Neuroanatomy — Flashcards
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Whatis an Argyll-Robertson pupil?
neurohypophysis
pineal gland
retina
optic nerve
spinal cord
dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerves
pia mater
arachnoid mater
Neuroanatomy US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neuroanatomy with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neuroanatomy Flashcard Deck - 598 Cards
Flashcard 1: Whatis an Argyll-Robertson pupil?
Answer: pupil that is unreactive to light but constricts with accomodation
Flashcard 2: neurohypophysis
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 3: pineal gland
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 4: retina
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 5: optic nerve
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 6: spinal cord
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 7: dorsal root ganglia
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 8: cranial nerves
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 9: pia mater
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 10: arachnoid mater
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 11: Which spinal nerves exit above their corresponding vertebrae?
Answer: C1-C7
Flashcard 12: Which spinal nerves exit below their corresponding vertebrae?
Answer: C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Co1 (i.e. all but C1-C7)
Flashcard 13: anterior spinothalamic tract (STT)
Answer: crude touch, pressure
Extra: immediately upon entering spinal cord Number 7
Flashcard 14: number 4
Answer: posterior horn
Flashcard 15: number 6
Answer: gray matter
Flashcard 16: number 8
Answer: anterior horn
Flashcard 17: middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Answer: lateral motor cortex, lateral sensory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's area
Extra: arm/facial paralysis and sensory loss, aphasia/hemineglect
Flashcard 18: lateral striate artery
Answer: striatum, internal capsule
Extra: hemiparesis/hemiplegia
Flashcard 19: number 1
Answer: fasciculus cuneatus
Flashcard 20: number 2
Answer: fasciculus gracilis
Flashcard 21: Identify number 5
Answer: fourth ventricle
Flashcard 22: Identify number 4
Answer: cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Flashcard 23: middle cerebral artery
Answer: lateral surface
Extra: red region
Flashcard 24: frontal eye fields
Answer: eyes look towards lesion
Flashcard 25: hippocampus
Answer: anterograde amnesia
Flashcard 26: subthalamic nucleus
Answer: hemiballismus
Flashcard 27: cerebellar vermis
Answer: truncal ataxia, dysarthria
Flashcard 28: basal ganglia
Answer: resting tremor, chorea, athetosis
Flashcard 29: non-dominant parietal lobe
Answer: spatial neglect syndrome i.e agnosia of contralateral side of world
Flashcard 30: cerebellar hemisphere
Answer: intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance
Flashcard 31: Where is the reticular activating system located?
Answer: extends from midbrain through thalamus to cortex
Flashcard 32: How is the "homonculus" positioned on the cerebral cortex?
Answer: feet - medial face - lateral
Flashcard 33: What regions of the brain are most susceptible to ischemic injury?
Answer: hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas
Flashcard 34: posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Answer: lateral medulla, cerebellum
Extra: vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus; loss of pain/temp in limbs/face, dysphagia, hoarseness, Horner's syndrome, ataxia, dysmetria, loss of gag reflex
Flashcard 35: anterior spinal artery (ASA)
Answer: medial medulla: lateral CST, DC-ML
Extra: lower limb hemiparesis, loss of proprioception, tongue deviation
Flashcard 36: Identify number 2
Answer: interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Flashcard 37: Identify number 3
Answer: third ventricle
Flashcard 38: What is the function of the dural venous sinuses?
Answer: drain blood from cerebral veins, receive CSF from arachnoid granulations
Flashcard 39: Where is CSF reabsorbed?
Answer: arachnoid granulations
Flashcard 40: Identify number 1
Answer: lateral ventricle
Flashcard 41: posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Answer: occipital cortex
Extra: hemianopia with macular sparing
Flashcard 42: The fourth ventricle empties into what?
Answer: subarachnoid space, central spinal canal
Flashcard 43: The fourth ventricle empties via what structures?
Answer: foramina of Luschka foramen of Magendie
Flashcard 44: How are the foramens of Luschka and Magendie positioned relative to each other?
Answer: Luschka - lateral Magendie - medial
Flashcard 45: What body regions are overrepresented in the cerebral cortex "homonculus"?
Answer: hands, face
Flashcard 46: How many spinal nerves are there total?
Answer: 31
Flashcard 47: How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
Answer: 8
Flashcard 48: How many lumbar spinal nerves are there?
Answer: 5
Flashcard 49: What kind of nerves carry outputs from the cerebellum?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Flashcard 50: The primary visual cortex is located in which region of the brain?
Answer: occipital lobe
Flashcard 51: The primary auditory cortex is located in which region of the brain?
Answer: temporal lobe
Flashcard 52: The primary motor cortex is located in which region of the brain?
Answer: posterior frontal lobe
Flashcard 53: The primary sensory cortex is located in which region of the brain?
Answer: anterior parietal lobe
Flashcard 54: The secondary motor cortex (premotor cortex) is located in which region of the brain?
Answer: just anterior to primary motor cortex in frontal lobe
Flashcard 55: cingulate (subfalcine) herniation
Answer: frontal lobe herniates under falx cerebri
Flashcard 56: central (downward transtentorial) herniation
Answer: diencephalon herniates downward through tentorium cerebelli
Flashcard 57: uncal herniation
Answer: temporal lobe herniates downward through tentorium cerebelli
Flashcard 58: tonsillar herniation
Answer: cerebellar tonsils herniate through foramen magnum
Flashcard 59: dorsal column - medial lemniscus (DCML)
Answer: position, vibration (pressure, touch)
Extra: caudal medulla Number 1&2
Flashcard 60: lateral spinothalamic tract (STT)
Answer: pain, temperature
Extra: immediately upon entering spinal cord Number 11
Flashcard 61: What neuronal macro-structure is highlighted with Nissl substance?
Answer: cell body, NOT axon
Flashcard 62: The cerebellum sends output info to...?
Answer: contralateral motor cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
Flashcard 63: The cerebellum receives ipsilateral inputs from...?
Answer: DCML proprioceptive fibers via inferior cerebellar peduncle
Flashcard 64: The cerebellum receives contralateral inputs from...?
Answer: motor cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle
Flashcard 65: balance
Answer: medial cerebellum
Flashcard 66: What is the predominant glial cell type in CNS white matter?
Answer: oligodenroglia
Flashcard 67: What glial cell type promotes PNS neuronal regeneration?
Answer: Schwann cell
Flashcard 68: C type free nerve ending
Answer: unmyelinated, slow conduction
Extra: skin, viscera pain, temperature
Flashcard 69: Meissner's corpuscle
Answer: large, myelinated, quick adaptation
Extra: glabrous (hairless) skin fine touch, position mnemonic: Meissners Missy Massage
Flashcard 70: endoneurium (PNS neuroanatomy)
Answer: connective tissue that invests a single nerve fiber
Flashcard 71: perineurium (PNS neuroanatomy)
Answer: connective tissue that invests a fascicle of nerve fibers
Flashcard 72: epineurium (PNS neuroanatomy)
Answer: dense connective tissue that invests a complete nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
Flashcard 73: nerve fiber (PNS neuroanatomy)
Answer: a neuronal axon and its associated Schwann cells
Flashcard 74: What strutures make up the limbic system?
Answer: cingulate gyrus amygdala fornix hippocampus mammillary bodies mnemonic: Single Amy Fornicates with Hippo Mammaries
Flashcard 75: Where is the ventral tegmentum located?
