined with oxaloacetate via the enzyme citrate synthase, forming citrate
Answer: Acetyl-CoA
Extra: Watch Citric Acid Cycle (TCA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Fatty Acid Synthesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-tca-cycle?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 712: The _____ family of hormones is derived from a single precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
Answer: ACTH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 713: The clotting factor with the shortest half life is Factor _____, whereas the factor with the longest half life is Factor _____
Answer: VII
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 714: What uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation is used illicitly for weight loss? _____
Answer: 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP)
Extra: Watch Electron Transport Chain (ETC)/Oxidative Phosphorylation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-electron-transport-chainoxidative-phosphorylation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/electron-transport-chain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 715: Where in the cell does nucleotide synthesis (purines, pyrimidines) occur? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 716: Evolutionarily, hepcidin is upregulated to prevent pathogens from accessing _____
Answer: iron
Extra: ** by degrading ferroportin -> blocks release of iron from enterocytes Watch Iron Deficiency Anemia & Anemia of Chronic Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-microcytic-anemias-iron-deficiency-anemia-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cirrhosis-ii-chronic-decompensation?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 717: Phosphofructokinase-2 is regulated via negative feedback by _____
Answer: glucagon
Extra: Watch Reg PFK 1 FBPase 1 F 2, 6 BP Fed Fasting State [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-regulation-of-pfk-1-and-fbpase-1-by-f-26-bp-and-during-the-fed-and-fasting-state?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 718: Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin via _____, a brush-border enzyme on duodenal and jejunal mucosa
Answer: enteropeptidase (enterokinase)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 719: 11-hydroxylase deficiency leads to a build up of _____
Answer: 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 720: What is the effect of non-classic congenital 21-β-hydroxylase deficiency on K+ levels? _____
Answer: No effect
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki
Flashcard 721: _____ deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that presents with impaired glucose control in diabetes
Answer: Chromium
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 722: DKA = _____ anion gap due to _____
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/diabetic-emergencies/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 723: Hemochromatosis results in: _____ serum iron _____ transferrin (TIBC) _____ ferritin _____ transferrin sat.
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/cirrhosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 724: Chronic granulomatous disease is characterized by recurrent infection and granuloma formation with _____-positive organisms
Answer: catalase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 725: Drugs (dapsone, primaquine, TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin), infection, DKA, fava beans can precipitate hemolysis in _____
Answer: G6PD deficiency
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 726: The upper limit normal of LDH is _____ and 2/3 of the upper limit normal of LDH is _____
Answer: 250IU/L
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 727: Porphyria Cutanea Tarda Causes: _____ → due to deficiency of _____ Dx: _____ Tx: _____
Answer: OCPs, EtOH, Hep C, and Hemochromatosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 728: What electrolyte changes result from the massive insulin surge in refeeding syndrome? _____
Answer: Hypophosphatemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/eating-disorders/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 729: _____ deficiency is a trace mineral deficiency that presents with thyroid, cardiac, or immune dysfunction
Answer: Selenium
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 730: In which order should thiamine and glucose be given in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal? _____
Answer: Thiamine then glucose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki
Flashcard 731: Hyperemesis gravidarum = _____
Answer: metabolic alkalosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acid-base/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 732: What vitamin/mineral deficiency is associated with carcinoid syndrome? _____
Answer: Niacin (B3) deficiency
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 733: Gilbert syndrome is due to _____ UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity leading to isolated increase in unconjugated bilirubin
Answer: mildly low
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 734: Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder that may present with _____ habitus and lens subluxation (_____
Answer: Marfanoid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 735: ↑ VMA and ↑ HVA in infant is suggestive of _____
Answer: neuroblastoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 736: Folate is primarily found in _____
Answer: green leafy veggies
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 737: Deficiency of the enzyme _____ causes phenylketonuria (PKU)
Answer: phenylalanine hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 738: _____ = elevated in 21-hydroxylase deficiency (the most common CAH)
Answer: 17-hydroxyprogesterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki
Flashcard 739: Ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia may indicate _____
Answer: alcoholic ketoacidosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 740: Patient presents with chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, and myoglobinuria _____
Answer: McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 741: blistering cutaneous photosensitivity is suggestive of _____
Answer: porphyria cutanea tarda
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 742: Rotor syndrome and Dubin-Johnson syndrome are characterized by elevated levels of _____ bilirubin
Answer: conjugated
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Flashcard 743: _____ = angiotensinogen → AT1 _____ = AT1 → AT2
Answer: Renin
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Flashcard 744: Patient presents with infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and exercise intolerance _____
Answer: Pompe disease (glycogen storage type II)
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Flashcard 745: How do the following laboratory values change in patients with an insulinoma? Serum insulin: _____ C-peptide level: _____
Answer: Increased
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Flashcard 746: The diagnosis of G6PD deficiency is confirmed via _____ studies, which are performed weeks after a hemolytic episode resolves
Answer: enzyme
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Flashcard 747: What is the mechanism for decreased bone mineral density in patients with Cushing syndrome? _____
Answer: High levels of cortisol inhibits calcitriol synthesis
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Flashcard 748: Congenital absence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase is most likely _____
Answer: Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I
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Flashcard 749: Infant with hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and high TGs, uric acid, and lactate = _____ due to deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase
Answer: von Gierke disease
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Flashcard 750: Which trace mineral deficiency manifests as brittle hair, skin depigmentation, neurologic dysfunction, and sideroblastic anemia? _____
Answer: Copper deficiency
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Flashcard 751: ↓ Glucose and ↑ C-peptide is caused by a(n) _____ or sulfonylurea drugs
Answer: insulinoma
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Flashcard 752: Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia is caused by a(n) _____ of 21-hydroxylase
Answer: partial deficiency
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Flashcard 753: Wilson disease is characterized by _____ serum ceruloplasmin and _____ urinary copper
Answer: decreased
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Flashcard 754: Which etiology of hirsutism is considered the diagnosis of exclusion (i.e. hormone levels all normal)? _____
Answer: Hair follicle androgen sensitivity (familial hirsutism)
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Flashcard 755: Classic galactosemia causes _____ damage, which manifests as jaundice and hepatomegaly
Answer: liver
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Flashcard 756: Why do patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) have breast development? _____
Answer: Increased testosterone is aromatized to estrogen
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Flashcard 757: What acid-base disturbance is associated with cyanide poisoning? _____
Answer: Metabolic acidosis
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Flashcard 758: In the first step of fibrinolysis, _____ is converted to plasmin, which then binds to fibrin
Answer: plasminogen
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Flashcard 759: Musty/mousy body odor and mental retardation and fair complexion = _____
Answer: PKU
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Flashcard 760: Deficiency of the enzyme _____ causes albinism
Answer: tyrosinase
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Flashcard 761: Classic galactosemia is characterized by the absence of the _____ enzyme
Answer: Gal-1-P uridyltransferase
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Flashcard 762: _____ = ↑ Ca2+ during some malignancies
Answer: PTH-related protein (PTHrP)
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Flashcard 763: Increased levels of porphobilinogen and D-ALA are seen in _____
Answer: acute intermittent porphyria
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Flashcard 764: Bilateral cataracts in infant, failure to thrive, hypoglycemia, hepatosplenomegaly/jaundice. _____
Answer: Classical galactosemia (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency)
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Flashcard 765: What is the normal range of Proteins, serum: Albumin?
Answer: From 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL
Flashcard 766: What is the normal range of Urine: 17-Ketosteroids, total (Male)?
Answer: From 8 to 20 mg/ 24 hr
Flashcard 767: What is the normal range of Urine: 17-Hydrocorticosteroids (Male)?
Answer: From 3.0 to 10.0 mg/24 hr
Flashcard 768: What is the normal range of Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total?
Answer: From 0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL
Flashcard 769: What is the normal range of CSF: Gamma globin?
Answer: From 3 to 12 % total proteins
Flashcard 770: What is the normal range of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum?
Answer: From 8 to 20 U/L
Flashcard 771: What is the normal range of Cortisol, serum (20:00 hr)?
Answer: From 0 to 50 % of 08:00 hr
Flashcard 772: What is the normal range of Proteins, serum: Globulin?
Answer: From 2.3 to 3.5 g/dL
Flashcard 773: What is the normal range of Urine: Oxalate?
Answer: From 8 to 40 ug/mL
Flashcard 774: What is the normal range of Triiodothyronine (T3), serum (RIA)?
Answer: From 115 to 190 ng/dL
Flashcard 775: What is the normal range of Bicarbonate (HCO3-), serum?
Answer: From 22 to 28 mEq/L
Flashcard 776: What is the normal range of Cortisol, serum (16:00 hr)?
Answer: From 3 to 15 ug/dL
Flashcard 777: What is the normal range of Creatinine kinase, serum (Male)?
Answer: From 25 to 90 U/L
Flashcard 778: What is the normal range of IgG, serum?
Answer: From 650 to 1500 mg/dL
Flashcard 779: What is the normal range of IgM, serum?
Answer: From 40 to 345 mg/dL
Flashcard 780: What is the normal range of Urine: 17-Hydrocorticosteroids (Female)?
Answer: From 2.0 to 8.0 mg/24 hr
Flashcard 781: What is the normal range of Triiodothyronine (T3) resin uptake?
Answer: From 25 to 35 %
Flashcard 782: What is the normal range of Urine: 17-Ketosteroids, total (Female)?
Answer: From 6 to 15 mg/24 hr
Flashcard 783: What is the normal range of CSF: Glucose?
Answer: From 40 to 70 mg/dL
Flashcard 784: What is the normal range of Urine: Sodium?
Answer: From 0 to Varies with diet mEq/L
Flashcard 785: What is the normal range of Glucose, serum (Fasting)?
Answer: From 70 to 110 mg/dL
Flashcard 786: What is the normal range of Amylase, serum?
Answer: From 25 to 125 U/L
Flashcard 787: What is the normal range of Phosphatase (Alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30 C)?
Answer: From 20 to 70 U/L
Flashcard 788: A 6 month old girl comes with mother due to lack of growth despite feeding. -Physical exam: Hepatomegaly, hypotonia, height & weight below the 10th percentile. -Lab: Hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis -Liver biopsy: hepatic fibrosis without fat accumulation. -Which enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Debranching enzyme (alpha 1,6-glucosidase) due to Cori disease. Present with Hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hypotonia without cardiomegaly.
Flashcard 789: 6 month old full term boy comes with lethargy and vomiting. -Patient was breastfed exclusively until 2 days ago when homemade purred food was added to his diet. -Serum glucose: 30 mg/dL. -Dx: confirms aldolase B deficiency. What should be removed from this patient's diet?
Answer: Sucrose or fructose due to aldolase B deficiency (sucrose: glucose+fructose) fructose --> fructose 1 phosphate by fructokinase. Fructose 1-phosphate ---> glyceraldehyde by aldolase B. Aldolase B deficiency: Fructose intolerence Fructokinase defect or deficiency: Essential fructosuria
Flashcard 790: 12 y/o patient present with severe chest pain. -He has had intermittent substernal chest pain for past few months, occurs after heavy activity. -BP: 130/80 Pulse: 132/min RR: 24/min -Physical exam: Anxious appearing boy with rapid but regular pulse. -Troponin is elevated. ECG reveals ST segment elevations in leads II, III, & aVF. -Further lab results: Increase serum methionine level. -Which amino acids is most likely essential in this patient?
Answer: Cysteine due to homocysteinuria that lead premature thromboembolic event like atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome.
Flashcard 791: what are the followings in relation to Phenylalanine metabolism? -Dihydrobiopterin reductase -Dopamine B-hydroxylase -Dopamine decarboxylase -Phenylalanine hydroxylase -Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase -Tyrosinase
Answer: Dihydrobiopterin reductase: convert BH2 to BH4 in order to use BH4 as a cofactor to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. -Dopamine B-hydroxylase: convert dopamine to norepinephrine. Requires Vit. C as cofactor. -Dopamine Decarboxylase: convert DOPA to dopamine. Requires Vit. B6 as cofactor. -Phenylalanine hydroxylase: convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. Requires BH4 as cofactor. -Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: convert norepinephrine to epinephrine. Requires SAM as cofactor. -Tyrosinase: convert tyrosine (DOPA to melanin). Tyrosinase deficiency will cause albinism.
Flashcard 792: In what disease the followings are associated with? -Delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase -Delta- Aminolevulinate synthase -Bilirubin glucuronyl transferase -Porphobilinogen deaminase -Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Answer: Delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase: Lead poisoning -Delta-aminolevulinate synthase: sideroblastic anemia, also requires vit. B6 as cofactor (microcytic anemia) -Bilirubin glucuronyl transferase: hepatic enzymes responsible for conjugation of bilirubin. -Porphobilinogen deaminase: Acute intermittent porphyria (present with abdominal pain, portwine color urine and neuropsychiatric problems) -Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: Porphyria cutanea tarda (present with photosensitivity on sun exposed areas)
Flashcard 793: 11 y/o girl is evaluated for blurry vision. - Physical Exam: bilateral lens opacities -Urine is positive for reducing substances. -Deficient activity of which enzyme is the most likely cause of this patient's eye condition?
Answer: Galactokinase or Aldose reductase. They both could cause cataracts.
Flashcard 794: In what reaction Xylulose will be found?
Answer: In the pentose phosphate pathway.
Flashcard 795: What are the following amino acids? -Alanine -Aspartate -Histidine -Arginine -Glutamine
Answer: Alanine & aspartate: glucogenic amino acid, they create products of glycolysis. Alanine metobolize in liver to create pyruvate. Asparate could convert to oxaloacetate. -Histidine: could convert to histamine to create acids in the stomach. -Arginine: an intermediate in urea cycle, help remove ammonium from blood. -Glutamine: could convert to glutamate to create NH4 & HCO3 to cope with high acid in the body.
Flashcard 796: What are the following substances? -Bisphosphoglycerate mutase -Hexokinase -Pyruvate kinase -Transketolase
Answer: Bisphosphoglycerate mutase: involve in the reaction that synthesize 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, to allow RBC to transport oxygen. -Hexokinase & Pyruvate kinase: enzymes that are involved in glycolysis. Their deficiency could lead to hemolytic anemia. -Transketolase: involve in the pentose phosphate pathway reaction. They are in a small amount in Thiamine deficiency. They could also convert ribose-5-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.
Flashcard 797: scientists studying the principles behing oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation. -They separate the hemoglobin tetramers into individual alpha & beta subunits. -If measured, the oxygen dissociation curve of the dissolved beta subunits will most likely resemble what?
Answer: It will resemble myoglobin, which is Line A Because it will has even higher affinity for oxygen, compare to normal hemoglobin.
Flashcard 798: A 2 y/o boy comes to the office by his parents because they notice the boy urine turned black overnight. -Child has no significant past medical history, no medications. -Physical exam: well-nourished child with no swelllin or tenderness of any joints. -Urinalysis: Black urine -Which of the following conversion pathway is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Tyrosine to fumarate due to deficiency of homogentisate dioxigenase enzymes, which cause accumulation of homogentisate. (Alkaptonuria)
Flashcard 799: 3 day old boy comes with poor feeding, vomiting, and progressive lethargy. -Parents stated: "Diaper have burnt sugar smell" -Physical Exam: Lethargic infant with dry mucous membranes and generalized hypertonia. -Which of the following should be restricted from this infant's diet?
Answer: Leucine or VAL: Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine Due to Maple syrup urine disease, caused by a deficiency of branched chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase thus can't metabolize VAL.
Flashcard 800: 74 y/o woman comes with 2 days of left leg pain and numbness. -History of A. Fib & hypertension. -Left lower limb is pale & cold to palpation below the knee. -Ultrasound: occluding thrombus & a left femoral embolectomy is performed. -Post procedure dorsalis pedis & posterior tibial pulses become palpable. -Several hours later, patient feels severe left calf pain, with absent distal pulses. -Physican suspects: injury of the reperfused muscles due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species. -What enzymes is the most likely to help neutralize these toxic molecules?
Answer: Superoxide dismutase due to Acute compartment syndrome secondary to reperfusion injury. Superoxide dismutase neutralizes reactive oxygen species, preventin cell injury.
Flashcard 801: What are the followings in relation to gluconeogenesis? -Acetyl CoA -Alanine -Citrate -Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate -Lactate -Oxaloacetate
Answer: Acetyl-CoA: will stimulate pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate (the 1st step of gluconeogenesis). -Alanine: could convert to pyruvate and back in transaminase reaction, when it's converted to pyruvate it could inhibit pyruvate kinase to create pyruvate to prevent glycolysis while allowing gluconeogenesis to take place. -Citrate: 1st step in kreb cycle. Important positive regulator of acetyl coa carboxylase to create glucose. It's important for fatty acid synthesis. -Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: high level of it stimulate phosphofructokinase-1, thus stimulate glycolysis. Low levels of it stimulate gluconeogenesis. -Lactate: important source of carbon atoms for glucose synthesis. Lactate formed in contracting muscles, it is release in the bloodstream and go to the liver to converted back to glucose. -Oxaloacetate: high levels of it will decrease activity of pyruvate carboxylase preventing gluconeogenesis.
Flashcard 802: 52 y/o woman comes with skin rash that worsens with sun exposure. -Her family says: she has become irritable, hostile, and has had episodes of disorientation. -Further questionning revelas poor nutritional intake and intermittent diarrhea. -Physical Exam: well-demarcated, hyperpigmented, scaly rash on hands, forarms, & upper chest. -Cause of symptoms is due to lack of precursor vitamin for synthesis of NAD+ coenzyme. -This pathway will most likely use which compound as a precursor?
Answer: Tryptophan due to Niacin deficiency ( Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
Flashcard 803: True or False Some patients with porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency could be asymptomatic for Acute intermittent porphyria
Answer: True because porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency is not sufficient enough to cause symptoms.
Flashcard 804: In what reaction does the followings amino acids participate in? -Phenylalanine -Valine -Asparagine -Histidine -Proline -Lysine
Answer: Pheynylalanine: converted to tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase. Deficiency of Phenylalanine dehydroxylase lead to PKU. -Valine: Part of the "Met Threonine Valle", they synthesize propionyl-CoA which will convert to methylmalonyl coa by propionyl carboxylase, then methylmalonyl coa will converted to succinyl CoA (TCA cycle) by methylmalonyl CoA mutase. -Asparagine: can be converted to aspartate by asparaginase. Leukemic cells loves asparagine to survive. Thus L-asparaginase usually works as an antineoplastic agent by lowering circulating asparagine levels. -Histidine: could be converted to histamine, (H2) acid or H1(allergies) release by Mast cells which could be presented in hypersensitivity type 1 (allergic reaction). -Proline: could use as a transaminase amino acids which means it could convert to alpha ketogluterate then to glutamate (vit. B6 as cofactor). ("Transaminase PG": Proline to glutamate). Can also get hydroxylize by Vit C. -Lysine: Could get hydrolylize by Vit. C. Lysine is strictly Ketogenic. which means it will not convert to another amino acid (ending with ....-ate).
Flashcard 805: What are the followings in relation to neutralizing toic molecules? -Cytochrome oxidase -Cytochrome p450 -Myeloperoxidase -NADPH -Superoxide dismutase
Answer: Cytochrome oxidase: final component in electron transport chain, convert molecular oxygen to water. Help synthesizing ATP. -Cytochrome p450: metabolize endogenous toxins as well as drugs. can lead hepatotoxicity in certain drugs. -Myeloperoxidase: found in neutrophils, could cause oxidative damage to host cells. -NADPH: help phagocytic cells destroy bacteria. Deficiency could lead to chronic granulomatous disease, where catalase positive organisms can't get destroy even after being phagocyte by WBC. -Superoxide dismutase: neutrilizes reactive oxygen species, preventing cell injury and prevent acute compartment syndrome secondary to reperfusion injury.
Flashcard 806: A 5 month old boy comes with poor feeding. -Physical exam: hepatomegaly and hypotonia in all 4 limbs. -Cardiac auscultation: gallop rhythm -Chest Xray: Severe cardiomegaly -Muscle biopsy: Enlarged lysosomes containing periodic acid-schiff (PAS)-positive material. -Which enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Acid alpha-glucosidase (alpha 1,4 glucosidase deficiency) or Acid maltase deficiency due to Pompe disease (Very Poor Carbs Metabolism) Accumulation of glycogen in lysosomal vesicles. Present with: Normal glucose levels, severe cardiomegaly.
Flashcard 807: A newborn comes with lethargy, vomiting, and hypotonia during fist few days of life. -Lab: metabolic acidosis with large anion gap, ketosis, & hypoglycemia. -Concentration of propionic acid is increase in the plasma and urine. -Metabolism of which amino acids contributes to this patient's condition?
Answer: Valine Others: "Met Threonine ValLe" (Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Isoleucine), odd chain fatty acids, cholesterol. due to deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which usually convert propionyl CoA to methylmalonyl CoA which will be converted to succinyl CoA (TCA cycle), by methylmalonyl CoA mutase with the help of vit. B12 as a cofactor.
Flashcard 808: What are the followings substances are associated with in relation to cofactors or chemical reaction? -Biotin -Folic acid -Niacin -Pyridoxine -Riboflavin -Thiamine
Answer: Biotin: Vit B7, cofactor for carboxylases enzymes. Ex: Pyruvate carboxylase. -Folic Acid: Vit B9, cofactor for Nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiency lead to megaloblastic anemia, due to lack of division of cells to turn to normal size RBC but instead their radius becomes bigger. -Niacin: Vit B3, cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes (NAD+ & NADP+). Deficiency leads to DDD (pellegra): Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis. -Pyridoxine: Vit B6, cofactor for transaminase, which means conversion of: amino acids ---> a-keto acid ---> amino acid. Ex: Glutamate to oxaloacetate then to aspartate. Deficiency could lead to homocystinuria. -Riboflavin: Vit B2, are use in dehydrogenase reaction involving FMN and FAD (Flavin MN or Flavin AD). -Thiamine: Vit B1, cofactor for dehydrogenase enzymes in Transketolase dehydrogenase. Ex: .....Keto..... Dehydrogenase.
Flashcard 809: A 2 y/o boy is being evaluated for failure to thirve and developmental delay. -Past Medical history: recurrent ear infection since age 6 months. -Physical Exam: coarse facial features, corneal clouding, hepatosplenomegaly and restricted joint mobility. -Mass spectrometry analysis: Deficient phosphorylation of mannose residues on certain glycoproteins in the golgi apparatus. -Normally, these proteins are most likely to be transported to which cellular locations?
Answer: Lysosome due to Inclusion cell (I Cell) disease which is a defect in protein targetting due to lack of phosphorylation of mannose residues in proteins, which causes lack of protein in lysosome, lead to accumulation of cells debris without degradation in lysosome. Symptoms: Coarse facial features, corneal clouding, failure to thrive, & cognitive deficits in 1st year of life.
Flashcard 810: A researcher are investigating the relationship between glucose transporters and insulin concentration in various cells & tissues. -Data are collected in the graph below. -The graph shows number of glucose transporters found on the surface of 2 types of cells (circles versus triangles) compared to serum insuli concentration. Which cells types are most likely represented by the circles and triangles?
Answer: Skeletal muscle and renal cells (any other cells as long as it's not adipocytes or skeletal muscle cells) Circle: Skeletal muscle or adipocytes (insulin dependent). (GLUT 4 receptor) Triangles: Any other cells (insulin independent).
Flashcard 811: In what disease should the followings be restricted? -Galactose -Leucine -Methionine -Phenylalanine -Tyrosine
Answer: Galactose: galactosemia (due to deficiency of Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase) (GALT def.) -Leucine: Maple syrup disease, due to deficiency of branched chain a-ketacid dehydrogenase. -Methionine: should be restricted in homocysteinuria,because methionine converts to homocystein. Instead you will want to give B12 (cobalamine) to convert to methionine & B6 (pyridoxine) to convert to cysteine to relieve the high level of homocysteine. -Phenylalanine: Phenylketonuria (def. of phenyl hydroxylase), musty odor, neurological symptoms. -Tyrosine: restricted in hypertyrosinemia (progressive liver & renal disease) or in alkaptonuria (homogentisate oxidase def.) (black urine on air, black cartillage).
Flashcard 812: A deficiency of the following enzymes will lead to what disease? -Delta- aminolevulinate dehydratase -Delta-aminolevulinate synthase -Cystathionine synthase -Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -Pyruvate kinase
Answer: D ALA dehydratase: Lead poisoning -D ALA synthase: Sideroblastic anemia -Cystathione synthase: usually convert homocystine to cystathionine (with help of B6), thus lead to homocystinuria. -G6PD: hemolytic anemia -Pyruvate kinase: (autosomal recessive disease) Hemolytic anemia.
Flashcard 813: In what disease the followings are associate with: -Blood protoporphyrin level -Erythocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity -Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity -Erythrocyte transketolase activity -Serum methylmalonic acid level -Serum NADPH
Answer: Blood protoporphyrin level: is the second to last enzyme in heme synthesis. It will be high in iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning. -G6PD activity: it could lead to hemolytic anemia, when level decreases. -Erythrocyte gluthathione reductase activity: helps metabolize harmful oxygen species. -Erythrocyte transketolase activity: will be decrease in thiamine deficiency (wernicke K. syndrome) -Serum methylmalonic acid level: product of fatty acid oxydation. Converted to succinyl COA by methylmalonyl COA mutase. it will be increase in B12 deficiency. -Serum NADPH: derived from Vit B3 (niacin)
Flashcard 814: What are the following in relation to carbs? -Amylose -Cellulose -Galactose -Lactose -Maltose -Sucrose
Answer: Amylose: are found in starch -Cellulose: are found in cell of plants cells. -Galactose, Lactose, Maltose: Lactose and maltose are found in breast milk. Lactose: breakdowns into glucose+galactose. -Galactose: patient with galactosemia can't metabolize galactose. -Sucrose: breakdown into glucose + fructose, fructose can't betabolize in fructokinase deficiency (some will due to exokinase "to the right reaction), can't metabolize at all in aldolase deficiency.
Flashcard 815: 61 y/o man found unresponsive on a sidewalk. -He presents with breath smells of alcohol. -He has gonal respirations and pulseless EKG, he's pronounced dead on arrival. -Autopsy: necrosis are seen in mamillary bodies and gray matter surrounding 3rd & 4th ventricles. -This patient's brain findings are most likely associated with a decrease in what?
Answer: Erythrocyte transketolase activity Due wernicke korsakof syndrome due to thiamine deficiency (B1). It serves as a cofactor for 4 main enzymes: -Pyruvate dehydrogenase -Alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase -Branch alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase -Transketolase
Flashcard 816: The followings conversion pathways are most likely deficent in what disease? -Leucine to acetoacetate -Phenylalanine to tyrosine -Tyrosine to fumarate
Answer: Leucine to acetoacetate: Maple syrup urine disease, where leucine, valine, isoleucine will be elevated. (cerebral edema, seizures, sweet smell of urine) -Phenylalanine to acetoacetate: PKU due to phenyl hydroxylase deficiency. -Tyrosine to fumarate: Alkaptonuria due to lack of homogentisate dioxigenase enzymes. which cause high accumulation of homogentisate and lack of conversion of tyrosine to fumarate.
Flashcard 817: 23 y/o apparently healthy man who immigrated to the US comes to a clinic for regular check up. -History: no significant mediacl problems but his mother told him he was bron with problem metabolizing sugar. -Patient maintains no dietary restrictions and regularly eats vegetable, fruits meats. -Urine samples: Repeatedly positive copper reduction test. -Glucose oxidase dipstick test: negative -Which enzyme is most likely to be deficient in this patient?
Answer: Fructokinase due to Essential fructosuria which means it's not severe (benign condition)
Flashcard 818: A group of investigators is studying the regulation of catecholamines synthesis in response to severe stress. -The experimental animals are found subsequently to have decreased production of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla compared with the control animals. -Decreased activity of which enzymes is most likely responsible for the observed effect?
Answer: Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) wihch usually stimulated by cortisol converted NE to Epi.
Flashcard 819: 1 day old boy is diagnosed with hyperphenylalanemia by newborn screening. -He's placed on a special phenylalanine-restricted diet with tyrosine supplementation. -Several months later, lab test results: normal serum phenylalanine level. -Careful examination: some neurological abnormalities. -Further workup: elevated prolactin. -Physician suspects a cofactor deficiency. -Which enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Dihydrobiopterin reductase (BH2 reductase) which leads to a deficiency of BH4, which leads to PKU and high prolactin due to lack of dopamin from the same pathway.
Flashcard 820: Exposures to what cellular pathway will cause these substances to increase? -Ca2+ -cAMP -cGMP -Cl -mRNA -NO
Answer: Ca2+: will increase due to phospholipase C, protein kinase C pathway. -cAMP, cGMP: will increase due to adenyl or guanylate cyclase, ATP, protein kinase A pathway. (sildenafil works in this pathway) -Cl: tend to increase upon inhibition of neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine), will lead to hyperpolarization. -mRNA: increase during cell division. -NO: synthesize from arginine by NO synthase.
Flashcard 821: What are the followings in relation to phosphorylation of mannose residues on glycoproteins? -Extracellular space -Lysosome -Mitochondria -Nucleus -Plasma membrane
Answer: Extracellular space: doesn't need phosphorylation of mannose residues on proteins. They will just packed in a vesicles which fuse with plasma membrane to release extracellular proteins. -Lysosome: does require phosphorylation of mannose residues on glycoproteins in order for them to enter the lysosome. Will help with degradation. -Mitochondria: They don't need protein phosphorylation. Most mitochondrial proteins will synthesize in the cytosol. -Nucleus: Protein will present with a nuclear signals (nuclear localization signals) to import or enter the nucleus. -Plasma membrane: Protein will covalently bind to an hydrophobic lipid anchor that will facilitate protein interaction with cell membrane.
Flashcard 822: A 6 month old boy ic brought to the office by his mother concerning he's not developing normally. -Physical exam: delayed developmental milestone & hypotonia. -He has tendency to aggressively bite his own lips and fingers. -Labs: Elevated blood uric acid level. -Activity of what enzymes is most likely increased as a result of this patient's symptoms?
Answer: Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PRPP) due to lesch nyhan syndrome (dystonia, choreathetosis, etc...), deficiency of HGPRT HGPRT: Hyperuricemia, Gout, Piss off (aggression), Retardation, dysTonia. Will present with increase uric acid which leads to Gout & increased demand for de novo purine synthesis.
Flashcard 823: What are the followings enzymes in relation to cathecolamine? -Cathecol-O-methyltransferase -Monoamine oxidase -Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase
Answer: Cathecol-O-methyltransferase & Monoamine oxidase are involved in the breakdown of cathecolamine -Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase: are involved in the conversion of NE to Epi.
Flashcard 824: 22 y/o comes with 5 day history of Nausea, constipation, and severe, poorly localized abdominal pain. -She also reports anxiety, poor sleep quality and tingling of limbs. -She doesn't take any drugs,no smoking, medication or use alcohol. -Patient receives intravenous infusion of heme preparation that leads to rapid resolution of her symptoms. -The improvement in symptoms is most likely due to treatment-induced downregulation of what enzymes?
Answer: Aminolevulinate synthase (ALA Synthase) which is the rate limiting step in heme synthesis. Patient has Acute intermittent porphyria (recurrent abdominal pain, neuropsychosis symptoms) Symptoms: 5 P's: Port wine urine, polyneuropathy, painful abdomen, psychosis, precipitated by drugs (cytochrome p450) Glucose or heme makes better. (inhibits ALA synthase)
Flashcard 825: What are the following in relation to glycogen storage diseae? -Acid maltase deficiency -Debranching enzymes -Glucose 6-phosphatase -Liver glycogen phosphorylase -Muscle glycogen phosphorylase -Pyruvate kinase
Answer: Acid maltase deficiency: (alpha 1,4 glucosidase), Pompe disease. present with cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, hypotonia without hypoglycemia, with glycogen storage in lysosome. -Debranching enzymes: (alpha 1,6 glucosidase), Cori disease. Present with hypoglycemia, hypotonia, hepatomegaly. -Glucose 6-phosphatase: Von Gierke disease. Affect mainly liver & kidney. Hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia. -Liver glycogen phosphorylase: Hers disease. Present with hypoglycemia, ketosis, & hepatomegaly -Muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency: McArdle disease, presents with muscle pain & cramping during excercise, muscle get tired easily during strenuous excercise. -Pyruvate kinase: convert Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate during glycolysis. Will cause chronic hemolytic anemia.