Answer: midbrain
Flashcard 76: Where is the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) located?
Answer: midbrain
Flashcard 77: Where is the nucleus accumbens located?
Answer: basal forebrain
Flashcard 78: Where is the nucleus basilis located?
Answer: basal forebrain
Flashcard 79: What three sub-cellular structures make the blood-brain barrier impermeable?
Answer: - tight junctions - thick basement membrane - astrocyte foot processes (debatable, but in FA)
Flashcard 80: Which part of the pituitary is nerve tissue?
Answer: posterior aka neurohypophysis mnemonic: Adeno is Anterior (adeno means glandular)
Flashcard 81: What is the function of the thalamus?
Answer: central relay center for all sensory information EXCEPT olfaction
Flashcard 82: ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM)
Answer: trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal nerves
Extra: facial sensation, taste mnemonic: V Peri-Mouth (crappy mnemonic...) primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
Flashcard 83: ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
Answer: spinothalamic, DC-ML
Extra: pain/temp, pressure/touch, vibration/proprioception mnemonic: Very Painful Loving primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
Flashcard 84: lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Answer: optic nerve
Extra: vision lateral = light primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
Flashcard 85: ventral lateral nucleus (VL)
Answer: basal ganglia
Extra: motor mnemonic: Viper-Lamborghini primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Flashcard 86: Outline the direct pathway of the basal ganglia.
Answer: motor cortex - putamen - GPi - thalamus - motor cortex - motor nerves
Flashcard 87: Anatomically, how do the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia differ?
Answer: indirect pathway includes GPe and STN
Flashcard 88: subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Answer:
Extra: globus pallidus externus (GPe) globus pallidus internus (GPi)
Flashcard 89: globus pallidus internus (GPi)
Answer: subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Extra: putamen thalamus
Flashcard 90: putamen
Answer: motor cortex, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
Extra: substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) globus pallidus externus (GPe), globus pallidus internus (GPi)
Flashcard 91: globus pallidus externus (GPe)
Answer:
Extra: putamen subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Flashcard 92: What are the main pathways of the basal ganglia?
Answer: direct, indirect
Flashcard 93: What structures comprise the lentiform nucleus (of the basal ganglia)?
Answer: putamen, globus pallidus
Flashcard 94: What structures comprise the striatum (of the basal ganglia)?
Answer: caudate, putamen
Flashcard 95: Arnold-Chiari malformation type I
Answer:
Extra: congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils, unsteady gait, headache, neck pain congenital herniation of cerebellar tonsils (+/- syringomyelia)
Flashcard 96: spina bifida with meningocele
Answer:
Extra: newborn with fluid-filled sac protruding from lower spine surgery maternal folate deficiency failure of bony spinal canal closure with herniation of meninges
Flashcard 97: spina bifida occulta
Answer:
Extra: newborn with tuft of hair or dimple in lower spine surgery, but not usually necessary maternal folate deficiency failure of bony spinal canal closure
Flashcard 98: Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
Answer: hypothalamus
Flashcard 99: How many axons can be myelinated by a single Schwann cell?
Answer: one
Flashcard 100: How many axons can be myelinated by a single oligodendroglia?
Answer: multiple (up to 50) mnemonic: "oligodendro" means "few branches" for a few axons
Flashcard 101: What glial cell type myelinates PNS neurons?
Answer: Schwann cells
Flashcard 102: What are the gaps between myelin bundles called?
Answer: nodes of Ranvier
Flashcard 103: Wallerian degeneration
Answer: special pattern of cellular degeneration specific to neurons; neuron distal do injury site retracts and degenerates, but may regenerate later
Flashcard 104: What type of neuronal branch structure receives information?
Answer: dendrite
Flashcard 105: Schwann cells
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 106: PNS neurons
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 107: astrocytes
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 108: oligodendroglia
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 109: ependymal cells
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 110: CNS neurons
Answer: neuroectoderm
Flashcard 111: hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)
Answer: anterior 2/3 of tongue
Extra:
Flashcard 112: What kind of intermediate filament is associated with neurons?
Answer: neurofilaments
Flashcard 113: What kind of intermediate filament is associated with neuroglia?
Answer: glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP)
Flashcard 114: Neurofilaments belong to what class of cytoskeletal element?
Answer: intermediate filaments
Flashcard 115: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Thalamus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/basal-ganglia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/basal-ganglia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: Do ventral roots of spinal nerves contain sensory or motor neurons? _____
Answer: Motor neurons
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: _____ circuit describes the neural circuit for emotional expression and includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
Answer: Papez
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 118: There are _____ lumbar pairs and sacral pairs of spinal nerves
Answer: 5
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made by _____ cells of choroid plexus
Answer: ependymal
Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 121: What is the target of granule, stellate, and basket cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: Purkinje cells
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: Post-ganglionic sympathetic and Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons supplying the GI tract synapse in the _____ or _____
Answer: myenteric
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: _____ fibers that enter the cerebellum are from numerous sources (e.g. pontine nuclei, spinal cord, vestibular nuclei)
Answer: Mossy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Which cranial nerve(s) does the nucleus solitarius contribute to? _____
Answer: CN VII, IX, and X
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to the limbic system? _____
Answer: Mesolimbic pathway
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Sacral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the jaw jerk reflex? _____
Answer: CN V3 (motor from masseter)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the lacrimation reflex? _____
Answer: CN V1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: The _____ branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply the thalamus, splenium, parahippocampal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus
Answer: deep
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: The rootlets of CN _____ and _____ exit between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle
Answer: IX
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: The intermediate filament Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is found in _____ cells (ex. astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes)
Answer: neuroglial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Rostral pons - Presence of 4th ventricle - Ventral enlargement - Presence of CN V
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 133: There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves in total
Answer: 31
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the substantia nigra pars compacta to the neostriatum? _____
Answer: Nigrostriatal pathway
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to the prefrontal cortex? _____
Answer: Mesocortical pathway
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the _____
Answer: leptomeninges
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 138: The rootlets of CN _____ exit between the olive and medullary pyramid
Answer: XII
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: One component of the blood-brain barrier is _____ from astrocytes
Answer: foot processes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: If only one dorsal column is present, the spinal cord is _____ T5
Answer: below
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: CN VII and VIII exit the skull through the _____
Answer: internal auditory meatus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Rostral midbrain - Presence of colliculi - Presence of cerebral aqueduct - Presence of cerebral peduncles - Presence of CN III
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 143: Purkinje cells in the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum project to the _____ nucleus
Answer: dentate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: The vestibular system communicates directly with the nucleus tractus solitarius via the _____ nerve (CN _____)
Answer: vestibulocochlear
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Flashcard 145: The GI tract directly communicates with the nucleus tractus solitarius via the _____ nerve (CN _____)
Answer: vagus
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinocerebellar tract
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 147: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Red nucleus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 148: Chiari malformations (II and I) may compress the corticospinal motor tracts and lead to _____ motor neuron dysfunction
Answer: upper
Extra: * due to downward displacement of cerebelum, brainstem, craniocervical junction into spinal cord Watch Neural Tube Defects, Holoprosencephaly, Chiari Malformation & Syringomyelia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neural-tube-defects-holoprosencephaly-chiari-malformation-and-syringomyelia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: The _____ horn of gray matter contains sensory neurons
Answer: dorsal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: Causes of _____ hearing loss include damage to the cochlea, CN VIII, or central auditory connections
Answer: sensorineural
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/auditory-sensation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: All the axons in the cochlear part of CN VIII enter the _____ junction and synapse in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei
Answer: pontomedullary
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Flashcard 152: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve I? _____
Answer: None
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Flashcard 153: Which cranial nerve(s) does the dorsal motor nucleus contribute to? _____
Answer: CN X (Vagus)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: The _____ fissure separates the temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
Answer: lateral (Sylvian)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: The hair cells of the semicircular canals have a single long cilium, called a(n) _____, and several smaller stereocilia
Answer: kinocilium
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: What is the adult derivative of the cavity of the diencephalon? _____
Answer: Third ventricle
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/embryology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: Vestibular schwannomas are typically located on CN VIII in the _____
Answer: internal acoustic meatus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/adult-primary-brain-tumors?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 158: Which cranial nerve innervates the medial rectus muscle? _____
Answer: CN III (oculomotor)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: ID Nucleus: _____
Answer: Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 160: The inferior sagittal sinus terminates by joining with the _____ to form the straight sinus
Answer: great cerebral vein of Galen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: The _____ nerve (L1-L2) provides: - sensory innervation to the scrotum/labia majora and upper anterior thigh - motor innervation to the cremaster
Answer: genitofemoral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/posterior-abdominal-wall-inguinal-region-scrotum-testis-and-spermatic-cord?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: The 2nd-order neuron of the hypothalamospinal tract arises from the lateral horn of T1 and synapses on the _____
Answer: superior cervical ganglion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: What infarcted artery is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____
Answer: Complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/neck/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 164: Oligodendrocytes are the predominant type of glial cell in _____ matter
Answer: white
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: _____ is a congenital stenosis of the channel that drains CSF from the 3rd ventricle into the 4th ventricle
Answer: Cerebral aqueduct stenosis
Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 166: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Lissauer's tract
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: The 3rd-order neuron of the hypothalamospinal tract carries _____ to the eyelids, pupil, and skin of the face
Answer: sympathetics
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: ID Nucleus: _____
Answer: Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 169: ID Sulcus: _____
Answer: Cingulate sulcus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: Which part of the neuron contains organelles (e.g. Golgi, ER, etc.)? _____
Answer: Cell body (Soma)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: What type of cranial nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X)? _____
Answer: Both (motor and sensory)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 172: The _____ ventricles consist of a body and anterior, posterior, and inferior horns
Answer: lateral
Extra: Watch Hydrocephalus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-hydrocephalus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Trochlear (CN IV)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 174: Does a lumbar puncture normally pierce the pia mater? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 175: The _____-central gyrus is the area of the primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
Answer: pre
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 176: Which cranial nerve monitors the carotid body and sinus chemo- and baroreceptors? _____
Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: Purkinje cells in the vermis of the cerebellum project to the _____ nuclei
Answer: fastigial
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 178: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 179: The bipolar cells of the retina synapse with _____ cells, which are the output cells of the retina
Answer: ganglion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: What type of cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve (CN I)? _____
Answer: Sensory
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: The _____ sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Answer: central
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 182: If a lateral horn is absent, the spinal cord is between _____ - _____ or L3 - S5
Answer: C1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 183: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Facial (CN VII)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 184: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Trochlear (CN IV)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 185: Damage to the _____ can result in a lack of interhemispheric communication (ex. patient unable to retrieve with one hand an object palpated with the other)
Answer: corpus callosum
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 186: ID letter "a": _____
Answer: Thalamus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/basal-ganglia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/basal-ganglia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 187: ID the structure: _____
Answer: Olive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 188: Medial midbrain syndrome is also known as _____ syndrome
Answer: Weber
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 189: Chiari _____ malformation is congenital and is mostly asymptomatic in childhood
Answer: I
Extra: Watch Neural Tube Defects, Holoprosencephaly, Chiari Malformation & Syringomyelia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-congenital-and-neurocutaneous-neural-tube-defects-holoprosencephaly-chiari-malformation-and-syringomyelia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 190: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Abducens (CN VI)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 191: What type of cranial nerve is the abducens nerve (CN VI)? _____
Answer: Motor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 192: The parasympathetic NS is characterized by a(n) _____ distribution of parasympathetic neurons
Answer: craniosacral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=31] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 193: Syringomyelia (cystic dilation of central cord) is associated with Chiari _____ malformations
Answer: I
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 194: What is the target of Purkinje cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: Deep cerebellar nuclei
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 195: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Trigeminal (CN V)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 196: Which cerebral artery supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule? _____
Answer: Anterior cerebral artery
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-vasculature?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 197: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Broca's area (Brodmann area 44 & 45)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 198: Astrocytes are glial cells that provide _____ support and repair for the nervous system
Answer: physical
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 199: ID Sulcus: _____
Answer: Calcarine sulcus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 200: Rabies virus travels retrograde to the _____ ganglia before spreading to the CNS
Answer: dorsal root
Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 201: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Anterior (ventral) horn
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 202: The primary visual (striate) cortex is divided into _____ and _____ gyri via the calcarine fissure
Answer: cuneus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Lateral view of important areas of the brain The primary motor cortex, in the frontal lobe, is the origin of the fibers of the pyramidal tract. The primary and secondary auditory cortices, where auditory input is processed, are located in the temporal lobe. The primary visual cortex is located at the occipital pole and is surrounded by the secondary visual cortex. Different functions converge at association areas. The most well-known examples are the motor (Broca) and sensory (Wernicke) areas of speech, which are commonly located in the dominant hemisphere.