Flashcard 826: A 17 y/o boy with type 1 diabetes melitus is found unresponsive at home. -Glucose fingerstick: 32 -Administration of glucose was injected by paramedics. -Glucose binds to a transmembrane receptor in hepatocytes, which promotes binding of intracellular GTP to a specific receptor-associated protein. -It leads to rapid release of glucose in the blood. -Which of the following is the most likely mediator responsible for these effects? a.) cGMP dependent protein kinase b.) Janus tyrosine kinase c.) phosphodiesterase d.) Protein kinase A e.) Tyrosine specific protein kinase
Answer: d.) Protein kinase A due to Glucagon uses cAMP which then use protein Kinase A.
Flashcard 827: A 5 day old newborn comes with multiple episodes of emesis. -Vital sign: tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypertension -Physical Exam: icteric lethargic baby with a sunken fontanelle, dry mucous membranes, & hepatomegaly. -Serum Studies: hypoglycemia & high Transaminases -Arterial blood culture: gram negative rods. -Which of the following steps in metabolism is most likely impaired in this patient?
Answer: D.) GALT (Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase) because it is the most common cause of Galactosemia (present with variety of symptoms: vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, cataract, E. Coli infection)
Flashcard 828: What are the followings in relation to gluconeogenesis? -Acetoacetyl CoA ---> 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA -Acetyl CoA ---> palmitic acid -Fructose 6-phosphate ---> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate -Glycogen ---> glucose-1-phosphate -Oxaloacetate ---> phosphoenolpyruvate
Answer: Acetoacetyl CoA --> HMG-CoA: to synthesize cholesterol and ketone bodies. Can't synthesize glucose. -Acetyl CoA --> Palmitic acid: 1st fatty acids synthesize from acetyl coa during prolong fasting. -Fructose 6 phosphate ---> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate: Glycolysis, not gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase. -Glycogen ---> glucose-1-phosphate: glycogenolysis, after 24 hours of fasting. There will not be any glycogen left in storage to lysis to glucose. Instead, the best reaction is gluconeogenesis, which means from oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate, going up and so on to make glucose. -Oxaloacetate ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate: best reaction after 24 hours to make glucose. (Gluconeogenesis)
Flashcard 829: what are the followings in association with 2,6 bisphosphate? -Acetyl COA ---> Fatty acids -Alanine ---> Glucose -Fructose-6-phophate ---> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -Glucose----> glycogen -NAD ---> NADH
Answer: acetyl coa ---> fatty acids: It will stimulate this reaction. Also occurs when you have insulin, which causes glucose to enter in cells in order to start glycolysis. glycolysis --> acetyl coa --> fatty acids. -Alanine ---> Glucose: occurs when you have 2,6 bisphosphate. It will inhibit this reaction because it doesn't want glucose present in blood. -Fructose-6-phosphate ---> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: It will stimulate this reaction to break down glucose in glycolysis. -Glucose ---> Glycogen: It will stimulate this reaction (similar to insulin) -NAD ---> NADH: It will stimulate this reaction, because of glycolysis.
Flashcard 830: The following supplements are useful in what disease or mechanism? -Arginine -Cobalamin -Pyridoxine -Tetrahydrobiopterin -Thiamine
Answer: Arginine: essential amino acid in urea cycle -Cobalamine: (vit. B12), useful in megaloblastic anemia. It could also be use to lower homocysteine levels in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. -Pyridoxine: (vit. B6), useful in hyperhomocysteinemia -Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4): useful in tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency that result in phenylketonuria, because it's a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. (help convert phenylalanine -----> Tyrosine) -Thiamine: (Vit B1) could be use in Marple syrup disease, Wernicke K. Synd, Wet or dry Beriberi. (Tender Loving Care For Nancy).
Flashcard 831: 76 y/o man comes with excessive fatigue and altered mental status. -The patient has long history of diabetes mellitus. -Physical Exam: Dry mouth, cracked lips, severe cataracts formation. -Lab test: Glucose 750 mg/dL & normal ketone level. -Pathophysiology of his cataracts formation involves certain enzymes within lens. -An enzyme called aldose reductase produces sorbitol, a susbtance that connot readily exit the lens cells. -What is the most likely end product of sorbitol metabolism in the lens of healthy individuals?
Answer: Fructose due to Glucose----> (by Aldose reductase) --->Sorbitol----> (Sorbitol dehydrogenase) ----> Fructose. Sorbitol dehydrogenase becomes overwhelmed in the presence of hyperglycemia. Thus high sorbitol could lead to cataracts and neuropathy. These tissues don't have high sorbitol dehydrogenase (high quantity in sperm cells)
Flashcard 832: 12 y/o male is evaluated for ataxia accompanied by episodic erythematous and pruritic skin lesions and loose stools. -Labs: Loss of neural aromatic amino acids in the urine. -This patient's symptoms would most likely respond to what supplements?
Answer: Niacin (vit B3) (DDD: diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis) Pellegra symptoms due to Harnup disease: deficiency of neutral amino acid. Most common: Tryptophan, because tryptophan is a precursor to make Niacin others: Alanine, valine, leucine, Isoleucine, serine, threonine, Tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine. GAPVLIM STCAG TPT LAH GA
Flashcard 833: In between those 2 enzymes, which one of them is most likely will be inhibited in order to treat Acute intermittent porphyria? a.) ALA synthase b.) ALA deaminase
Answer: ALA synthase because it's the rate limiting step in heme synthesis, which lead to accumulation of ALA & PBG (porphobilinogen) ALA deaminase deficiency alone is not sufficient enough to cause Acute intermittent porphyria.
Flashcard 834: A 36 y/o man comes with dark urine and back pain. -patient ate some large, flat beans brought home by his wife after a business trip to egypt. -Physical exam: Jaundice & pallor. -Labs: hemoglobin 8g/dL. -Further evaluation reveals deficiency of an enzyme involved in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate. -The substance generated during this conversion is necessary for which biochemical processes?
Answer: Fatty acid synthesis. due to G6PD dehydrogenase deficiency.
Flashcard 835: A 34 y/o man comes with fascial injury. -He reports getting hit on the face furing a fistfight at a bar. -Physical exam: Dark blue periorbital ecchymosis on the right side. -Ophthalmic & neurologic examinations are otherwise normal. -Patient is discharge home, but several day later the bruise becomes greenish in color. -This change in color is best explained by the activity of which enzymes?
Answer: Heme oxygenase Black eye is cause by RBC that escape into the periorbital tissues. It could lead to a Greenish color due to heme metabolism by Heme oxygenase that turn it into biliverdin (green color). Biliverdin (green) will convert to bilirubin (yellow) by biliverdin reductase.
Flashcard 836: What are the followings are associated with? -Heme oxygenase -Biliverdin reductase
Answer: Heme oxygenase: convert heme to biliverdin (green color) -Biliverdin reductase: convert biliverdin to bilirubin (yellow color)
Flashcard 837: What are the symtoms of deficiency of the following vitamins and substances? -Ascorbic acid -Biotin -Linoleic acid -vitamin K -Zink
Answer: Ascorbic acid: scurvy, lack of wound healing, bleeding. -Biotin: Vit B7, neuropsychiatic defects, hair loss, rash. -Linoleic acid: essential fatty acid in arachidonic acids pathway. could affect growth. -Vitamin K deficiency: bleeding but not in gums. -Zink: growth retardation, infertility, acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Flashcard 838: What are these two end-product has in common? -Sorbitol -galacticol
Answer: They both could cause cataracts. They both are synthesize by the same enzyme: Aldose reductase.
Flashcard 839: 18 y/o girl with type 1 DM comes with several hours of nausea, vomiting and abominal pain. -breath: fruity odor -Glucose: 452 & high anion gap metabolic acidosis. -Increased activity of what enzyme is most likely contributing to this patient's abnormal blood glucose finding?
Answer: Glycerol kinase which convert glycerol into glycerol 3-phosphate in the liver, which can be use to create glucose. (gluconeogenesis)
Flashcard 840: 24 y/o man comes with episodic enemia, jaundice, & dark urine. -These episodes typically occur after use of certain drugs or following infection. -History: brother has similar episodes. -Peripheral blood smear: shows RBC in image below. Deficiency of what enzyme would most likely result in a condition similar to this patient's presentation?
Answer: Glutathione reductase due to G6PD deficiency (hemolytic anemia)
Flashcard 841: What are the followings are associated with? -Ascorbic acid -Carnitine -Pyridoxine -Thiamine -Tyrosine -Vitamin K
Answer: Ascorbic acid: vitamin C, cofactor for hydroxylation of proline and lysine. Deficiency presents with scurvy. -Carnitine: Long chain fatty acid transport in mitochondria -Pyridoxine: Vit B6, use as a supplement to Tx: homocystinuria that usually present with Marfan syndrome. Could also use as a cofactor for transaminase reaction. -Thiamine: deficiency lead to wernicke K. synd., wet & dry beriberi & maple syrup disease. -Tyrosine: amino acid that is a precursor for catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. -Vit K: involves in post translational conversion. Important clotting factor
Flashcard 842: A 27 y/o woman has acute appendicitis. unable to eat. - Lab: moderate ketones in urine, borderline low serum glucose. -Based on evaluation, it's suspected that this patient is utilizing ketone bodies for energy. -What tissues cannot use this energy source?
Answer: Erythrocytes, due lack of mitochondria. Liver due to lack of succinyl COA transferase, because fatty acids (ketone) break down and synthesize to succinyl CoA in citric acid cycle.
Flashcard 843: A study is being performed that includes certain men -Further analysis shows that these men have an X-linked mutation affecting the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase gene. -This lead to increased substrate conversion. -What organ is most likely to develop pathology secondary to this mutation?
Answer: Joints due to Gout, PRPP leads to high purines and uric acid that leads to gout.
Flashcard 844: What are the followings in relation to vitamin deficiency? -Abnormal oxidative decarboxylation of ketoacids. -Abnormal proline hydroxylation -Abnormal transamination -deficient methionine synthesis -Diminished synthesis of purines
Answer: Abnormal oxidative decarboxylation: Thiamine (B1) deficiency -Abnormal proline hydroxylation: vit. C deficiency -Abnormal transamination: Vit. B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency -Deficient methionine synthesis: Vit. B12 (cobalamine) deficiency. -Diminished synthesis of purines: Vit B9 (folate) deficiency
Flashcard 845: A scientist is studying biochemical reaction that take place in the liver. -He cultures hepatocytes with glutamate labeled with nitrogen isotopes -After some times, he finds that the nitrogen isotopes are transferred to oxaloacetate forming aspartate. -Which vitamins is most likely involved in this reaction?
Answer: Pyridoxine (vit B6) because it's a common cofactor for conversion of amino acids (glutamate) into alpha keto acid (Oxaloacetate) and convert to Aspartate (AA). (Transaminase)
Flashcard 846: The followings compounds will serve as a precursor to what? -Arginine -Carotene -Cholesterol -Orotic acid -Phenylalanine -Tryptophan
Answer: Arginine: precursor to urea, nitric oxide, ornithine, agmatine, creatine. -Carotene: Precursor to vit. A. -Cholesterol: precursor to steroid hormones. -Orotic acid: Precursor to pyrimidine to synthesize DNA. -Phenylalanine: Precursor to tyrosine to create catecholamines. -Tryptophan: Precursor to Niacin (B3)
Flashcard 847: What are the followings in relation to lesch-nyhan syndrome? -Aspartate carbamoyltransferase -Dihydroorotase -Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase -Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase -Ribonucleotide reductase -Thymidylase synthase
Answer: Aspartate carbamoyltransferase, Dihydroorotate, thymidilate synthase: involved in the pyrimidine synthesis, will not be affected. -HGPRT: will decrease, not increase. -Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase: will increase due to high demands of purines synthesis cause by the disease. -Ribonucleotide reductase: involved in converting ribose sugar into deoxyribose forms. It will not be affected. It involves in pyrimidines synthesis.
Flashcard 848: What are the followings in relation to biotin deficiency? -Glucose to ribose-5-phosphate -Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA -Pyruvate to alanine -Pyruvate to oxaloacetate -Succinate to oxaloacetate
Answer: Glucose to ribose-5-phosphate: Niacin (B3) cofactor. NADPH. -Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA: Niacin (B3), thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), & Pantothenic acid (B5) & lipoic acid. with Pyruvate dehygrogenase enzyme. -Pyruvate to alanine: (transaminase reaction) uses cofactor B6 (pyridoxine) -Pyruvate to oxaloacetate: uses cofactor B7 (Biotin) -succinate to oxaloacetate: requires 2 enzymes: Succinate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase. Requires Riboflavin (B2) for FAD, Niacin for NAD+.
Flashcard 849: A research develops an agent that specifically blocks interaction of inositol triphosphate with its intracellular receptor. -Compared to the control cells ,decreased activity of which enzyme is most likely to be observed in the experimental cells?
Answer: Protein kinase C because without IP3 and DAG protein kinase C can't form.
Flashcard 850: What are the followings in relation to conversion to pyruvate & lactic acid? -Alanine -Asparagine -Galactose -Glycerol -Lysine -Serine
Answer: Alanine: can be converted to pyruvate by removing an NH3 group from alanine. -Serine: can be converted to pyruvate -Asparagine: can be converted to asparate ---> glutamate & oxaloacetate. -Galactose: could convert to lactate, which will increase lactic acid in patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. -Glycerol: can be converted to G3P which can be converted to pyruvate and lactic acid. -Lysine: Cannot be converted to Pyruvate. (lysine & leucine are the only two AA that can't be converted to pyruvate)
Flashcard 851: What enzymes are found in the following points and what disease/symptoms they will present with?
Answer: A.) Lactase: Lactose intolerence (very rare in neonates), occurs in adults. B.) Aldose reductase: when increases, due to (GALT) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase or (GALK) Galactokinase deficiency. it could lead to cataracts. C.) Galactokinase: Deficiency could lead to high galatose, which would converted to galacticol, to cause cataracts. D.) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase: The most common cause of Galactosemia in neonate. Presents with variety of symptoms: Vomiting, jaundice, hepatomegaly, cataracts, E. coli infections. E.) Phosphoglucoisomerase, it will not be able to convert to energy.
Flashcard 852: 31 y/o patient present with myalgias, anorexia, & skin rash. -He doesn't do drugs or alcohol. -He has been consuming large amounts of raw egg whites for the past several months. -Physical exam: macular dermatitis of the extremities. -A water-soluble vitamin deficiency is suspected as the cause of his condition. -Which biochemical conversions most likely uses the deficient vitamin as a cofactor?
Answer: Pyruvate to axaloacetate. Biotin: cofactor for carboxylase reactions. because the patient has biotin (Vit. B7) deficiency due to dermatologic changes (macular dermatitis) & large consumption of raw eggs, because raw eggs contain biotin-binding avidin that loves to connect to biotin which will lead to deficiency of biotin. symptoms: mental status changes, dermatitis, metabolic acidosis due to high conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid due to lack of biotin cofactor to convert to oxaloacetate.
Flashcard 853: 78 y/o woman comes with tenderness and easy bleeding of the gums when brushes her teeth. -Physical exam: swollen gingiva that bleed on probing. -Skin finding are shown below: Her symptoms are most likely caused by hypoactivity of an enzyme found in which cellular compartment?
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum because this is where Vit. C hydroxylase proline and lysine. deficiency: Present with scurvy and petechiae.
Flashcard 854: What are the following enzymes are associated with? -Acetyl CoA carboxylase -Acyl CoA synthetase -ATP citrate lyase -Glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase -Glycerol kinase
Answer: Acetyl CoA carboxylase: add a Carbon group to acetyl CoA to become malonyl coA in fatty acid synthesis (biotin (B7) as cofactor) -Acyl CoA synthetase: Fatty acid break down. It will combine with carnitine to be transported into mitochondria. -ATP citrate lyase: convert citrate to Acetyl coA to synthesize fatty acid. -G6PD: nucleotide synthesis, ass. with pentose phosphate pathway, deficiency could cause hemolytic anemia. -Gycerol kinase: breakdown of glycerol to turn into glucose.
Flashcard 855: In what pathway the followings are associated with in relation to growth factors that causes cancer? -Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum -cAMP accumulation -Dimerization of STAT proteins -Rapid decrease in cGMP levels -Translocation to the nucleus and gene transcription (MAP-kinase pathway, mTOR pathway, Inositol phospholipid pathway, cAMP pathway, JAK/STAT pathway)
Answer: Inositol phospholipid pathway (Phospholipase C), Protein kinase C --> high Ca+. -cAMP pathway. (Adenyl cyclase, cAMP, ATP, protein kinase A) -JAK/STAT pathway (Intracellular tyrosine kinase) (PiGGLET) -cGMP: associated with sildanafil -Translocation to the nucleus and gene transcription: could present in mTOR pathway.