Flashcard 203: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve II? _____
Answer: Oligodendrocytes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 204: Do dorsal roots of spinal nerves contain sensory or motor neurons? _____
Answer: Sensory neurons
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 205: If both dorsal columns are present, the spinal cord is _____ T5
Answer: above
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 206: The first neuron involved in mydriasis projects from the hypothalamus to the _____ (C8 - T2)
Answer: ciliospinal center of Budge
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 207: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerves III through XII? _____
Answer: Schwann cells
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 208: There is/are _____ coccygeal pair of spinal nerves
Answer: one
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 209: If there is a small ventral horn, the spinal cord level is between _____ - _____ or T2 - L1
Answer: C1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 210: The _____ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord
Answer: central
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 211: Light reflex: Light in either retina sends a signal via CN II to the _____ nuclei
Answer: pretectal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 212: Which cranial nerve(s) does the nucleus ambiguus contribute to? _____
Answer: CN IX, X, and XI (cranial portion)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 213: Do intramedullary lesions affect fibers of the spinal accessory nerve? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/brainstem-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 214: Which spinal cord level contains mostly gray matter (relative to white matter)? _____
Answer: Sacral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 215: Light reflex: The Edinger-Westphal nuclei send pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the _____ ganglia via CN III
Answer: ciliary
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 216: What type of cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)? _____
Answer: Motor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 217: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Vagus (CN X)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 218: Which layer of the six-layered neocortex is the site of termination of the thalamocortical projections? _____
Answer: Internal granular layer (layer IV)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=17] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 219: Is this the left or right lateral hemisphere of the brain? _____
Answer: Left - The temporal lobe points toward the direct of the hemisphere
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 220: The _____ is slender pial extension that tethers the spinal cord to the bottom of the vertebral column
Answer: filum terminale
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/spinal-cord?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 221: ID Sulcus: _____
Answer: Lateral fissure/sulcus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 222: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 223: Which parasympathetics innervate the regions of the hindgut? _____
Answer: Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 224: ID the structure: _____
Answer: Medullary pyramid
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 225: The _____ nervous system consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, which give rise to axons and neurons
Answer: peripheral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 226: The epithalamus consists of the _____ gland and habenular nuclei
Answer: pineal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 227: The red nucleus is located in the _____
Answer: rostral midbrain
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 228: What type of cranial nerve is the accessory nerve (CN XI)? _____
Answer: Motor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 229: Pinpoint pupils are usually associated with large bilateral _____ lesions caused by damage to the hypothalamospinal tract
Answer: pontine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 230: The sympathetic NS is characterized by a(n) _____ distribution of sympathetic neurons
Answer: thoracolumbar
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 231: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 232: The _____-cerebellar tract carries unconscious proprioceptive input from the upper extremities/trunk
Answer: cuneo
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 233: Which cranial nerve arises from the dorsal aspect of the midbrain? _____
Answer: Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 234: Which cranial nerve is most susceptible to injury to the cavernous sinus? _____
Answer: CN VI (abducens)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 235: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 236: Lesions of the cochlear part of CN VIII or cochlear nuclei result in profound _____-lateral sensorineural hearing loss
Answer: uni
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/auditory-sensation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 237: The cell bodies of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract are found in _____ nucleus, which is situated in the spinal cord from T1 to L2
Answer: Clarke’s
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 238: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Fovea - Small depression in the macula, which is the central point of the retina
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/eyes?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 239: What are the functions of CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)? _____
Answer: Hearing and balance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 240: The 1st-order neuron of the hypothalamospinal tract arises from the hypothalamus and synapses in the _____ horn of the spinal cord at the level of T1
Answer: lateral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 241: What type of cranial nerve is the optic nerve (CN II)? _____
Answer: Sensory
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 242: Climbing fibers that enter the cerebellum originate from the _____ nuclei of the contralateral medulla
Answer: inferior olivary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 243: Lesions to CN _____ result in visual field deficits (anopsia)
Answer: II (optic)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 244: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus) to the pituitary? _____
Answer: Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 245: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Fasciculus gracilis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 246: What type of cranial nerve is the oculomotor nerve (CN III)? _____
Answer: Motor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 247: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the jaw jerk reflex? _____
Answer: CN V3 (sensory muscle spindle from masseter)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 248: The pia and arachnoid, together, are termed _____
Answer: leptomeninges
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/embryology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 249: Which main cerebral artery supplies the genu/posterior limb of the internal capsule? _____
Answer: Middle cerebral artery
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-vasculature?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 250: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Cerebral aqueduct
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki Netters: Other:
Flashcard 251: The axons of the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus are termed _____ fibers before decussating
Answer: internal arcuate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 252: Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is a mitochondrial disorder caused primarily by a degeneration of _____ of the optic nerve
Answer: retinal ganglion cells
Extra: Watch Mitochondrial Inheritance Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-mitochondrial-diseases-mitochondrial-inheritance-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics/modes-of-inheritance/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 253: The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex contains _____, which are the axons of granule cells
Answer: parallel fibers
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=17] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 254: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Anterior white commissure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 255: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Thoracic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 256: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Prefrontal cortex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 257: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 258: The HSV-1 virus that causes oral herpes remains dormant in the ganglia of the _____ nerve
Answer: trigeminal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 259: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Cuneus gyrus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 260: The deep cerebellar nuclei from lateral to medial are _____, emboliform, globose, and fastigial
Answer: dentate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 261: Craniopharyngiomas most commonly occur where? _____
Answer: Pituitary stalk (located suprasellar)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 262: The pain in migraines is due to irritation of CN _____, meninges, or blood vessels
Answer: V
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Pharm Watch Triptans & migraine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-triptans-and-migraine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 263: _____ cells line the ventricles in the adult brain
Answer: Ependymal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 264: Do dorsal rami of spinal nerves contain sensory or motor neurons? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/spinal-cord-tracts?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 265: The fluid in the scala _____ and scala _____ is called perilymph (inner ear)
Answer: vestibuli
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 266: CN VII (facial) provides some cutaneous innervation to the skin behind the _____
Answer: ear
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Flashcard 267: How many neurons are required for the spinocerebellar tract pathway? _____
Answer: Two
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Flashcard 268: What is the target of Golgi cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: Granule cells
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Flashcard 269: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Postcentral gyrus
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Flashcard 270: Pelvic splanchnic nerves and CNs III, VII, IX and X are part of the _____ nervous system
Answer: parasympathetic
Extra: Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=28] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 271: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann area 3, 1, 2)
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Flashcard 272: Lesions to CN IX (glossopharyngeal) result in loss of the sensory limb of the _____ reflex
Answer: gag
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Flashcard 273: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Principal sensory nucleus of V
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Flashcard 274: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
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Flashcard 275: What type of cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve (CN V)? _____
Answer: Both (motor and sensory)
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Flashcard 276: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Globus pallidus
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Flashcard 277: ID the structure: _____
Answer: Cerebral peduncle
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 278: What type of cranial nerve is the facial nerve (CN VII)? _____
Answer: Both (motor and sensory)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki Gustatory pathway The first neuron of the taste pathway is located in the ganglia of the facial, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves. The afferent gustatory nerve fibers join to form the nerve tract that projects to the nucleus of the solitary tract. Second-order neurons project from the medulla oblongata in three distinct branches. Projections to the hypothalamus and amygdala transmit the emotional component of taste perception. Projections to the ventral posterior nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus transmit to the gustatory cortex at the foot of the postcentral gyrus for conscious taste perception.
Flashcard 279: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 280: What is the only cranial nerve that lacks thalamic relay to the cortex? _____
Answer: CN I (olfactory)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-1-6?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 281: Lesions to CN I (olfactory) result in _____
Answer: anosmia
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Flashcard 282: The straight sinus drains into the _____
Answer: confluence of sinuses
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 283: Pituitary adenoma may present with _____ due to compression of the optic chiasm
Answer: bitemporal hemianopsia
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 284: Two kinds of excitatory input enter the cerebellum in the form of _____ fibers and mossy fibers
Answer: climbing
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Flashcard 285: The 1st-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract are sensory nerve endings with cell bodies located in a(n) _____
Answer: DRG
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Flashcard 286: The _____ cell is the only excitatory neuron with its cell body in the cerebellar cortex
Answer: granule
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Flashcard 287: Axons of the retinal ganglion cells leave the eye via the _____ nerve
Answer: optic
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Flashcard 288: Output from photoreceptors (rods, cones) is transmitted to _____ cells, which reside in the inner nuclear layer of the retina
Answer: bipolar
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Flashcard 289: Damage to a posterior spinal artery affects _____ dorsal column
Answer: ipsilateral
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Flashcard 290: Pure motor Lacunar Strokes are caused by damage to what brain structure? _____
Answer: Posterior limb of internal capsule
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/stroke/acquire?ref=anki causing weakness of the entire contralateral body (face, upper and lower limb) without sensory symptoms.
Flashcard 291: Schwannomas (acoustic neuromas) often affect CN_____ and CN8
Answer: 7
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Flashcard 292: A peripheral neuropathy affects _____
Answer: peripheral nerves
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Flashcard 293: _____
Answer: E
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Flashcard 294: Chiari II malformation commonly results in aqueductal stenosis, which causes _____
Answer: hydrocephalus
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Flashcard 295: Patellar reflex = _____
Answer: L4
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Flashcard 296: Bell's palsy involves a(n) _____ lesion of the facial n. (VII)
Answer: peripheral
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Flashcard 297: Dermatomes: _____ shoulders _____ thumb _____ nipple T10 umbilicus L4 kneecaps L5 great toe S1 little toe
Answer: C4
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Flashcard 298: Thumb = _____
Answer: C6 (median nn)
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Flashcard 299: Putamen and caudate nucleus = _____
Answer: striatum
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Flashcard 300: Lacunar stroke of the posterolateral _____ results in sudden-onset contralateral loss involving all sensory modalities (pure sensory stroke)
Answer: thalamus
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Flashcard 301: After a high cervical spine injury, patients are at risk for immediate _____
Answer: diaphragmatic paralysis
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Flashcard 302: Cauda equina syndrome occurs due to compression of _____ from L2 and below
Answer: spinal nerve roots
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Flashcard 303: If sensation is decreased below the umbilicus along with weakness of lower extremities, where is the likely location of the lesion? _____
Answer: Thoracic spinal cord
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Flashcard 304: Chiari II malformation is characterized by downward displacement of the _____ and _____ through the foramen magnum
Answer: cerebellar vermis
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Flashcard 305: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by damage to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus and mammillary bodies
Answer: dorsomedial
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Flashcard 306: The oculomotor nerve passes between the SCA and PCA and can be compressed by an aneurysm of the _____
Answer: posterior communicating artery
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Flashcard 307: Paralysis of the lower right facial muscles is caused by a(n) _____
Answer: left central facial n. lesion (corticobulbar tract)
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Flashcard 308: Dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal _____
Answer: nerve
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Flashcard 309: Pelvic fracture/trauma → loss of hip flexion, leg extension and loss of sensation of anterior thigh and medial leg and loss of patellar reflex = _____ nerve damage
Answer: femoral
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Flashcard 310: If the lesion in Brown-Sequard syndrome occurs above T1, patients may present with _____-lateral Horner syndrome (due hypothalamospinal pathway damage)
Answer: ipsi
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Flashcard 311: CN _____ provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland for salivation
Answer: IX (glossopharyngeal)
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Flashcard 312: Putamen and globus pallidus = _____
Answer: lentiform nucleus
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Flashcard 313: Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the _____ artery
Answer: posterior inferior cerebellar
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Flashcard 314: Achilles reflex = _____
Answer: S1
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Flashcard 315: Dandy-Walker malformation presents as a massively dilated _____ and an absent _____
Answer: 4th ventricle
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Flashcard 316: Lesions to CN III (oculomotor) result in ptosis and a "_____ and _____" gaze
Answer: down
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Flashcard 317: The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons that course within the contralateral MLF to reach the _____ nucleus
Answer: oculomotor
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Flashcard 318: Parasympathetic output = _____ CN III Oculomotor output = _____ CN III
Answer: peripheral
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Flashcard 319: _____ herniation involves displacement of the temporal lobe uncus under the tentorium cerebelli
Answer: Uncal (transtentorial)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 320: What syndrome is associated with lesion of the following areas? _____1. Corticospinal tract2. Corticobulbar tract 3. Fibers of CN III
Answer: Medial midbrain (Weber) syndrome
Flashcard 321: The port wine stain in Sturge-Weber syndrome classically arises in a CN _____ distribution
Answer: V1/V2
Flashcard 322: Which cranial nerves (2) are NOT located in the brain stem? _____
Answer: I and II
Flashcard 323: Lesions to CN V result in loss of facial sensations on the _____-lateral side
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 324: What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic nerve just outside the optic chiasm (e.g. medially expanding ICA aneurysm)?_____
Answer: Ipsilateral nasal hemianopia
Flashcard 325: The spinothalamic tract is accompanied by the _____ tract throughout the brain stem
Answer: hypothalamospinal
Flashcard 326: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the _____ lobe (e.g. MCA infarct)
Answer: temporal
Flashcard 327: Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate the pupillary dilator muscle via _____ nerves
Answer: long ciliary
Flashcard 328: Which type of sensory receptor is found on hairless (glabrous) skin? _____
Answer: Meissner corpuscles
Flashcard 329: The cell bodies of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract are found in _____ nucleus, which is situated in the spinal cord from T1 to L2
Answer: Clarkes
Flashcard 330: The neuronal cell bodies of the dorsal roots of spinal nerves are found in _____
Answer: dorsal root ganglia
Flashcard 331: The straight sinus drains into the _____
Answer: confluence of sinuses
Flashcard 332: One component of the blood-brain barrier is _____ from astrocytes
Answer: foot processes
Flashcard 333: The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by a thin stalk called the _____
Answer: infundibulum
Flashcard 334: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Prefrontal cortex
Flashcard 335: GnRH is primarily secreted by the Hypothalamic _____ nuclei
Answer: Preoptic
Flashcard 336: Pelvic splanchnic nerves and CNs III, VII, IX and X are part of the _____ nervous system
Answer: parasympathetic
Flashcard 337: Which part of the basal ganglia sends dopaminergic neurons to the striatum to alter activity of both basal ganglia pathways? _____
Answer: Substantia nigra
Flashcard 338: In cases of severe neuronal damage (ex. herniation / diffuse axonal injury) below the red nucleus, patients can present with _____ motor posturing
Answer: decerebrate
Flashcard 339: What visual deficit results from lesion of Baum's Loop (dorsal optic radiation) (e.g. parietal lesion, MCA occlusion)? _____
Answer: Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia ("Pie on the floor")
Flashcard 340: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus) to the pituitary? _____
Answer: Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Flashcard 341: ID Nucleus: _____
Answer: Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Flashcard 342: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) typically begins at _____ levels of the spinal cord
Answer: cervical
Flashcard 343: What structure in the medulla separates CN IX and X from CN XII? _____
Answer: Olive
Flashcard 344: Where are the central chemoreceptors located?_____
Answer: Medulla
Flashcard 345: CNS infarcts associated with damage to the vestibular portion of CN VIII is more commonly associated with _____ lesions
Answer: lateral medullary
Flashcard 346: Any unilateral lesion of the spinothalamic tract in the spinal cord or brain stem will present on the _____-lateral side 1-2 segments below the lesion
Answer: contra
Flashcard 347: ID Vessel: _____
Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Flashcard 348: ID letter "c": _____
Answer: Genu of internal capsule
Flashcard 349: ID Red-Curvy Structure: _____
Answer: Arcuate fasciculus
Flashcard 350: One component of the blood-brain barrier is _____ between non-fenestrated capillary epithelial cells
Answer: tight junctions