Flashcard 856: Molecular biologists studying signal transduction apply an agent to human cells that activates G-Protein-dependent phospholipase C. -Which intracellular substances is most likely to incrase immediately after exposure to this agent?
Answer: Ca2+ or protein kinase C
Flashcard 857: A 54 y/o man comes with anemia. -Evaluation: Cause of anemia is EPO deficiency. -In this patient, mature erthrocytes are found that are unable to synthesize heme even though they contain detectable levels of cytoplasmic enzymes involved in heme synthesis. -Lack of which cellular organelles best explains this phenomenon?
Answer: Mitochondria Because Mitochondria plays an important in heme sythesis.
Flashcard 858: 35 y/o woman comes with nausea, vomiting, and fever. -Her symptoms began 24 hours ago, she's been unable to eat or drink anything since. -Labs: glucose level: 82 mg/dL despite her 24 hour fast. -maintenace of this patient's blood glucose levels is facilitated by hepatic conversion of pyruvate into glucose. -Which of the following substances directly stimulates the 1st enzyme involved in this process?
Answer: Acetyl-CoA It will stimulate Pyruvate carboxylase to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate. (1st step of gluconeogenesis)
Flashcard 859: A healthy 34 y/o worker is trapped underground following partial collapse of an access shaft. -He's trapped and take 2 days to reach him. -The patient tells the rescuers: He feels weak and dizzy. -He has not eaten for over 30 hours. -Fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 78mg/ dL. -Which biochemical reactions is most likely responsible for maintaining this patient's current blood glucose levels?
Answer: Oxaloacetate ---> phosphoenolpyruvate or the intitial step is: pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
Flashcard 860: What are the disacharide breakdown of: -Sucrose -Lactose -Maltose
Answer: Sucrose: Glucose + fructose -Lactose: Glucose + galactose -Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
Flashcard 861: Erythroblasts from a bone marrow biopsy sample of a patient with Neonatal jaundice. -Cells are unable to generate NADPH from glucose metabolism. -But the cells are able to convert fructose-6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate, which is required for nucleic acid synthesis. -Which enzyme is essential for the latter conversion?
Answer: Transketolase or transaldolase due to fructose-6-phosphate conversion to ribose-5-phosphate, this reaction occurs in pentose phosphate pathway.
Flashcard 862: What are the following substances? What happen due to defiency of these substances? -Folic acid -Tocopherol -Riboflavin -Pyridoxine
Answer: Folic acid: Vit B9, deficiency of folate could lead to megaloblastic anemia. -Tocopherol: Vit E, fat soluble vitamin (ADEK), an antioxidant vitamin, Deficiency lead to myelopathy & neurological symptoms. -Riboflavin: Vit B2, it synthesize FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) and FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide). Deficiency lead cheilosis, glossitis, keratis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, lacrimation, sebrorrheic dermatitis. (seborrheic dermatitis: looks like eczema) Cheilosis: dry scaling in side of lip Conjuctivitis - Pyridoxine: Vit B 6, deficiency lead to anemia, peripheral neuropathy and dermatitis, homocysteinuria.
Flashcard 863: In what disease, deficiency of these enzymes would most likely present? -Acid a-glucosidase -Aldolase B -Fructokinase -Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase -Lactase
Answer: Acid a-glucosidase: a-1,4-glucosidase (Pompe disease), a-1,6-glucosidase (Cori disease) "glycogen storage disease" "Very Poor Carb Metabolism" -Aldolase B: Hereditary fructose intolerence -Fructokinase: Essential fructosuria -Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase: Galactosemia (most common in babies) -Lactase: Lactose intolence (adult), will cause diarrhia after ingestion of dairy products.
Flashcard 864: What are the followings in relation to gluconeogenesis? -Glycogen phosphorylase -Hormone sensitive lipase -Lipoprotein lipase
Answer: Glycogen phosphorylase: involved in the break down of glycogen. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis. Occurs during 1st several hours of fasting. 2 days will most likely be gluconeogenesis. -Hormone sensitive lipase: enzyme found in adipose tissue, will break down tryglycerides into glycerol & free fatty acids--------> leads to glucose & ketone bodies. It depends on stress hormone (catecholamines, glucagon, ACTH) -Lipoprotein lipase: enyzme found in bloodstream will break down tryglycerides found chylomicrons & VLDL and turn them to free fatty acids acids. very similar to hormone sensitive lipase.
Flashcard 865: A 5 month old boy is brought to the office by his parents concerning that he has development delay. -Physical exam: unable to roll. Does not seem to recognize his parents. -Labs: Impaired tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. -Which is most likely deficient in this patient?
Answer: Serotonin or Tyrosine due to BH4 deficiency that lead to lack of serotonin from tryptophan.
Flashcard 866: 22 y/o man comes with recurrent blistering on the back of his hands and forarms for the past several years. -He has used overcounter meds, but symptoms didn't improve. -He has no exposure to chemicals or animals -Physical exam: vesicles and erosions on the dorsum of both hands. -Which enzymes is most likely deficient in this patient in relation to heme synthesis pathway?
Answer: Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase because patient present with skin blistering (photosensitivity) due to Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
Flashcard 867: What are the followings are associated with in relation to hormones in the body? -Binding of activated receptors to DNA to modify transcription -Cyclic AMP-Protein kinase A pathway -Diacylglycerol-Protein kinase C pathway -Inositol triphosphate-calcium-calmodulin pathway -Jak-STAT pathway
Answer: Binding of activated receptors to DNA to modify transcription: (Intracellular receptor)Steroids and thyroid hormones (cortisol, T3/t4, estrogen, vitamin D). -Cyclic AMP-Protein Kinase A pathway: "FLAT ChAMP GCG" FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH, MSH, PTH, Glucagon, Calcitonin, GHRH. -Diacylglycerol-Protein Kinase C pathway (DAG) & Inositol triphosphate-calcium-calmodulin pathway (IP3) : "GOAT HAG" GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin 2, Gastrin. -Jak-Stat: Receptor associated tyrosine kinase. "PiGGLET" Prolactin, GH, G-CSF, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin.
Flashcard 868: In what reaction the followings occurs? -Aconitase -Enolase -Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -Glutathione reductase -Transketolase
Answer: Aconitase: Citric acid cycle. catalyzes isomerization of citrate to isocitrate. -Enolase: Glycolysis. -G6PD: occurs in pentose phosphate pathway but occurs in the 1st step. it is irriversible. Deficiency causes hemolytic anemia. -Glutathione reductase: aid RBC in resisting oxidative stress. -Transketolase: very important step in pentose phosphate pathway. Reversible. can convert Ribose 5 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate. Deficient in thiamine (B1) deficiency.
Flashcard 869: Metabolism of _____ ultimately produces uric acid
Answer: purines
Flashcard 870: What is the initial breakdown product of epinephrine?_____
Answer: Metanephrine
Flashcard 871: In adrenogenital syndrome, the overproduction of adrenal androgens will result in increased urinary levels of _____
Answer: 17-ketosteroids
Flashcard 872: Through what secondary messenger(s) does PTH exert its actions on bone and kidney tissue?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 873: _____ is a plasma transport protein for T3/T4.
Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG)
Flashcard 874: Can a urine test for ketones detect -hydroxybutyrate?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 875: Mild deficiencies of vitamin B3 cause _____
Answer: glossitis
Flashcard 876: Which oxygen-derived free radical is the most damaging?_____
Answer: OH-
Flashcard 877: Which tissues are affected first in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency? _____
Answer: Highly aerobic tissue (e.g. brain, heart)
Flashcard 878: What is the mode of inheritance of maple syrup urine disease?_____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 879: What vitamin deficiency is commonly characterized by swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, and hemarthrosis? _____
Answer: Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)
Flashcard 880: What is the mode of inheritance of glycogen storage diseases?_____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 881: Can a urine test for ketones detect acetoacetate?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 882: In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, there is an increased level of urinary _____
Answer: 17-ketosteroids
Flashcard 883: Which classes (2) of steroid hormones are decreased in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?_____
Answer: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Flashcard 884: Vitamin B9 (folate) is found in _____ vegetables
Answer: leafy green
Flashcard 885: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a _____ donor
Answer: methyl
Flashcard 886: What peptide is packaged with insulin and may be used to monitor beta cell function in patients receiving exogenous insulin?_____
Answer: C peptide (connecting peptide)
Flashcard 887: Which lysosomal storage disease may be treated with recombinant enzyme therapy? _____
Answer: Gaucher disease (i.e. recombinant glucocerebrosidase)
Flashcard 888: Coproporphyrinogen III is converted to _____ (heme synthesis)
Answer: protoporphyrin
Flashcard 889: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating growth and differentiation of bone marrow?_____
Answer: IL-3 (similar to GM-CSF)
Flashcard 890: What do the carrier molecules CoA and lipoamide carry in their activated forms? _____
Answer: Acyl groups
Flashcard 891: Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine increase cellular levels of _____
Answer: PRPP
Flashcard 892: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ serum homocysteine
Answer: increased
Flashcard 893: Where in the cell does cross-linking of elastin take place? _____
Answer: Extracellular space
Flashcard 894: Does the Cori cycle result in regeneration of NAD+? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 895: Flavin nucleotides (FAD+) come from Vitamin _____
Answer: B2
Flashcard 896: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is regulated by negative feedback via _____
Answer: UTP
Flashcard 897: Transport of glucose from blood into the pancreatic -cell occurs via a _____ transporter
Answer: GLUT2
Flashcard 898: In erythrocytes, 10% of glucose is used for the _____
Answer: HMP shunt
Flashcard 899: Norepinephrine may be broken down into _____ via the enzyme catechol-O-methyl transferase
Answer: normetanephrine
Flashcard 900: Which glycogen storage disease has an increased risk for gout? _____
Answer: Von Gierke disease
Flashcard 901: Purine synthesis begins with _____ (salvage pathway)
Answer: ribose-5-phosphate
Flashcard 902: Which amino acids (2) are ketogenic? _____
Answer: Leucine, Lysine
Flashcard 903: Fumarate is converted to _____ via the enzyme fumarase
Answer: malate
Flashcard 904: Does activity of the HMP shunt produce ATP? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 905: Alcohol dehydrogenase operates via _____-order kinetics
Answer: zero
Flashcard 906: Which amino acid is the precursor to histamine? _____
Answer: Histidine
Flashcard 907: A _____ enzyme adds a hydroxyl group onto a substrate
Answer: hydroxylase
Flashcard 908: Increased phenylalanine (e.g. in PKU) results in excess _____ in the urine
Answer: phenylketones
Flashcard 909: Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate requires a molecule of _____
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 910: Is the conversion of glucose-6-P into ribulose-5-P (HMP shunt) a reversible or irreversible reaction? _____
Answer: Irreversible
Flashcard 911: Do irreversible competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 912: Which Krebs' cycle enzyme requires the same 5 cofactors as pyruvate dehydrogenase (TLCFN)? _____
Answer: -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 913: Ketogenesis occurs in alcoholism due to excess _____, which causes shunting of oxaloacetate to malate
Answer: NADH
Flashcard 914: Does heme synthesis occur in the cytoplasm or mitochondria? _____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 915: What does the carrier molecule thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: Aldehydes
Flashcard 916: Evolutionarily, hepcidin is upregulated to prevent pathogens from accessing _____
Answer: iron
Flashcard 917: In the RBCs, the HMP shunt provides a source of NADPH for reduction of _____ (via reduced glutathione)
Answer: H2O2
Flashcard 918: Which pancreatic protease cleaves all pancreatic proenzymes to their active forms? _____
Answer: Trypsin
Flashcard 919: Insulin stimulates amino acid uptake into cells and _____ protein synthesis in muscles
Answer: increases
Flashcard 920: The _____ subunits of the insulin receptor are connected by a disulfide bond and lie in the extracellular domain
Answer: alpha
Flashcard 921: Patients with _____ have decreased reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine
Answer: cystinuria
Flashcard 922: Each - and -tubulin heterodimer of a microtubule has 2 _____ bound
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 923: Which glycogen storage disorder is associated with accumulation of limit dextrin-like structures? _____
Answer: Cori disease
Flashcard 924: What type of collagen makes up skin and blood vessels? _____
Answer: Type III
Flashcard 925: Neurofibromin (from NF1) is a Ras _____
Answer: GTPase activating protein (GAP)
Flashcard 926: Cystine is made of two _____ amino acids connected by a disulfide bond
Answer: cysteine
Flashcard 927: The _____-intercept of a lineweaver-burke plot represents -1/Km
Answer: X
Flashcard 928: Which enzyme phosphorylates mannose in the Golgi apparatus, facilitating protein trafficking? _____
Answer: Phosphotransferase
Flashcard 929: I-cell disease is characterized by high plasma levels of _____ enzymes
Answer: lysosomal
Flashcard 930: _____ disease is characterized by neutral aminoaciduria and decreased neutral AA absorption (esp. tryptophan) from the gut
Answer: Hartnup
Flashcard 931: Electrons from coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) of the ETC are transferred to complex _____
Answer: III (Cyto b/c1) (2 names)
Flashcard 932: What non-volatile acid may be elevated with ethylene glycol ingestion? _____
Answer: Oxalic acid
Flashcard 933: Which collagen synthesis pathologies are associated with problems forming the triple helix?_____
Answer: Osteogenesis imperfecta and Scurvy
Flashcard 934: Pegademase is a recombinant _____ used for treatment of the second most common form of SCID
Answer: Adenosine Deaminase
Flashcard 935: What is the storage form of vitamin D?_____
Answer: 25-OH D3
Flashcard 936: Dephosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme _____ (activation/inactivation)
Answer: inactivation
Flashcard 937: If O2 accepts one electron, it forms _____
Answer: superoxide (O2-)
Flashcard 938: Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by _____ serum alkaline phosphatase
Answer: increased
Flashcard 939: What is the inheritance of hereditary fructose intolerance? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 940: If the Y-intercept increases on a lineweaver-burke plot, the Vmax has _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 941: Vitamin _____ is also referred to as phytomenadione, phylloquinone, and phytonadione
Answer: K
Flashcard 942: Acetoacetate may spontaneously be converted to _____, which is expired in the lungs
Answer: acetone
Flashcard 943: Achlorhydria can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency by preventing release of B12 from _____
Answer: food particles
Flashcard 944: Collagen Synthesis: Hydroxylation of selected prolines and lysines during collagen synthesis requires vitamin _____
Answer: C
Flashcard 945: PTH stimulates the renal enzyme _____, which converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D)
Answer: 1-hydroxylase
Flashcard 946: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is characterized by _____ homocysteine levels
Answer: increased
Flashcard 947: Vitamin D2 is obtained via _____.