Flashcard 351: What is the destination of the ventral anterior (VA) / ventral lateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus? _____
Answer: Premotor and primary motor cortex
Flashcard 352: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Caudal pons - Presence of 4th ventricle - Ventral enlargement - Presence of CN VI and VII
Flashcard 353: Alpha-MSH and beta-MSH are produced in the _____ lobe of the pituitary gland, which is rudimentary in adult humans
Answer: intermediate
Flashcard 354: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Flashcard 355: The _____ is the caudal end of the spinal cord; ends at L2 vertebra in adults
Answer: conus medullaris
Flashcard 356: The nucleus _____ receives visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)
Answer: solitarius
Flashcard 357: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve II?_____
Answer: Oligodendrocytes
Flashcard 358: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Primary visual cortex
Flashcard 359: What visual deficit results from a lesion of Meyer's loop (e.g. temporal lesion, MCA occlusion)? _____
Answer: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia ("pie in the sky")
Flashcard 360: What is the target of Purkinje cells (cerebellar cortex)?_____
Answer: Deep cerebellar nuclei
Flashcard 361: ID Vessel: _____
Answer: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Flashcard 362: Pilocytic astrocytomas are most often found in the posterior fossa, such as the _____; may be supratentorial
Answer: cerebellum
Flashcard 363: Retinal _____ may be secondary to retinal breaks, diabetic traction, and inflammatory effusions
Answer: detachment
Flashcard 364: Which layer of the six-layered neocortex contains cell bodies of neurons that form the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts? _____
Answer: Internal pyramidal layer (layer V)
Flashcard 365: Rabies virus travels retrograde to the _____ ganglia before spreading to the CNS
Answer: dorsal root
Flashcard 366: Primary vestibular fibers synapse with secondary fibers in the _____ nuclei
Answer: vestibular
Flashcard 367: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 368: Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the _____, which is a large fiber bundle that connects Broca's area with Wernicke's area
Answer: arcuate fasciculus
Flashcard 369: Which cranial nerve provides taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? _____ *bonus-which branch
Answer: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Flashcard 370: The _____ nervous system consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, which give rise to axons and neurons
Answer: peripheral
Flashcard 371: Which layer of the six-layered neocortex is the site of termination of the thalamocortical projections? _____
Answer: Internal granular layer (layer IV)
Flashcard 372: One component of the basal ganglia is the _____, which is located in the diencephalon
Answer: subthalamic nucleus
Flashcard 373: Medulloblastomas grow rapidly and spread via _____
Answer: CSF
Flashcard 374: The cilia on the hair cells of the semicircular canal are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the _____
Answer: cupula
Flashcard 375: Degeneration of the neurons of the _____ leads to dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's)
Answer: cerebral cortex
Flashcard 376: The central axons from the spiral ganglion form the _____ part of CN VIII
Answer: cochlear
Flashcard 377: ID Sulcus: _____
Answer: Calcarine sulcus
Flashcard 378: The _____ ganglion contains cell bodies whose peripheral axons innervate hair cells of the organ of Corti
Answer: spiral
Flashcard 379: The axons of the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus are termed _____ fibers before decussating
Answer: internal arcuate
Flashcard 380: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the lacrimation reflex? _____
Answer: CN V1
Flashcard 381: Rules of 4: Lesions in the brain stem that affect the motor nuclei or nerves typically result in _____-lateral loss of the affected nerve
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 382: The language centers are found in the "dominant" hemisphere, which is most commonly the _____ hemisphere (80%)
Answer: left
Flashcard 383: Does the adrenal medulla have postganglionic sympathetic fibers?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 384: Where is the nucleus of CN XI (accessory nucleus) located? _____
Answer: Spinal cord
Flashcard 385: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Flashcard 386: Holoprosencephaly is characterized by a monoventricle and fusion of _____ on MRI
Answer: basal ganglia
Flashcard 387: Cauda equina syndrome may be associated with '_____ anesthesia'
Answer: saddle (S3-S5)
Flashcard 388: The inferior colliculus sends auditory information to the _____ of the thalamus
Answer: medial geniculate body
Flashcard 389: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Cervical
Flashcard 390: Most fibers in the optic tract project to the _____ of the thalamus
Answer: lateral geniculate body
Flashcard 391: How many neurons are required for the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway? _____
Answer: Three
Flashcard 392: What syndrome is associated with lesion of the following areas? _____1. Spinothalamic tract2. Spinal trigeminal nucleus 3. Hypothalamospinal tract4. Nucleus ambiguus (CN IX, X)5. Vestibular nucleus (CN VIII)6. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Answer: Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
Flashcard 393: The post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS have cell bodies in the _____ nervous system
Answer: peripheral
Flashcard 394: The _____ comprises the nerve roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves below the conus medullaris
Answer: cauda equina
Flashcard 395: Damage to the watershed zone between the middle and posterior cerebral arteries results in defects in higher-order _____ processing
Answer: visual
Flashcard 396: ID letter "g": _____
Answer: Putamen
Flashcard 397: Colloid cysts are a pathologically benign tumor usually found in the _____
Answer: 3rd ventricle
Flashcard 398: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Somatosensory association cortex
Flashcard 399: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Open medulla - Presence of 4th ventricle - Inferior olivary nucleus - Presence of CN IX, X and XII
Flashcard 400: The _____ is slender pial extension that tethers the spinal cord to the bottom of the vertebral column
Answer: filum terminale
Flashcard 401: The nucleus _____ supplies motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation)
Answer: ambiguus
Flashcard 402: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Rostral midbrain - Presence of colliculi - Presence of cerebral aqueduct - Presence of cerebral peduncles - Presence of CN III
Flashcard 403: Which thalamic nucleus receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus and superior olive? _____
Answer: Medial geniculate body (MGB)
Flashcard 404: What syndrome is associated with lesion of the following areas? _____1. Corticospinal tract2. Medial lemniscus3. Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Answer: Medial pontine (middle alternating hemiplegia) syndrome
Flashcard 405: The _____ of the cerebellum controls the truncal and proximal musculature of limbs
Answer: vermis
Flashcard 406: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the lacrimation reflex? _____
Answer: CN VII
Flashcard 407: What dermatome is found at the posterior half of the skull? _____
Answer: C2
Flashcard 408: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Flashcard 409: What dermatome is found at the high turtleneck shirt level? _____
Answer: C3
Flashcard 410: The _____ nucleus sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI tract
Answer: dorsal motor
Flashcard 411: The trophozoite form of Naegleria fowleri infects the CNS by passing through the _____
Answer: cribriform plate
Flashcard 412: _____ help maintain the blood-brain-barrier via foot processes
Answer: Astrocytes
Flashcard 413: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the corneal reflex? _____
Answer: CN V1 (nasociliary br. of ophthalmic)
Flashcard 414: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Cingulate gyrus
Flashcard 415: What protein is used as an astrocyte marker? _____
Answer: GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)
Flashcard 416: The motor/sensory areas corresponding to the face are located in the _____ aspects of the pre-/post-central gyri (medial or lateral)
Answer: lateral
Flashcard 417: The dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts enter the cerebellum via the _____
Answer: inferior cerebellar peduncle
Flashcard 418: Lesions to the frontal eye fields result in eyes that look _____ the side of the lesion
Answer: towards
Flashcard 419: The rootlets of CN _____ exit between the olive and medullary pyramid
Answer: XII
Flashcard 420: If both dorsal columns are present, the spinal cord is _____ T5
Answer: above
Flashcard 421: The 2nd-order neurons of trigeminal nerve nuclei synapse in the _____ nucleus of the thalamus
Answer: ventral posteromedial (VPM)
Flashcard 422: ID Nucleus: _____
Answer: Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Flashcard 423: The 1st-order neurons of the spinothalamic tract are sensory nerve endings with cell bodies located in a _____
Answer: DRG
Flashcard 424: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41 & 42)
Flashcard 425: Ependymal cells have _____, which helps circulate CSF
Answer: cilia
Flashcard 426: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN V (Trigeminal)
Flashcard 427: Which nucleus of the Hypothalamus is responsible for both thermoregulation and sexual behavior?_____
Answer: Preoptic Nucleus
Flashcard 428: The only axons that leave the cerebellar cortex are those of _____ cells
Answer: Purkinje
Flashcard 429: What is the destination of the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the thalamus? _____
Answer: Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
Flashcard 430: Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the thalamus and cerebral cortex present on the _____-lateral side below the lesion
Answer: contra
Flashcard 431: Parinaud syndrome often results from a tumor of the _____ gland
Answer: pineal
Flashcard 432: Secondary vestibular fibers, arising from the vestibular nuclei, join the _____ and supply the motor nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
Answer: medial longitudinal fasciculus
Flashcard 433: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Flashcard 434: Which thalamic nucleus receives visual input from CN II? _____
Answer: Lateral geniculate body (LGB)
Flashcard 435: LMN lesions cause _____-lateral flaccid paralysis at the level of the lesion
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 436: _____ cells line the ventricles in the adult brain
Answer: Ependymal
Flashcard 437: ID Sulcus: _____
Answer: Central sulcus
Flashcard 438: Light reflex: Light in either retina sends a signal via CN II to the _____ nuclei
Answer: pretectal
Flashcard 439: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Lissauer's tract
Flashcard 440: _____ aphasia is caused by damage to Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the arcuate fasciculus
Answer: Global
Flashcard 441: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Broca's area (Brodmann area 44 & 45)
Flashcard 442: The closer a destructive axon lesion is to the neuronal _____, the more likely the neuron is to die
Answer: cell body
Flashcard 443: Do dorsal rami of spinal nerves contain sensory or motor neurons? _____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 444: The corticobulbar innervation of cranial nerve lower motoneurons is predominantly _____-lateral
Answer: bi
Flashcard 445: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 446: Strokes involving the lenticulostriate artery typically involve the _____ and internal capsule
Answer: striatum
Flashcard 447: The _____ of the reticular formation is a collection of nuclei surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
Answer: periaqueductal (central) gray
Flashcard 448: At the end of each semicircular canal (ampulla) are _____ cells, which act as receptors
Answer: hair
Flashcard 449: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to the limbic system? _____
Answer: Mesolimbic pathway
Flashcard 450: Lesion to which artery affects the nucleus ambiguus? _____
Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Flashcard 451: The auditory information from the medial geniculate body projects to the _____ of the superior temporal gyrus
Answer: primary auditory cortex
Flashcard 452: Which cranial nerve provides somatosensation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue? _____*where else does this nerve innervate?
Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Flashcard 453: What does Brodmann area 3, 1, 2 refer to? _____
Answer: Primary somatosensory cortex
Flashcard 454: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Flashcard 455: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8)
Flashcard 456: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Lateral corticospinal tract
Flashcard 457: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus
Answer: paraventricular
Flashcard 458: The _____ of the cerebellum is involved in motor planning
Answer: lateral hemisphere
Flashcard 459: The 3rd-order neuron of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract travels to the _____
Answer: primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
Flashcard 460: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Sacral
Flashcard 461: The middle layer of the cerebellar cortex is the _____ layer
Answer: Purkinje
Flashcard 462: _____ fibers that enter the cerebellum are from numerous sources (e.g. pontine nuclei, spinal cord, vestibular nuclei)
Answer: Mossy
Flashcard 463: What is the destination of the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus? _____
Answer: Primary somatosensory cortex
Flashcard 464: Which spinal cord level contains mostly gray matter (relative to white matter)? _____
Answer: Sacral
Flashcard 465: The medial lemniscus is initially positioned _____ (medially or laterally) in the caudal medulla
Answer: medially
Flashcard 466: What is the adult derivative of the cavity of the diencephalon? _____
Answer: Third ventricle
Flashcard 467: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Flashcard 468: Meningiomas most often occur near surfaces of the brain, especially _____ regions
Answer: parasagittal
Flashcard 469: What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic chiasm (e.g. pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma)? _____
Answer: Bitemporal hemianopia
Flashcard 470: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 471: Upper motoneurons initially descend _____-lateral to the LMNs they innervate
Answer: contra
Flashcard 472: The cell bodies of upper motoneurons are primarily found in the _____
Answer: primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
Flashcard 473: The major outflow from the cerebellum travels in the _____ peduncle
Answer: superior cerebellar
Flashcard 474: _____ herniation is a potentially lethal complication of epidural hematoma
Answer: Transtentorial
Flashcard 475: The motor/sensory areas corresponding to the upper limbs are located in the _____ aspects (medial or lateral) of the pre-/post-central gyri
Answer: lateral
Flashcard 476: Axons that are myelinated by _____ have the potential to regenerate following injury
Answer: Schwann cells
Flashcard 477: The proximal part of an axon is usually marked by an _____, which is a tapered extension of the cell body that lacks Nissl substance
Answer: axon hillock
Flashcard 478: Which type of glial cell is a derivative of mononuclear phagocytes?_____
Answer: Microglia
Flashcard 479: The middle of the 3 primary vesicles (developing brain) is the _____
Answer: midbrain
Flashcard 480: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerve I?_____
Answer: None
Flashcard 481: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Rostral pons - Presence of 4th ventricle - Ventral enlargement - Presence of CN V
Flashcard 482: Lesions of the cochlear part of CN VIII or cochlear nuclei result in profound _____-lateral (uni- or bilateral) sensorineural hearing loss
Answer: uni
Flashcard 483: _____ are microglia that contribute to the blood-brain barrier
Answer: Pericytes
Flashcard 484: There is/are _____ coccygeal pair of spinal nerves
Answer: one
Flashcard 485: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Flashcard 486: Hypertensive hemorrhages most often occur in the _____ of the basal ganglia, followed by thalamus, pons, and cerebellum
Answer: putamen
Flashcard 487: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Wernicke's area (Brodmann area 22)
Flashcard 488: Lesions to CN III (oculomotor) result in a "_____" pupil (size)
Answer: blown/dilated
Flashcard 489: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 490: The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons to synapse with cell bodies of the ipsilateral _____ nucleus
Answer: abducens
Flashcard 491: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Lingual gyrus
Flashcard 492: All the axons in the cochlear part of CN VIII enter the _____ junction and synapse in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei
Answer: pontomedullary
Flashcard 493: What cells synthesize the myelin for cranial nerves III through XII?_____
Answer: Schwann cells
Flashcard 494: ID Brainstem Level: _____
Answer: Caudal midbrain - Presence of colliculi - Presence of cerebral aqueduct - Presence of CN IV
Flashcard 495: ID letter "a": _____
Answer: Thalamus
Flashcard 496: Sensory fibers containing pain and temperature information ascend or descend 1 - 2 spinal segments in _____ tract before synapsing in the dorsal horn with a 2nd-order neuron
Answer: Lissauer's
Flashcard 497: Where does VZV remain latent?_____
Answer: DRG