Answer: plants
Flashcard 948: Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (propionyl CoA metabolism)
Answer: propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Flashcard 949: What vitamin is used as a cofactor for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, histamine, and neurotransmitters?_____
Answer: B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
Flashcard 950: Vitamin E primarily functions as an _____; protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage
Answer: antioxidant
Flashcard 951: One cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is insufficient intake, which may occur with _____ diets
Answer: vegan
Flashcard 952: What part of the cell is the site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons?_____
Answer: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 953: Inside the proteasome, _____ cleave ubiqutinated proteins into peptide fragments
Answer: proteases
Flashcard 954: What proteins (2) have decreased activity due to vitamin K deficiency? _____
Answer: Protein C and protein S
Flashcard 955: Does Dubin-Johnson syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Conjugated
Flashcard 956: Nicotinamides (NAD+, NADP+) come from Vitamin _____
Answer: B3
Flashcard 957: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ serum methylmalonic acid
Answer: increased
Flashcard 958: Pellagra (B3 deficiency) is associated with _____-pigmentation of sun-exposed limbs
Answer: hyper
Flashcard 959: Succinyl CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase
Answer: succinate
Flashcard 960: Which amino acids (2) are required during periods of growth? _____
Answer: Arginine, Histidine
Flashcard 961: Pyruvate carboxylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____
Answer: acetyl-CoA
Flashcard 962: Conversion of malate into oxaloacetate produces a molecule of _____
Answer: NADH
Flashcard 963: Do reversible competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 964: The _____ is the distribution center for proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vesicles and plasma membrane
Answer: golgi apparatus
Flashcard 965: What enzyme is elevated in mumps patients due to involvement of the pancreatic or salivary glands? _____
Answer: -amylase
Flashcard 966: After non-heme iron is converted to Fe2+ by cytochrome B, it enters the duodenal cell by the _____ transporter
Answer: divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)
Flashcard 967: Guanine may be converted to GMP via the enzyme _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: HGPRT
Flashcard 968: Where in the cell does conversion of alcohol -> acetaldehyde take place?_____
Answer: Cytosol
Flashcard 969: Which amino acid is the precursor to GABA? _____
Answer: Glutamate
Flashcard 970: Bcl-2 normally keeps the mitochondrial outer membrane impermeable, thus preventing _____ release from the intermembrane space
Answer: cytochrome c
Flashcard 971: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome may present with orange "sand" _____ crystals in the diaper of an infant
Answer: sodium urate
Flashcard 972: Where in the cell does conversion of acetaldehyde -> acetate (ethanol metabolism) take place?_____
Answer: Mitochondria
Flashcard 973: ATP depletion in vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency is worsened by _____ infusion
Answer: glucose
Flashcard 974: Hydroxymethylbilane is converted to _____ via the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase (heme synthesis)
Answer: uroporphyrinogen III
Flashcard 975: _____ is an enzyme that normally cleaves vWF multimers into smaller monomers for eventual degradation
Answer: ADAMSTS13 (vWF metalloprotease)
Flashcard 976: Which insulin-independent transporter is found in the brain, placenta, cornea, and RBCs?_____
Answer: GLUT1
Flashcard 977: Do noncompetitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 978: One SH2-domain protein is _____, which, when activated results in translocation of GLUT-4 to the membrane in adipose and muscle
Answer: PI3 kinase
Flashcard 979: What enzyme activates vitamin K? _____
Answer: Epoxide reductase
Flashcard 980: What differentiates I-cell disease from other inclusion body diseases?_____
Answer: I-cell has a mixed accumulation of junk forming the inclusion bodies
Flashcard 981: What does the carrier molecule tetrahydrofolate carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: 1-carbon units
Flashcard 982: Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by _____ homocyteine levels
Answer: increased
Flashcard 983: After oxaloacetate has been formed from pyruvate (gluconeogenesis), it may exit the mitochondria and enter the cytosol via the _____ shuttle
Answer: malate
Flashcard 984: Von Gierke disease is characterized by severe fasting _____
Answer: hypoglycemia
Flashcard 985: Hers disease classically presents with mild fasting _____, hepatomegaly, and cirrhosis
Answer: hypoglycemia
Flashcard 986: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis? _____
Answer: -aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS)
Flashcard 987: What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B1? _____
Answer: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Flashcard 988: What is the active form of vitamin D?_____
Answer: 1,25-(OH)2 D3
Flashcard 989: Which glycogen storage disorder is associated with increased glycogen in muscle? _____
Answer: McArdle disease
Flashcard 990: What is the coenzyme (active) form of vitamin B6? _____
Answer: Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Flashcard 991: Succinate is converted to _____ via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase
Answer: fumarate
Flashcard 992: The _____ subunits of the insulin receptor are connected to the alpha subunit by a disulfide bond and span the cell membrane
Answer: beta
Flashcard 993: Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for _____ reactions
Answer: carboxylation
Flashcard 994: Is glucokinase activity induced by insulin? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 995: Deficiency of _____ in the catecholamine synthesis pathway causes a rare form of dysautonomia characterized by ptosis, orthostatic hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia
Answer: dopamine hydroxylase
Flashcard 996: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by _____ TIBC
Answer: increased
Flashcard 997: Orotic aciduria is treated with UMP or _____ to bypass the mutated enzyme
Answer: uridine triacetate
Flashcard 998: Which glycogen storage disorder is associated with severe fasting hypoglycemia? _____
Answer: Von Gierke disease
Flashcard 999: Electrons from cytochrome C of the ETC are transferred to complex _____
Answer: IV (Cyto a/a3) (2 names)
Flashcard 1000: Electrons from complex III of the ETC are transferred to _____
Answer: cytochrome C
Flashcard 1001: Can irreversible competitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1002: What is the limiting reagent in ethanol metabolism? _____
Answer: NAD+
Flashcard 1003: Hypoxanthine may be converted to IMP via the enzyme _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: HGPRT
Flashcard 1004: Do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1005: Patients with phenylketonuria must avoid the artificial sweetener _____, which contains phenylalanine
Answer: aspartame
Flashcard 1006: Where in the cell does conversion of pyruvate -> oxaloacetate take place?_____
Answer: Mitochondria
Flashcard 1007: Which amino acids (3) are characterized by branched side chains?_____
Answer: Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
Flashcard 1008: Can reversible competitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 1009: Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is converted to 5-phosphoribosylamine via the enzyme _____ (purine synthesis)
Answer: PRPP amidotransferase
Flashcard 1010: dUDP is converted to _____ (pyrimidine synthesis)
Answer: dUMP
Flashcard 1011: What % of transferrin molecules are normally bound by iron? _____
Answer: ~ 33%
Flashcard 1012: The "-in" suffix (e.g. stercobilin) indicates a _____ compound (colored or colorless)
Answer: colored
Flashcard 1013: H2O2 may be neutralized by _____ glutathione (an antioxidant)
Answer: reduced
Flashcard 1014: Deamination of adenine ultimately makes _____
Answer: hypoxanthine
Flashcard 1015: Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (gluconeogenesis)
Answer: pyruvate carboxylase
Flashcard 1016: Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration by increasing _____ via decreased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Flashcard 1017: Cori disease presents as a milder form of Von Gierke with _____ blood lactate levels
Answer: normal
Flashcard 1018: Conversion of succinate into fumarate produces a molecule of _____
Answer: FADH2
Flashcard 1019: The _____ is a barrel-shaped protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins
Answer: proteasome
Flashcard 1020: Do reversible competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 1021: Glucokinase is regulated via positive feedback by _____
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 1022: O2- is converted to _____ by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (oxidative burst)
Answer: H2O2
Flashcard 1023: _____ disease presents with vomiting, poor feeding, and urine that smells like maple syrup/burnt sugar
Answer: Maple syrup urine
Flashcard 1024: Where in the cell does conversion of oxaloacetate -> PEP take place?_____
Answer: Cytosol
Flashcard 1025: Pompe disease is associated with exercise _____
Answer: intolerance
Flashcard 1026: In the cytosol, malate may be converted to pyruvate via the enzyme _____ (fatty acid synthesis)
Answer: malic enzyme
Flashcard 1027: Parkinson disease is characterized by _____ dopamine
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1028: Atrophy via decrease in cell size may occur via _____ degradation of cytoskeleton
Answer: ubiquitin-proteasome
Flashcard 1029: G proteins have _____ subunits (number of subunits)
Answer: three
Flashcard 1030: Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is excreted in bile and metabolized by bacterial flora, producing _____
Answer: urobilinogen
Flashcard 1031: What is the charge of the amino acid histidine at body pH?_____
Answer: No charge
Flashcard 1032: _____ (inactive) is activated to carboxypeptidase (active) via trypsin
Answer: Procarboxypeptidase
Flashcard 1033: In the plasma, Fe2+ in oxidized to Fe3+ by _____ enzymes (e.g. *hephaestin, ceruloplasmin)
Answer: ferroxidase
Flashcard 1034: Unconjugated bilirubin travels in the blood bound to _____
Answer: albumin
Flashcard 1035: Free radicals may be eliminated via _____ (e.g. reduced glutathione and vitamins A, C, and E)
Answer: antioxidants
Flashcard 1036: Albinism is usually due to decreased _____ activity or defective tyrosine transport
Answer: tyrosinase
Flashcard 1037: What vitamin is derived from the amino acid tryptophan?_____
Answer: Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Flashcard 1038: Prolactin is structurally homologous to _____
Answer: growth hormone
Flashcard 1039: Can noncompetitive inhibitors be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration, [S]?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1040: When insulin binds its receptor, the receptor _____ and is activated via tyrosine kinase activity
Answer: dimerizes
Flashcard 1041: The Ubiquitin-Proteasome system is recruited in response to _____ proteins as a result of cellular stress
Answer: damaged
Flashcard 1042: What is the most common porphyria?_____
Answer: Porphyria cutanea tarda
Flashcard 1043: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of the HMP shunt? _____
Answer: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Flashcard 1044: One component of bile is _____, which is the major bile pigment
Answer: bilirubin
Flashcard 1045: Do irreversible competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 1046: Which monosaccharide(s) are absorbed from the intestine by GLUT-5?_____
Answer: Fructose
Flashcard 1047: Buffers are most effective within _____ pH unit of the pK of the buffer
Answer: 1.0
Flashcard 1048: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is involved in many _____ reactions
Answer: redox
Flashcard 1049: _____ deficiency results in buildup of adenosine, which is toxic to lymphocytes; causes SCID
Answer: Adenosine deaminase
Flashcard 1050: Reduced tetrahydrofolate (methyl-THF) is the _____ form of THF
Answer: storage
Flashcard 1051: Which second messenger is released upon binding of secretin to its receptor?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 1052: What mitochondrial enzyme reduces superoxide (O2-) to H2O2? _____
Answer: Superoxide dismutase
Flashcard 1053: Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is characterized by _____ serum alanine starting at infancy
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1054: In males, androgens are converted to _____ by cytochrome P-450 aromatase
Answer: estrogen
Flashcard 1055: Are D-dimers generated from the splitting of fibrinogen? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1056: Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is characterized by _____ methylmalonic acid levels
Answer: normal
Flashcard 1057: Do disorders of fructose metabolism present with increased risk for cataracts? _____
Answer: No (fructose isn't reduced by aldose reductase)
Flashcard 1058: Endotoxin triggers the release of which two cytokines?_____
Answer: TNF and IL-1
Flashcard 1059: In the cells of the ileum, the vitamin B12-IF complex dissociates and B12 is bound to _____
Answer: transcobalamin II
Flashcard 1060: What is the only type of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by enterocytes?_____
Answer: Monosaccharides
Flashcard 1061: In hereditary fructose intolerance, decreased available phosphate leads to _____ of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Answer: inhibition
Flashcard 1062: RBCs are normally exposed to oxidative stress, especially by _____
Answer: H2O2 (chemical)
Flashcard 1063: Can red blood cells use ketones for energy? Why? _____
Answer: No, they lack mitochondria
Flashcard 1064: Treatment of maple syrup urine disease includes high-dose _____ supplementation
Answer: thiamine
Flashcard 1065: A deficiency in _____ is the most common genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia (homocystinuria II)
Answer: methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
Flashcard 1066: The protoporphyrin (from heme) within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is broken down into _____
Answer: unconjugated bilirubin
Flashcard 1067: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis? _____
Answer: Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
Flashcard 1068: Vitamin B3 (niacin) is involved in many _____ reactions
Answer: redox
Flashcard 1069: In red blood cells, lack of NADH impairs the ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, predisposing to _____
Answer: methemoglobinemia
Flashcard 1070: Alkaptonuria is associated with bluish-black connective tissue and sclerae, which is termed _____
Answer: ochronosis
Flashcard 1071: Vitamin _____ deficiency can result in metaplasia
Answer: A
Flashcard 1072: What enzyme converts T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues?_____
Answer: 5' Deiodinase
Flashcard 1073: How much ATP is produced from one molecule of NADH via ATP synthase (ETC)? _____
Answer: 2.5 ATP
Flashcard 1074: The passage of electrons in the ETC results in the formation of a _____ gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane
Answer: proton
Flashcard 1075: In the pancreatic beta cell, metabolism of glucose generates _____, which may cause closure of select K+ channels with consequent membrane depolarization
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 1076: G6PD deficiency renders RBCs susceptible to _____ stress
Answer: oxidative
Flashcard 1077: Hereditary fructose intolerance may present with _____ (blood sugar levels)
Answer: hypoglycemia
Flashcard 1078: Newly synthesized cGMP (from guanylyl cyclase activity) activates _____, which phosphorylates specific proteins responsible for physiologic actions
Answer: protein kinase G
Flashcard 1079: How many molecules of acetyl CoA are produced from a single ketone body? _____
Answer: Two
Flashcard 1080: Which organ contains the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2?_____
Answer: Liver
Flashcard 1081: Which amino acid is the precursor to nitric oxide? _____
Answer: Arginine
Flashcard 1082: HGPRT deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) results in _____ production of uric acid
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1083: Congenital adrenal _____ occurs due loss of one of the four enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis
Answer: hyperplasia
Flashcard 1084: What is the level of aldosterone in 17-hydroxylase deficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased!
Flashcard 1085: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ GTP per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 1
Flashcard 1086: HGPRT deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) results in _____ de novo purine synthesis
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1087: When proteins are misfolded, multiple _____ are added, which aids in trafficking to the proteasome
Answer: ubiquitins
Flashcard 1088: Heat stroke may cause permanent end-organ-damage, since above 108*F _____ ceases
Answer: oxidative phosphorylation
Flashcard 1089: 5-phosphoribosylamine is converted to _____, which may then be converted to AMP or GMP (purine synthesis)
Answer: IMP
Flashcard 1090: NO upregulates _____, which converts GTP to cGMP.
Answer: guanylyl cyclase
Flashcard 1091: _____ is a form of hemoglobin bound to CO in place of O2
Answer: Carboxyhemoglobin
Flashcard 1092: The APP receptor on neurons is normally broken down by _____ cleavage (alpha or beta)
Answer: alpha
Flashcard 1093: A _____ prevents a significant change in pH when H+ ions are added to or removed from a solution
Answer: buffer
Flashcard 1094: The plasma anion gap represents unmeasured ions in serum and is equal to _____
Answer: [Na+] - ([HCO3-] + [Cl-]) (formula)
Flashcard 1095: The more serious defects in galactose and fructose metabolism may lead to _____ depletion
Answer: phosphate (PO43-)
Flashcard 1096: Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin via _____, a brush-border enzyme on duodenal and jejunal mucosa
Answer: enteropeptidase (enterokinase)
Flashcard 1097: Growth hormone is a single-chain polypeptide that is homologous with _____ and human placental lactogen
Answer: prolactin
Flashcard 1098: Electron transport inhibitors cause a _____ proton gradient and block of ATP synthesis
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1099: CK-MB is predominantly found in myocardium, but can also be released from _____
Answer: skeletal muscle
Flashcard 1100: Dihydropteroic acid is converted to _____ (prokaryotic folate synthesis)
Answer: dihydrofolic acid
Flashcard 1101: _____ may act as a buffer for H+, which subsequently affects Ca2+ levels as well
Answer: Plasma proteins
Flashcard 1102: Adenosine deaminase deficiency is one of the major causes of autosomal recessive _____
Answer: severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Flashcard 1103: What is the molecular formula for reduced glutathione? _____
Answer: 2x Glutathione-sulfhydryl (G-SH)
Flashcard 1104: Is conjugated (direct) bilirubin water soluble?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 1105: Through which secondary messenger(s) does glucagon exert its actions on liver and adipose tissue?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 1106: Pathologic generation of free radicals arises with metals (e.g. copper and iron) via the _____ reaction
Answer: Fenton
Flashcard 1107: Through which secondary messenger does ANP exert its actions?_____
Answer: cGMP
Flashcard 1108: What vitamin acts as a cofactor for aminotransferase enzymes? _____
Answer: B6 (Pyridoxal phosphate)
Flashcard 1109: Inside the cells of the PCT, H2O and CO2 are converted back into _____
Answer: H2CO3
Flashcard 1110: Pertussis toxin ribosylates Gi, _____ the G-protein receptor (activating or inhibiting)
Answer: inhibiting
Flashcard 1111: Cushing syndrome simply refers to an increase in serum _____
Answer: cortisol
Flashcard 1112: In some tissues, such as the prostate, _____ is the active androgen, not testosterone
Answer: dihydrotestosterone
Flashcard 1113: A _____ enzyme removes phosphate from a substrate
Answer: phosphatase
Flashcard 1114: Compared to fructose interolerance, essential fructosuria is a relatively _____ condition (severity)
Answer: mild
Flashcard 1115: Is a hexokinase gene mutation associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1116: Activated Ras is regulated by its own intrinsic _____ activity
Answer: GTPase
Flashcard 1117: After the subunit is bound by GTP (cellular signaling), the -GTP subunit _____ from its respective G protein (i.e. Gs, Gi, or Gq)
Answer: detaches
Flashcard 1118: Inside the nerve terminal, tyrosine is converted to _____ via tyrosine hydroxylase
Answer: L-DOPA
Flashcard 1119: What enzyme deficiency is associated with SCID? _____
Answer: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
Flashcard 1120: Parkinson disease is characterized by _____ serotonin
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1121: When the pH of a solution equals the _____, the concentrations of the [A-] and [HA] form of the buffer are equal
Answer: pK
Flashcard 1122: What mineral deficiency is associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica? _____
Answer: Zinc deficiency
Flashcard 1123: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is regulated via negative feedback by _____
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 1124: What is the primary role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)? _____
Answer: Angiogenesis
Flashcard 1125: What does the carrier molecule S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: CH3 groups
Flashcard 1126: When insulin binds to its receptor, _____ is activated and autophosphorylates the -subunits
Answer: tyrosine kinase
Flashcard 1127: Where in the cell does hexosemonophosphate (HMP) shunt activity occur? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm
Flashcard 1128: Are pancreatic proteases secreted in an active or inactive form? _____
Answer: Inactive (proenzymes/zymogens)
Flashcard 1129: Serum _____ is a sensitive indicator of alcohol use
Answer: -glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Flashcard 1130: Where in the cell does oxidative phosporylation take place?_____
Answer: Mitochondria
Flashcard 1131: The amino acid _____ is essential for rapidly dividing tumor cells
Answer: asparagine
Flashcard 1132: Which two organs does galactose primarily enter? _____
Answer: Liver, Brain
Flashcard 1133: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is found in _____ products
Answer: animal
Flashcard 1134: Which steroid hormone enzyme deficiency (21- or 11-hydroxylase) presents with decreased renin activity?_____
Answer: 11-hydroxylase
Flashcard 1135: Granulomatous diseases are associated with _____, due to increased 1-hydroxylase in epithelioid histiocytes
Answer: hypercalcemia
Flashcard 1136: Conversion of succinyl CoA into succinate produces a molecule of _____
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 1137: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ NADH per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 3
Flashcard 1138: What enzyme converts DHF back to THF?_____
Answer: Dihydrofolate reductase
Flashcard 1139: The acetyl-CoA from acetoacetyl-CoA (ketone body metabolism) is used to generate energy via the _____
Answer: Kreb's cycle
Flashcard 1140: _____ is a metalloproteinase enzyme that removes type III collagen
Answer: Collagenase
Flashcard 1141: How much ATP is produced from one molecule of FADH2 via ATP synthase (ETC)? _____
Answer: 1.5 ATP
Flashcard 1142: A _____ enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule (e.g. ATP) to a substrate
Answer: kinase
Flashcard 1143: Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase causes enzyme _____ (activation/inactivation)
Answer: inactivation
Flashcard 1144: What amino acids (3) are necessary for purine synthesis? _____
Answer: Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine
Flashcard 1145: Which is a better intracellular buffer in physiologic pH range, oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin?_____
Answer: Deoxyhemoglobin
Flashcard 1146: Fructose is extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by _____
Answer: GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)
Flashcard 1147: The urinary cyanide-nitroprusside test is diagnostic for which renal disease? _____
Answer: Cystinuria
Flashcard 1148: Which form of C3 convertase is produced via the alternative complement pathway? _____
Answer: C3bBb
Flashcard 1149: Which coagulation factors (4) have decreased activity due to vitamin K deficiency? _____
Answer: 2, 7, 9, 10
Flashcard 1150: One non-volatile acid is _____ acid, which is generated from metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids (protein)
Answer: sulfuric
Flashcard 1151: Which cytokine(s) utilize receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways?_____
Answer: TGF-
Flashcard 1152: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for the HCO3-/CO2 buffer states that: pH = _____
Answer: 6.1 + log [HCO3-] / (0.03 * PCO2)
Flashcard 1153: Vitamin _____ is essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (e.g. pancreatic cells, mucus secreting cells)
Answer: A
Flashcard 1154: Collagenase requires _____ as a cofactor
Answer: zinc
Flashcard 1155: Non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin leads to _____
Answer: HbA1c
Flashcard 1156: The source of _____ after menopause becomes peripheral conversion of androgens
Answer: estrogen
Flashcard 1157: Maple syrup urine disease is characterized by blocked degradation of _____ amino acids
Answer: branched
Flashcard 1158: Over-activity of plasmin may occur due to reduced production of _____ by the liver (e.g. cirrhosis)
Answer: 2-antiplasmin
Flashcard 1159: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to bind and sequester iron to inhibit microbial iron scavenging?_____
Answer: Ferritin
Flashcard 1160: What is the most common enzymatic disorder of RBCs? _____
Answer: G6PD deficiency
Flashcard 1161: Where in the cell is the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II enzyme found?_____
Answer: Cytoplasm (pyrimidine synthesis)
Flashcard 1162: Primary lactase deficiency is characterized by an _____-dependent decline in lactose tolerance after childhood
Answer: age
Flashcard 1163: What acute phase reactant is downregulated during inflammation by being internalized into macrophages to sequester iron?_____
Answer: Transferrin
Flashcard 1164: What uncoupling agent of oxidative phosphorylation is used illicitly for weight loss? _____
Answer: 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP)
Flashcard 1165: _____ is a mineral that is essential for the activity of 100+ enzymes
Answer: Zinc
Flashcard 1166: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with increased _____ split products
Answer: fibrinogen
Flashcard 1167: Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) are components of the Ig_____ fraction of plasma protein
Answer: G
Flashcard 1168: Cigarette Smoke contains a wide variety of carcinogenic compounds, with the most carcinogenic being _____
Answer: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Flashcard 1169: What vitamin deficiency may be caused by malignant carcinoid syndrome? _____
Answer: Niacin (B3) deficiency
Flashcard 1170: Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate, via G6PD, produces a molecule of _____
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 1171: One role of plasmin is _____ of fibrin and serum fibrinogen
Answer: cleavage
Flashcard 1172: In addition to glutamine, what other amino acid is necessary for pyrimidine synthesis? _____
Answer: Aspartate
Flashcard 1173: What is the only form of biologically active Ca2+? _____
Answer: Free, ionized Ca2+
Flashcard 1174: Cigarette smoke contains the carcinogens arsenic, naphthylamine and _____
Answer: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Flashcard 1175: Gout may occur secondary to _____ syndrome due to inability to salvage purines
Answer: Lesch-Nyhan
Flashcard 1176: Patients with phenylketonuria develop hypopigmentation of what brain nuclei?_____
Answer: catecholaminergic brain nuclei
Flashcard 1177: The source of alkaline phosphatase can be determined by an ALP isozyme test, which works by _____
Answer: gel electrophoresis
Flashcard 1178: Which type of receptor is associated with growth hormone?_____
Answer: Receptor associated tyrosine kinase
Flashcard 1179: Can RBC's utilize ketones?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1180: Can mineralocorticoids still be produced if the mineralocorticoid pathway is blocked above the level of DOC (i.e. absence of 21-hydroxylase)?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1181: Ras shuts off its nuclear signalling via _____ cleavage of GTP to GDP
Answer: GAP
Flashcard 1182: Some of the hemoglobin in the blood due to intravascular hemolysis is returned to the spleen by _____ molecules
Answer: haptoglobin
Flashcard 1183: After complete metabolism, what is the total amount of ATP (or GTP) produced from 1 round of the Krebs' cycle? _____
Answer: 10 ATP equivalents
Flashcard 1184: _____ facilitate hydrolysis of GTP, decreasing the rate of G protein activation
Answer: GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)
Flashcard 1185: Folate deficiency is characterized by _____ serum homocysteine
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1186: After 1 - 3 days of starvation, the muscle and liver shift fuel use from glucose to _____
Answer: free fatty acids
Flashcard 1187: Obese individuals have _____ levels of leptin.
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1188: Which amino acids (2) have sulfur groups? _____
Answer: Cysteine, Methionine
Flashcard 1189: What is the breakdown product of dopamine?_____
Answer: Homovanillic acid (HVA)
Flashcard 1190: What type of transport mechanism is glucose transport through GLUT1 and GLUT2? _____
Answer: Facilitated diffusion
Flashcard 1191: What gives elastin its elastic "rubber-like" properties?_____
Answer: Cross-linking
Flashcard 1192: If O2 accepts two electrons, it forms _____
Answer: hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Flashcard 1193: In the _____, nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotide monomers
Answer: liver
Flashcard 1194: Which amino acid is the precursor to glutathione? _____
Answer: Glutamate
Flashcard 1195: The Michaelis-Mentin constant, Km is _____ proportional to the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
Answer: inversely
Flashcard 1196: What enzyme is a blue-green heme pigment that gives sputum its color?_____
Answer: Myeloperoxidase
Flashcard 1197: Does hemolysis result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Flashcard 1198: What is the major source of energy during the first 2 - 7 seconds of exercise? _____
Answer: Creatine phosphate
Flashcard 1199: Dyshormonogenetic goiter (congenital defect in thyroid hormone production) most commonly involves a _____ deficiency
Answer: thyroid peroxidase
Flashcard 1200: In diabetes mellitus, high serum glucose leads to _____ of the GBM in the kidney
Answer: non-enzymatic glycosylation
Flashcard 1201: What endogenous protein that binds to RANKL released by Osteoblasts does Denosumab act like?_____
Answer: osteoprotegerin
Flashcard 1202: PDGF induces vascular remodeling and _____ cell migration
Answer: smooth muscle
Flashcard 1203: A hemo-globin molecule has the potential to bind _____ O2 molecule(s)
Answer: 4
Flashcard 1204: Biliary tract infections may cause pigment gallstones by _____ bilirubin, which increases risk of precipitation
Answer: deconjugating
Flashcard 1205: Tetrahydrofolate (THF) serves as a 1-_____ carrier
Answer: carbon
Flashcard 1206: The [A-] form of the bicarbonate buffer is _____
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 1207: Once absorbed, gliadin is deamidated by the enzyme _____
Answer: tissue transglutaminase (tTG)
Flashcard 1208: What is the shared structural feature of amyloid? _____
Answer: -pleated sheet
Flashcard 1209: Which two amino acids do protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylate to continue the signaling cascade?_____
Answer: serine & threonine
Flashcard 1210: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a disorder resulting in reduced _____ of G6PD
Answer: half-life
Flashcard 1211: What three steps does thyroid peroxidase catalyze during the synthesis of thyroid hormones?_____
Answer: 1. Oxidation (I- to I2) 2. Organification (of I2 into MIT and DIT) 3. Coupling (of MIT and DIT into T3 and T4)
Flashcard 1212: What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?_____
Answer: Folate (vitamin B9)
Flashcard 1213: Serum _____ is a measure of iron in the blood
Answer: iron
Flashcard 1214: What ion is required by cadherin proteins in epithelial cell junctions?_____
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 1215: While thyroid hormone increases both protein synthesis and degradation, the overall effect of thyroid hormone is _____
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 1216: Which monosaccharide(s) are extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by GLUT-2? _____
Answer: glucose, galactose, and fructose
Flashcard 1217: ANP and BNP are endogenously metabolized by the enzyme _____
Answer: neprilysin
Flashcard 1218: Malate is converted to _____ via the enzyme malate dehydrogenase
Answer: oxaloacetate
Flashcard 1219: Factor XI of the coagulation cascade is activated by factor _____
Answer: XIIa
Flashcard 1220: If G for a reaction is _____ than zero, the reaction happens spontaneously
Answer: less
Flashcard 1221: What salivary enzyme cleaves kininogen into bradykinin, a potent vasodilator? _____
Answer: Kallikrein
Flashcard 1222: In Reye syndrome, aspirin can act as a(n) _____ in oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: uncoupling agent
Flashcard 1223: Disorders of galactose metabolism may present with cataracts due to accumulation of _____ in the lens
Answer: galactitol
Flashcard 1224: If G for a reaction is _____ than zero, energy must be added for the reaction to occur
Answer: greater
Flashcard 1225: In which organ does ketogenesis occur?_____
Answer: Liver
Flashcard 1226: What is the most abundant protein in the human body?_____
Answer: Collagen
Flashcard 1227: Following binding of insulin receptor substrate 1 to the insulin receptor, _____-domain proteins bind to IRS-1
Answer: SH2
Flashcard 1228: Does activity of the HMP shunt use ATP? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1229: One type of receptor tyrosine kinase is a _____, which dimerizes and auto-phosphorylates upon binding of a hormone or ligand
Answer: monomer
Flashcard 1230: Are pathologic prion proteins degradable? _____
Answer: No (resistant to proteases)
Flashcard 1231: Reducing sugars (ex. fructose, galactose, glucose) can be detected in the urine by a _____ test
Answer: copper reduction
Flashcard 1232: In the following group of diseases, what is the most likely ratio of conjugated bilirubin : total bilirubin?_____%Gilbert Syndrome / Crigler-NajjarPhysiologic Jaundice of NewbornHemolysis
Answer: <20
Flashcard 1233: Insulin increases expression of the GLUT4 transporter on adipose and muscle tissue via the _____ signaling pathway
Answer: PI3 kinase
Flashcard 1234: The beta subunits of the insulin receptor have _____ activity
Answer: intrinsic tyrosine kinase
Flashcard 1235: Methionine is combined with adenosine (using ATP) to form _____
Answer: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)
Flashcard 1236: In extrahepatic tissues, -hydroxybutyrate may be converted back to _____ via the enzyme -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
Answer: acetoacetate
Flashcard 1237: What is the cause of death in a patient that overdosed on an uncoupling agent (e.g. 2,4-DNP)?_____
Answer: Hyperthermia
Flashcard 1238: Regeneration of 11-cis retinal (from all-trans retinal) requires vitamin _____
Answer: A
Flashcard 1239: Do facultative anaerobes perform cellular respiration or fermentation?_____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 1240: Conversion of arginine to nitric oxide requires _____ as a cofactor.
Answer: BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin)
Flashcard 1241: Which amino acid is the precursor to creatine? _____
Answer: Arginine
Flashcard 1242: What percent of total Ca2+ in the blood is complexed to anions (e.g. sulfate, citrate, phosphate)?_____
Answer: 10-15%
Flashcard 1243: Most proteins are _____ charged (except histones)
Answer: negatively
Flashcard 1244: Does vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency cause neurologic symptoms? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1245: Which amino acid is the precursor to serotonin and niacin? _____
Answer: Tryptophan
Flashcard 1246: What mediterranean food may be a source of oxidative stress in patients with G6PD deficiency? _____
Answer: Fava beans
Flashcard 1247: Conversion of galactose into galactose-1-phosphate requires a molecule of _____
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 1248: Glucocorticoids increase _____ in muscle and decrease protein synthesis, thereby providing more amino acids to the liver for gluconeogenesis
Answer: protein catabolism (proteolysis)
Flashcard 1249: Collagen Synthesis: After hydroxylation and glycosylation, hydrogen and disulfide bonds help form a _____ of collagen chains (procollagen)
Answer: triple helix
Flashcard 1250: The "-ogen" suffix (e.g. urobilinogen) indicates a _____ compound (colored or colorless)
Answer: colorless
Flashcard 1251: Which liver zone contains the cytochrome P-450 system? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Flashcard 1252: Which vitamin deficiencies (2) are associated with increased risk for thrombosis? _____
Answer: Vitamin B12 and B9 (folate)
Flashcard 1253: Conversion of glucose-6-P into ribulose-5-P (HMP shunt) produces one molecule of CO2 and two molecules of _____
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 1254: What is the most common mode of inheritance of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency? _____
Answer: X-linked
Flashcard 1255: Galactose is converted to galactitol via the enzyme _____
Answer: aldose reductase
Flashcard 1256: After iodinated thyroglobulin is endocytosed into the follicular epithelial cells, _____ hydrolyze peptide bonds, releasing T4, T3, MIT, and DIT
Answer: lysosomal proteases
Flashcard 1257: Which hormones use cGMP as their secondary messenger (3)?_____
Answer: ANP, BNP, NO
Flashcard 1258: The primary way unabsorbed copper is eliminated is by excretion into _____
Answer: bile
Flashcard 1259: Which universal electron carrier is used in the cytochrome P-450 system of the liver?_____
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 1260: Congenital primary lactase deficiency is _____ (frequency); due to a defective gene
Answer: rare
Flashcard 1261: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis? _____
Answer: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Flashcard 1262: Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme _____ in the GI tract
Answer: MAO-A
Flashcard 1263: Overall, the effects of glucagon are _____ (anabolic, catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 1264: Resorption of the organic matrix of bone is reflected in increased _____ excretion in the urine
Answer: hydroxyproline
Flashcard 1265: Some of the iron absorbed in the duodenum is taken up by erythroid precursors in bone marrow to make _____ for RBCs
Answer: hemoglobin
Flashcard 1266: What happens to the iron (from heme) within macrophages that have consumed RBCs?_____
Answer: It is recycled
Flashcard 1267: The liver damage in alcoholic hepatitis is mediated by _____
Answer: acetaldehyde (metabolite)
Flashcard 1268: What salivary enzyme begins the initial digestion of carbohydrates? _____
Answer: -amylase
Flashcard 1269: What acid-base disorder may be seen with Gitelman syndrome? _____
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
Flashcard 1270: Which coagulation factor(s) are part of the instrinsic coagulation cascade? _____
Answer: Factor 8, 9, 11, 12
Flashcard 1271: Plasmin is inactivated by _____, which is produced in the liver
Answer: 2-antiplasmin
Flashcard 1272: NAD+ is generally used as an electron carrier in _____ processes (anabolic or catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 1273: The _____-intercept of a lineweaver-burke plot represents 1/Vmax
Answer: Y
Flashcard 1274: What type of receptor do growth hormones use for their signaling pathways? _____
Answer: Receptor associated tyrosine kinases
Flashcard 1275: Conversion of fructose into fructose-1-phosphate requires a molecule of _____
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 1276: FADH2 electrons from glycolysis are transferred to _____ of the ETC, also known as succinate dehydrogenase
Answer: complex II
Flashcard 1277: Ras is associated with growth factor receptors in an inactive _____-bound state
Answer: GDP
Flashcard 1278: _____ is a tyrosine-rich protein precursor to thyroid hormone located in the follicular lumen.
Answer: Thyroglobulin
Flashcard 1279: Which coagulation factor(s) are part of the extrinsic coagulation cascade? _____
Answer: Factor VII
Flashcard 1280: One role of plasmin is _____ of coagulation factors
Answer: destruction
Flashcard 1281: One chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is _____ of vascular basement membranes
Answer: non-enzymatic glycosylation
Flashcard 1282: What effect does vitamin C deficiency have on the immune system?_____
Answer: Weakened immune response
Flashcard 1283: What is the breakdown product of normetanephrine (from NE) and metanephrine (from EPI)? _____
Answer: Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Flashcard 1284: Where in the cell does nucleotide synthesis (purines, pyrimidines) occur? _____
Answer: Cytoplasm
Flashcard 1285: Hemochromatosis is characterized by _____ ferritin
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1286: What is the mode of inheritance of homocystinuria?_____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 1287: For each NH4+ generated in the proximal tubule, one new _____ is synthesized and reabsorbed
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 1288: Dopamine is converted into _____ in the vesicle by dopamine -hydroxylase
Answer: norepinephrine
Flashcard 1289: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) donates a CH3 group to anabolic pathways, forming _____
Answer: S-adenosylhomocysteine
Flashcard 1290: Can mineralocorticoids still be produced if the mineralocorticoid pathway is blocked below the level of DOC (i.e. absence of 11-hydroxylase or aldosterone synthase)?_____
Answer: Yes, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and corticosterone both have mineralocorticoid activity
Flashcard 1291: What are the two starting substrates of folate synthesis (prokaryotes)?_____
Answer: PABA and pteridine
Flashcard 1292: Overall, the effects of insulin are _____ (anabolic, catabolic)
Answer: anabolic
Flashcard 1293: In addition to calcium, 1,25-(OH)2 D3 also increases the intestinal absorption of _____
Answer: phosphate (PO43-)
Flashcard 1294: Down syndrome presents with _____ inhibin A
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1295: Which two organs does fructose primarily enter?_____
Answer: Liver, Kidney
Flashcard 1296: PABA and Pteridine are combined by _____ to form dihydropteroic acid (prokaryotic folate synthesis)
Answer: dihydropteroate synthase
Flashcard 1297: What non-volatile acid may be elevated with methanol ingestion? _____
Answer: Formic acid
Flashcard 1298: Is unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin water soluble?_____
Answer: No (insoluble)
Flashcard 1299: Dietary ingestion of which amino acids (3) should be restricted in patients with maple syrup urine disease? _____
Answer: Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
Flashcard 1300: Carcinoid tumors are characterized by increased excretion of _____ in the urine
Answer: 5-HIAA
Flashcard 1301: The enzyme glutathione peroxidase requires a reducing agent, which is provided in the form of _____
Answer: reduced glutathione (G-SH)
Flashcard 1302: Most (80%) of urobilinogen is excreted in feces as _____, which gives stool its brown color
Answer: stercobilin
Flashcard 1303: Vitamin K promotes -carboxylation at _____ residues (amino acid)
Answer: glutamic acid
Flashcard 1304: Ribavirin must be _____ by intracellular enzymes to reach its activated nucleotide form
Answer: phosphorylated three times
Flashcard 1305: Vitamin K is synthesized by _____
Answer: colonic bacteria
Flashcard 1306: How do the receptors bound by steroid and thyroid hormones differ from the receptors bound by peptide hormones?_____
Answer: Peptide hormones bind extracellular receptors
Flashcard 1307: In chronic renal failure, decreased production of the active form of vitamin _____ by the kidney contributes to decreased ionized Ca2+
Answer: D, (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Flashcard 1308: Toxin B from Clostridium difficile causes _____ (cytoskeleton disruption),thereby causing pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea.
Answer: actin depolymerization
Flashcard 1309: The ratio of G6PD isoforms in _____ is elevated
Answer: neoplasia
Flashcard 1310: Physiological neonatal jaundice occurs due to transiently low _____ activity at birth
Answer: UDP-glucuronyl transferase
Flashcard 1311: Catecholamine synthesis begins with transport of the amino acid _____ into the nerve terminal
Answer: tyrosine
Flashcard 1312: Compared to disorders of galactose metabolism, disorders of fructose metabolism are more _____ (severity)
Answer: mild
Flashcard 1313: _____ deficiency is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Answer: 21-hydroxylase
Flashcard 1314: Which vitamin is important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?_____
Answer: B9 (folate)
Flashcard 1315: Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by _____ serum PO43-
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1316: A myo-globin molecule has the potential to bind _____ O2 molecule(s)
Answer: 1
Flashcard 1317: If protoporphyrin is deficient (e.g. sideroblastic anemia), iron remains trapped in the _____
Answer: mitochondria
Flashcard 1318: Growth factor receptors are _____ (receptor class)
Answer: receptor tyrosine kinases
Flashcard 1319: Systemic mastocytosis can be characterized by prominent expression of mast cell _____
Answer: tryptase
Flashcard 1320: In addition to phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (classic PKU), Malignant phenylketonuria is most commonly caused by a _____ deficiency
Answer: dihydrobiopterin reductase
Flashcard 1321: The tissue damage in hemochromatosis is mediated by the generation of _____
Answer: free radicals
Flashcard 1322: UMP is converted to _____ (pyrimidine synthesis)
Answer: UDP
Flashcard 1323: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (HMP shunt)
Answer: transketolase
Flashcard 1324: S-adenosylhomocysteine breaks down into adenosine and _____
Answer: homocysteine
Flashcard 1325: Which commonly used disinfectant causes denaturation of proteins?_____
Answer: Alcohols
Flashcard 1326: Mutations of Ras that alter the _____ binding site prolong the activated state of Ras
Answer: GAP
Flashcard 1327: Malignant carcinoid syndrome is characterized by increased metabolism of the amino acid _____
Answer: tryptophan
Flashcard 1328: Extra- and intravascular hemolysis may present with increased _____ in the urine, which results from increased conjugated bilirubin
Answer: urobilinogen
Flashcard 1329: Which lysosomal storage disease is the most common?_____
Answer: Gaucher disease
Flashcard 1330: What amino-acid side chains are located on thyroglobulin?_____
Answer: Tyrosine
Flashcard 1331: If methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is dysfunctional, _____ accumulates in the blood and urine
Answer: methylmalonic acid
Flashcard 1332: Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ (liver)
Answer: glucagon
Flashcard 1333: The HMP shunt may be referred to as the _____ pathway
Answer: pentose phosphate
Flashcard 1334: In total, the TCA cycle produces _____ FADH2 per acetyl-CoA
Answer: 1
Flashcard 1335: Factor X of the coagulation cascade may be activated by factor _____ (extrinsic pathway)
Answer: VIIa
Flashcard 1336: Homocystinuria is usually caused by _____ deficiencies
Answer: vitamin
Flashcard 1337: Picking of the skin or biting of the lips due to hyperuricemia is seen in _____ syndrome
Answer: Lesch-Nyhan
Flashcard 1338: What is the most common cause of oxidative stress in patients with G6PD deficiency?_____
Answer: Infection
Flashcard 1339: _____ is a growth factor that is secreted by activated platelets and macrophages
Answer: PDGF
Flashcard 1340: Which cellular organelle is responsible for catabolism of branched-chain fatty acids, amino acids, and ethanol?_____
Answer: Peroxisome
Flashcard 1341: What is the mode of inheritance of protein C or S deficiency?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 1342: _____ facilitate dissociation of GDP so that GTP can bind more rapidly, increasing the rate of G protein activation
Answer: Guanine nucleotide releasing factors (GRFs)
Flashcard 1343: What does the carrier molecule biotin carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: CO2
Flashcard 1344: Does the Cahill cycle result in regeneration of NAD+? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1345: Which lysosomal storage diseases (2) have an X-linked recessive inheritance? _____
Answer: Fabry disease, Hunter syndrome
Flashcard 1346: _____ is the enzyme responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide.
Answer: Thyroid peroxidase
Flashcard 1347: Which bidirectional insulin-independent transporter is found in the beta-islet cells, liver, kidney, and small intestine?_____
Answer: GLUT2
Flashcard 1348: _____ are produced, predominantly by the liver, when growth hormones act on target tissue
Answer: Somatomedins (IGFs)
Flashcard 1349: What is the primary role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)? _____
Answer: Angiogenesis / Vasculogenesis
Flashcard 1350: A _____ enzyme adds inorganic phosphate onto a substrate without using ATP
Answer: phosphorylase
Flashcard 1351: Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a much _____ binding affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin (HbA)
Answer: higher
Flashcard 1352: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis? _____
Answer: Glycogen phosphorylase
Flashcard 1353: Which adrenal cortex deficiency results in shunting towards the androgen synthesis pathway?_____
Answer: 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Flashcard 1354: What vitamins (3) function as antioxidants?_____
Answer: Vitamins A, C, and E
Flashcard 1355: Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by _____ serum PTH
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1356: AMP is broken down into _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: adenosine
Flashcard 1357: What class of enzymes breaks down the cytoskeleton in apoptosis? _____
Answer: Proteases
Flashcard 1358: Does Rotor syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Conjugated
Flashcard 1359: TRH acts on which signalling cascade? _____
Answer: IP3
Flashcard 1360: What foods (2) are a natural source of fructose? _____
Answer: Fruits, Honey
Flashcard 1361: Isocitrate dehydrogenase is regulated via positive feedback by _____
Answer: ADP
Flashcard 1362: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to prevent iron release from macrophages and enterocytes?_____
Answer: Hepcidin
Flashcard 1363: Trypsin results in _____ cleavage of trypsinogen to trypsin (increased or decreased)
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1364: Vitamin D inhibits proliferation of _____ which can be found in the epidermis
Answer: keratinocytes
Flashcard 1365: Unconjugated bilirubin is removed from the blood by the _____ (organ)
Answer: liver
Flashcard 1366: How does insulin resistance manifest in obese patients, causing type 2 DM?_____
Answer: Obesity causes downregulation of insulin receptors
Flashcard 1367: What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of T4?_____
Answer: Thyroid Peroxidase (Thyroperoxidase)
Flashcard 1368: Dihydrofolate is converted to tetrahydrofolate via _____
Answer: dihydrofolate reductase
Flashcard 1369: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo purine synthesis? _____
Answer: Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Flashcard 1370: Neuronal death in Huntington disease occurs via NMDA-R binding and _____ excitotoxicity
Answer: glutamate
Flashcard 1371: Is the conversion of ribulose-5-P into ribose-5-P (HMP shunt) a reversible or irreversible reaction? _____
Answer: Reversible
Flashcard 1372: 2,4-dinitrophenol is an _____ of oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: uncoupling agent
Flashcard 1373: Serum _____ is a reflection of iron stores in macrophages and the liver
Answer: ferritin
Flashcard 1374: In adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, _____ accumulates to toxic levels in lymphocytes
Answer: dATP
Flashcard 1375: The glycoprotein thyroglobulin (TG) contains large quantities of the amino acid _____
Answer: tyrosine
Flashcard 1376: Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea inhibit _____ synthesis
Answer: thymidine
Flashcard 1377: What do the carrier molecules NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 carry in their activated forms? _____
Answer: Electrons
Flashcard 1378: Does glutamate cause a change in blood pH? _____
Answer: Yes (decreased)
Flashcard 1379: Vitamin B12 deficiency takes _____ to develop due to large hepatic stores
Answer: years
Flashcard 1380: The pK of the HCO3-/CO2 buffer is _____
Answer: 6.1
Flashcard 1381: How does the activity of acetylcholinesterase change with lowered temperatures?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 1382: What vitamin is necessary for differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces? _____
Answer: Vitamin A
Flashcard 1383: Is toxicity more common for water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins?_____
Answer: Fat-soluble (vitamins can accumulate in fat)
Flashcard 1384: One type of receptor tyrosine kinase is a _____, which auto-phosphorylates upon binding of a hormone or ligand
Answer: dimer
Flashcard 1385: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is regulated via positive feedback by _____
Answer: NADP+
Flashcard 1386: Ribulose-5-phosphate may be converted to _____-5-phosphate via the enzymes phosphopentose isomerase and transketolase (HMP shunt)
Answer: ribose
Flashcard 1387: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (TCA cycle)
Answer: -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 1388: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for glycogenesis? _____
Answer: Glycogen synthase
Flashcard 1389: Vitamin C excess may cause _____ nephrolithiasis
Answer: calcium oxalate
Flashcard 1390: Activated _____ degrades fibrin clots
Answer: plasmin
Flashcard 1391: What percent of total Ca2+ in the blood exists in an ionized form (i.e. as Ca2+)?_____
Answer: 45-50%
Flashcard 1392: Which "Tender Loving Care for Nancy" cofactor is inhibited by arsenic? _____
Answer: Lipoic acid
Flashcard 1393: Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur with _____ insufficiency; due to inability to cleave R-binder from B12
Answer: pancreatic
Flashcard 1394: Does electron transport continue with ATP synthase inhibitors (e.g. oligomycin)? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1395: Hereditary fructose intolerance presents with a _____ urine dipstick (positive or negative)
Answer: negative
Flashcard 1396: Methemoglobin (Fe3+) binds O2 much _____ readily than hemoglobin (Fe2+)
Answer: less
Flashcard 1397: The _____ complex is a mitochondrial enzyme complex linking glycolysis and the TCA cycle
Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 1398: Are the essential amino acids phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan, and tyrosine ketogenic or glucogenic? _____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 1399: _____ have instrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within the receptor molecule
Answer: Receptor tyrosine kinases
Flashcard 1400: Is pancreatic -amylase secreted in an active or inactive form? _____
Answer: Active
Flashcard 1401: Autosomal recessive diseases are often due to _____ deficiences
Answer: enzyme
Flashcard 1402: The most common cause of cretinism worldwide is _____
Answer: Iodine Deficiency
Flashcard 1403: Osteomalacia/rickets is characterized by _____ serum Ca2+
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1404: Which inherited lysosomal storage disorder is characterized by coarse facial features, clouded corneas, and restricted joint movement with high serum levels of multiple lysosomal enzymes? _____
Answer: I-cell disease
Flashcard 1405: ADP is released upon platelet degranulation and binds to _____ receptors on platelets, resulting in platelet aggregation
Answer: P2Y12
Flashcard 1406: TSH increases which 2nd messenger?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 1407: Activated Ras (Ras-_____ complex) sends signals to the nucleus
Answer: GTP
Flashcard 1408: Cystathionine synthase (CBS) deficiency results in high _____ levels, increasing risk for thrombosis
Answer: homocysteine
Flashcard 1409: What organic solvent used in the dry cleaning industry is converted to free radicals in the liver? _____
Answer: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
Flashcard 1410: Glycerol, from triglyceride breakdown, travels to the liver and is converted to glucose via the process of _____
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Flashcard 1411: Factor II (prothrombin) is activated to thrombin by factor _____
Answer: Xa
Flashcard 1412: -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is associated with _____ use
Answer: alcohol
Flashcard 1413: A _____ enzyme joins two molecules together using a source of energy
Answer: Synthase/Synthetase
Flashcard 1414: Can glucocorticosteroids still be produced if there is absence of 17-hydroxylase?_____
Answer: Yes, the zona fasciculata can still produce corticosterone, which has glucocorticoid activity
Flashcard 1415: Which second messenger is released upon binding of cholecystokinin to CCKA receptors?_____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Flashcard 1416: The APP receptor on neurons is occasionally broken down by _____ cleavage, resulting in formation of A amyloid
Answer: beta
Flashcard 1417: Downstream effects of glucagon cause protein _____ (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation)
Answer: phosphorylation
Flashcard 1418: Exercise / muscle contraction upregulate _____ expression in muscle tissue only, allowing for glucose to meet metabolic demand
Answer: GLUT4
Flashcard 1419: Which metabolic disorder is associated with bluish-black connective tissue and sclerae (ochronosis)? _____
Answer: Alkaptonuria
Flashcard 1420: Non-volatile acids are also called _____ acids
Answer: fixed
Flashcard 1421: D-dimers are derived from splitting of _____
Answer: cross-linked fibrin
Flashcard 1422: Which neurotransmitter(s) are broken down by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A)? _____
Answer: Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Flashcard 1423: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor has _____ activity, similar to the insulin receptor
Answer: tyrosine kinase
Flashcard 1424: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency result in mildly elevated _____ levels, increasing risk for thrombosis
Answer: homocysteine
Flashcard 1425: Treatment for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency includes increased intake of _____ nutrients
Answer: ketogenic
Flashcard 1426: Activated vitamin K acts as a co-factor for the enzyme _____
Answer: -glutamyl carboxylase
Flashcard 1427: Does electron transport continue with electron transport inhibitors (e.g. CO, CN)? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1428: Dietary vitamin B12 is complexed to animal-derived _____
Answer: proteins
Flashcard 1429: _____ is a measure of the percent of transferrin molecules that are bound by iron
Answer: % saturation
Flashcard 1430: Growth Factors induce cellular _____vs mitogen
Answer: growth
Flashcard 1431: The [HA] form of the bicarbonate buffer is _____, which is in equilibrium with H2CO3
Answer: CO2
Flashcard 1432: Muscle cannot participate in gluconeogenesis because it lacks the enzyme _____
Answer: glucose-6-phosphatase
Flashcard 1433: Citrate synthase is regulated via negative feedback by _____
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 1434: Compared to classic galactosemia, galactokinase deficiency is a relatively _____ condition (severity)
Answer: mild
Flashcard 1435: What is the major source of energy during fasting (1-3 days)? _____
Answer: Hepatic gluconeogenesis
Flashcard 1436: What vitamin is used as a cofactor for transamination, decarboxylation reactions, and glycogen phosphorylase?_____
Answer: B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
Flashcard 1437: Does glutamine cause a change in blood pH? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 1438: Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ (muscle)
Answer: AMP
Flashcard 1439: Synthesis of GABA from glutamate requires _____ as a cofactor
Answer: vitamin B6
Flashcard 1440: The _____ form of hemoglobin is found in most tissues
Answer: taut
Flashcard 1441: Ketogenesis occurs in prolonged starvation and ketoacidosis due to depletion of _____, thus preventing gluconeogenesis
Answer: oxaloacetate
Flashcard 1442: _____ (inactive) is activated to elastase (active) via trypsin
Answer: Proelastase
Flashcard 1443: Does Gilbert syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Flashcard 1444: GMP is broken down into _____ (purine salvage)
Answer: guanosine
Flashcard 1445: Uncoupling agents cause a _____ proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1446: What does the carrier molecule ATP carry in its activated form? _____
Answer: Phosphoryl groups
Flashcard 1447: Deamination of guanine makes _____
Answer: xanthine
Flashcard 1448: Which insulin-independent transporter is found in the spermatocytes and the GI tract (fructose)? _____
Answer: GLUT-5
Flashcard 1449: Factor IX of the coagulation cascade is activated by factor _____
Answer: XIa
Flashcard 1450: What is the effect of uncoupling agents (ETC) on O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1451: Huntington disease is characterized by _____ dopamine
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1452: Which form of C5 convertase is produced via the lectin and classic complement pathways? _____
Answer: C4b2b3b
Flashcard 1453: What may cause increased levels of both insulin and C-peptide (2)? _____
Answer: Insulinoma, sulfonylurea drugs
Flashcard 1454: Which organs (2) phosphorylate glucose using glucokinase? _____
Answer: Liver, cells of the pancreas
Flashcard 1455: What hormone acts through a receptor guanylyl cyclase? _____
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Flashcard 1456: Dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase causes enzyme _____ (activation/inactivation)
Answer: activation
Flashcard 1457: Glucocorticoids stimulate _____ by the liver, which may cause hyperglycemia
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Flashcard 1458: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (amino acid metabolism)
Answer: branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
Flashcard 1459: Melanocytes synthesize melanin using the amino acid _____ as a precursor molecule
Answer: tyrosine
Flashcard 1460: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to promote endothelial repair?_____
Answer: Fibrinogen
Flashcard 1461: Which nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) stimulate release of somatostatins?_____
Answer: All three
Flashcard 1462: Mutation of the frataxin gene in Friedreich ataxia leads to impairment of _____ function
Answer: mitochondrial
Flashcard 1463: A dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes _____ reactions
Answer: redox
Flashcard 1464: If O2 accepts three electrons, it forms _____
Answer: hydroxl anion (OH-)
Flashcard 1465: A _____ enzyme relocates a functional group within a molecule
Answer: mutase
Flashcard 1466: Which insulin-independent transporter is found in the brain and placenta only?_____
Answer: GLUT3
Flashcard 1467: Are the essential amino acids methionine, valine, and histidine ketogenic or glucogenic? _____
Answer: Glucogenic
Flashcard 1468: How much energy (kcal) can be produced from 1g of alcohol? _____
Answer: 7 kcal
Flashcard 1469: What is the molecular formula for oxidized glutathione? _____
Answer: Glutathione-sulfur-sulfur-Glutathione (GS-SG) what
Flashcard 1470: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by decreasing _____ via increased production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Answer: gluconeogenesis
Flashcard 1471: Retinoids (like isoretinoin / all-Trans Retinoic Acid) are derivatives of Vitamin _____
Answer: A
Flashcard 1472: What are the blood concentration levels of amino acids and fatty acids in a diabetes mellitus patient? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1473: Which amino acids (2) are the precursors to catecholamines and melanin? _____
Answer: Tyrosine, Phenylalanine
Flashcard 1474: _____ (inactive) is activated to chymotrypsin (active) via trypsin
Answer: Chymotripsinogen
Flashcard 1475: NADPH is generally used as an electron carrier in _____ processes (anabolic or catabolic)
Answer: anabolic
Flashcard 1476: What neurotransmitter is often secreted by carcinoid tumors? _____
Answer: Serotonin
Flashcard 1477: ATP is transferred from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space through the _____ antiporter (electron transport chain)
Answer: ATP/ADP translocase
Flashcard 1478: Glucagon, Catecholamines, and Glucocorticoids induce insulin resistance by activating kinases that phosphorylate _____ residues of the insulin receptor and IRS-1
Answer: serine / threonine
Flashcard 1479: What amino acid becomes essential in patients with phenylketonuria? _____
Answer: Tyrosine
Flashcard 1480: Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the prostate?_____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Flashcard 1481: What amino acid plays a role in thyroid hormone synthesis?_____
Answer: Tyrosine
Flashcard 1482: Where in the cell does acetyl CoA production (from pyruvate) take place?_____
Answer: Mitochondria
Flashcard 1483: The NH3 from amino acid breakdown in muscle is transported into the blood in the form of _____
Answer: alanine
Flashcard 1484: One third of the collagen strand is made of the amino acid _____
Answer: glycine
Flashcard 1485: In splenic macrophages, biliverdin is reduced to _____
Answer: (unconjugated) bilirubin
Flashcard 1486: How much energy (kcal) can be produced from 1g of protein or carbohydrate (ex. whey)? _____
Answer: 4 kcal
Flashcard 1487: Crohn disease is associated with calcium oxalate kidney stones due to increased levels of _____
Answer: oxalate
Flashcard 1488: In hereditary fructose intolerance, fructose-1-P accumulates, causing a decrease in available _____
Answer: phosphate
Flashcard 1489: A patient with thyroid deiodinase deficiency would mimic which mineral deficiency?_____
Answer: Iodine deficiency, due to inability recycle iodine
Flashcard 1490: What acute phase reactant is downregulated during inflammation to conserve amino acids for positive reactants?_____
Answer: Albumin
Flashcard 1491: ~ 2% of urobilinogen is excreted in urine as _____, which gives urine its yellow color
Answer: urobilin
Flashcard 1492: After phosphorylating intracellular proteins, the insulin receptor is _____ and either degraded, stored, or recycled
Answer: internalized (via endocytosis)
Flashcard 1493: What is the most pathogenic component of gluten (celiac disease)?_____
Answer: Gliadin
Flashcard 1494: _____ do not have intrinsic kinase activity, but rather associate non-covalently with proteins that do (e.g. JAK)
Answer: Receptor-associated tyrosine kinases
Flashcard 1495: Which amino acid is the precursor to heme? _____
Answer: Glycine
Flashcard 1496: Wilson disease is characterized by _____ serum ceruloplasmin
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1497: What are the two purine nucleotide monophosphates?_____
Answer: AMP and GMP
Flashcard 1498: The pK of the H2PO4-/HPO42- buffer pair is _____
Answer: 6.8
Flashcard 1499: Breast milk jaundice is likely caused by the presence of _____ in breast milk
Answer: -glucuronidase
Flashcard 1500: A _____ enzyme transfers CO2 groups (usually with the help of biotin)
Answer: carboxylase
Flashcard 1501: Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase causes enzyme _____ (activation/inactivation)
Answer: activation
Flashcard 1502: Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g. asthma therapy) inhibit the synthesis of virtually all _____
Answer: cytokines
Flashcard 1503: Downstream effects of insulin cause protein _____ (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation)
Answer: dephosphorylation
Flashcard 1504: Maleylacetoacetate, from homogentisic acid, is used to make _____, which then enters the Kreb's cycle
Answer: fumarate
Flashcard 1505: Congenital sideroblastic anemia is most commonly due to a defect in the enzyme _____
Answer: -aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS)
Flashcard 1506: What vitamin deficiency is associated with delayed wound healing? _____
Answer: Vitamin C
Flashcard 1507: _____ is an isomer of T3 that mirrors T4 levels.
Answer: Reverse T3 (rT3)
Flashcard 1508: Which step of the Krebs cycle directly produces a molecule of GTP?_____
Answer: Succinyl CoA --> Succinate
Flashcard 1509: CO2 binds to hemoglobin at the N-terminus of _____ (heme or globin)
Answer: globin
Flashcard 1510: In hereditary fructose intolerance, _____ sugars can be detected in the urine
Answer: reducing
Flashcard 1511: A strong acid (e.g. HCl) has a _____ pK than a weak acid
Answer: lower
Flashcard 1512: The Vmax of a reaction is _____ proportional to enzyme concentration
Answer: directly
Flashcard 1513: Folate deficiency is characterized by _____ serum methylmalonic acid
Answer: normal
Flashcard 1514: Glucokinase is characterized by a _____ Vmax relative to hexokinase
Answer: high
Flashcard 1515: Which amino acid may cause endothelial cell damage when serum levels are elevated? _____
Answer: Homocysteine
Flashcard 1516: What effect does insulin have on insulin receptors in target tissues?_____
Answer: Causes down-regulation
Flashcard 1517: Hyperparathyroidism often presents with increased levels of serum _____ due to increased osteoblast activity
Answer: ALP (enzyme)
Flashcard 1518: The minimum fragment necessary for biologic activity of cholecystokinin (CCK) is the _____
Answer: C-terminal heptapeptide
Flashcard 1519: Does electron transport continue with uncoupling agents (e.g. 2,4-DNP)? _____
Answer: Yes**
Flashcard 1520: Cortisol travels in the blood bound to _____
Answer: corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
Flashcard 1521: What type of bilirubin (conjugated or unconjugated) is formed in the splenic macrophages? _____
Answer: Unconjugated/indirect bilirubin
Flashcard 1522: Which mitochondrial membrane contains the electron transport chain? _____
Answer: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Flashcard 1523: Which cytokine(s) utilize receptor-associated tyrosine kinase signaling pathways?_____
Answer: IL-2, IL-6, and IFN
Flashcard 1524: Hemochromatosis is characterized by _____ serum iron
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1525: What pathology is associated with a defect in the enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase?_____
Answer: I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease/mucolipidosis type II)
Flashcard 1526: What cellular organelle is the site of synthesis/storage of melanin?_____
Answer: Melanosomes
Flashcard 1527: Where in the cell does conversion of glucose-6-phosphate -> glucose take place?_____
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 1528: Does Crigler-Najjar syndrome result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Unconjugated
Flashcard 1529: Glucocorticoids increase hepatic _____ storage
Answer: glycogen
Flashcard 1530: What is the major source of energy while fasting between meals? _____
Answer: Hepatic glycogenolysis
Flashcard 1531: Stored intracellular iron is bound to _____, which prevents iron from forming free radicals via the Fenton reaction
Answer: ferritin
Flashcard 1532: What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)? _____
Answer: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 1533: A nonspecific symptom of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency is _____ (tongue)
Answer: glossitis
Flashcard 1534: Which inherited lysosomal storage disorder can present with gingival hyperplasia, claw hand deformities, and kyphoscoliosis?_____
Answer: I-cell disease
Flashcard 1535: What is the normal serum BUN:creatinine ratio? _____
Answer: ~ 15:1
Flashcard 1536: Which amino acid is a key component of the bacterial capsule in Bacillus anthracis?_____
Answer: D-glutamate
Flashcard 1537: Viral hepatitis is associated with dark urine due to increased urine _____
Answer: conjugated bilirubin
Flashcard 1538: The globin within macrophages that have consumed RBCs is further broken down into _____
Answer: amino acids
Flashcard 1539: Which neurotransmitter(s) are metabolized by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)? _____
Answer: Dopamine
Flashcard 1540: Which second messenger is increased upon binding of histamine to H2 receptors?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 1541: What mineral deficiencies (2) are associated with delayed wound healing? _____
Answer: Zinc and copper
Flashcard 1542: High iron levels and inflammatory conditions _____ the synthesis of hepcidin
Answer: increase
Flashcard 1543: Acromegaly is associated with increased _____ resistance
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 1544: What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of H2CO3 into CO2 and H2O (and its reverse reaction)?_____
Answer: Carbonic anhydrase
Flashcard 1545: Methyl-THF (reduced THF) is used by the enzyme _____ to convert homocysteine to methionine
Answer: methionine synthase
Flashcard 1546: Factors of the coagulation cascade are produced by the _____ in an inactive state
Answer: liver
Flashcard 1547: ATP synthase inhibitors cause a(n) _____ proton gradient and a block of ATP synthesis
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1548: What is the level of ACTH in 21-hydroxylase deficiency? Why?_____
Answer: Increased, due to decreased feedback inhibition from cortisol
Flashcard 1549: What non-volatile acids (2) are commonly elevated in type 1 diabetes? _____
Answer: Acetoacetic acid and -hydroxybutyric acid (ketoacidosis)
Flashcard 1550: What carbohydrate metabolism enzyme deficiency may present with failure to track objects or develop a social smile? _____
Answer: Galactokinase deficiency
Flashcard 1551: Antithrombin III _____ (activates or inactivates) thrombin and coagulation factors
Answer: inactivates
Flashcard 1552: After adipose stores have been depleted (prolonged starvation), vital _____ degradation accelerates, leading to organ failure and death
Answer: protein
Keywords: Metabolism flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
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TCA cycle reactions and regulation
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Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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Pentose phosphate pathway
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Gluconeogenesis
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Glycogen metabolism
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Amino acid metabolism
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Integration of metabolic pathways
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Fed state vs. fasting state metabolism
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Exercise metabolism
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Alcohol metabolism
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Metabolic adaptations in starvation
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Metabolic disorders overview
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