Flashcard 498: Which thalamic nuclei (2) receive motor input from the basal ganglia and cerebellum? _____
Answer: Ventral anterior (VA) / Ventral lateral (VL)
Flashcard 499: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Precentral gyrus
Flashcard 500: The _____ nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscles layers of the gut wall
Answer: myenteric (Auerbach)
Flashcard 501: Which cranial nerve has some LMNs that receive only contralateral corticobulbar innervation? _____
Answer: Facial nerve (CN VII)
Flashcard 502: Axons from the ciliospinal center of Budge exit at T1 and synapse on the _____ ganglion
Answer: superior cervical
Flashcard 503: Lesions of the _____ cerebellum (medial or lateral) may result in nystagmus and head tilting
Answer: medial
Flashcard 504: What dermatome is found at the inguinal ligament? _____
Answer: L1
Flashcard 505: Which nerves (2) carry parasympathetics to the GI tract? _____
Answer: Vagus, Pelvic splanchnic
Flashcard 506: The superior sagittal sinus drains into the _____ sinuses
Answer: confluence of
Flashcard 507: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinocerebellar tract
Flashcard 508: Which cranial nerves (4) are located in the pons? _____
Answer: V, VI, VII, and VIII
Flashcard 509: The medial lemniscus is positioned more _____ (medially or laterally) as it ascends through the midbrain
Answer: laterally
Flashcard 510: Which matter in the spinal cord contains functionally similar axons called tracts or fasciculi? _____
Answer: White matter
Flashcard 511: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Red nucleus
Flashcard 512: Which type of sensory receptor is found on finger tips and joints? _____
Answer: Ruffini corpuscles
Flashcard 513: The _____-cerebellar tract carries unconscious proprioceptive input from the upper extremities/trunk
Answer: cuneo
Flashcard 514: What does Brodmann area 4 refer to? _____
Answer: Primary motor cortex
Flashcard 515: How many neurons are required for the spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system) pathway? _____
Answer: Three
Flashcard 516: How many neurons are required for the spinocerebellar tract pathway? _____
Answer: Two
Flashcard 517: Chiari _____ malformation is congenital and is mostly asymptomatic in childhood
Answer: I
Flashcard 518: _____ circuit describes the neural circuit for emotional expression and includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
Answer: Papez
Flashcard 519: What syndrome is associated with lesion of the following areas? _____1. Spinothalamic tract2. Spinal trigeminal nucleus 3. Hypothalamospinal tract4. Facial nucleus (CN VII) 5. Cochlear nuclues (CN VIII)6. Vestibular nucleus (CN VIII)7. Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles 8. Labyrinthine artery
Answer: Lateral pontine syndrome (Marie-Foix)
Flashcard 520: Which cranial nerves (4) are located above the pons? _____
Answer: I, II, III, and IV
Flashcard 521: How many neurons are required for the lateral corticospinal tract pathway (voluntary muscle movement)? _____
Answer: Two (UMN & LMN)
Flashcard 522: Which cranial nerves (4) carry parasympathetics? _____
Answer: III, VII, IX, X
Flashcard 523: What type of cranial nerve (motor, sensory, or both) is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?_____
Answer: Both (motor and sensory)
Flashcard 524: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinocerebellar tract
Flashcard 525: What neural tract is responsible for the sympathetic input of the face? _____
Answer: Hypothalamospinal tract
Flashcard 526: The _____ of the cerebellum is involved in control of balance and eye movements
Answer: flocculonodular lobe
Flashcard 527: Which CN III fibers (motor or parasympathetic) are affected first by compression? _____
Answer: Parasympathetics
Flashcard 528: What syndrome is associated with lesion of the following areas? _____1. Corticospinal tract2. Medial lemniscus3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Answer: Medial medullary syndrome (Inferior alternating hemiplegia)
Flashcard 529: Which type of sensory receptor is found on deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints? _____
Answer: Pacinian corpuscles
Flashcard 530: Which sacral nerves carry parasympathetics? _____
Answer: S2 - S4
Flashcard 531: The 1st-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract are sensory nerve endings with cell bodies located in a _____
Answer: DRG
Flashcard 532: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN X (Vagus)
Flashcard 533: The 2nd-order neuron of the hypothalamospinal tract arises from the lateral horn of T1 and synapses on the _____
Answer: superior cervical ganglion
Flashcard 534: What part of the brain is most often affected by hemangioblastoma? _____
Answer: Cerebellum
Flashcard 535: Horner syndrome is associated with lesions of the spinal cord above _____
Answer: T1
Flashcard 536: Which cranial nerve decussates prior to exiting the brainstem? _____
Answer: CN IV (Trochlear)
Flashcard 537: Which cranial nerve (and branch) is responsible for the efferent limb of the corneal reflex? _____
Answer: Bilateral CN VII (temporal br. via orbicularis oculi)
Flashcard 538: Which reflex is mediated by CN V3 (afferent and efferent)? _____
Answer: Jaw jerk reflex
Flashcard 539: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Cuneus gyrus
Flashcard 540: The intermediate filament Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is found in _____ cells (ex. astrocytes, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes)
Answer: neuroglial
Flashcard 541: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by cells of the _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus
Answer: paraventricular
Flashcard 542: Uncal herniation involves displacement of the medial temporal lobe (uncus) under the _____
Answer: tentorium cerebelli
Flashcard 543: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Lumbar
Flashcard 544: ID letter "b": _____
Answer: Head of caudate
Flashcard 545: Do meningiomas typically invade the cortex? _____
Answer: No (external to brain parenchyma)
Flashcard 546: Which cranial nerve arises from the dorsal aspect of the pons? _____
Answer: Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Flashcard 547: ID the structure: _____
Answer: Pineal gland
Flashcard 548: Which dural venous sinus is the main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations? _____
Answer: Superior sagittal sinus
Flashcard 549: What is the destination of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) of the thalamus? _____
Answer: Primary visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)
Flashcard 550: The neuronal cell bodies of the ventral roots of spinal nerves are found in the _____ of the spinal cord
Answer: ventral horn
Flashcard 551: The 3rd-order neuron of the hypothalamospinal tract carries _____ to the eyelids, pupil, and skin of the face
Answer: sympathetics
Flashcard 552: The _____-cerebellar tract carries unconscious proprioceptive input from the lower extremities/trunk
Answer: dorsal spino
Flashcard 553: Which cranial nerve provides taste to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue? _____
Answer: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Flashcard 554: Which cranial nerve nuclei (4) are located medially? _____
Answer: III, IV, VI, and XII
Flashcard 555: Which cranial nerve provides somatosensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue? _____
Answer: Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3) (specific)
Flashcard 556: The _____ horn of gray matter contains sensory neurons
Answer: dorsal
Flashcard 557: Neurons of the ventral lateral nucleus (thalamus) synapse with UMNs in the _____
Answer: motor cortex (precentral gyus)
Flashcard 558: The confluence of sinuses drain into _____ sinuses
Answer: transverse
Flashcard 559: The 3rd-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract travels to the _____
Answer: primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
Flashcard 560: _____ tracts serve as a source of UMN innervation of LMNs in cranial nerve nuclei
Answer: Corticobulbar
Flashcard 561: Upper motoneurons synapse with the cell bodies of lower motoneurons in the _____ horn of the spinal cord
Answer: ventral (anterior)
Flashcard 562: _____ hydrocephalus is caused by structural blockage of CSF within ventricular circulation
Answer: Non-communicating (obstructive)
Flashcard 563: The cell bodies of the cuneocerebellar tract are found in the medulla in the _____ nucleus
Answer: external cuneate
Flashcard 564: The connections between the hypothalamus and the _____ pituitary are neural only
Answer: posterior
Flashcard 565: What is the destination of the ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus?_____
Answer: Primary somatosensory cortex
Flashcard 566: _____ herniation may cause compression of CN III, leading to an ipsilateral dilated pupil with a "down and out" gaze
Answer: Uncal
Flashcard 567: Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the _____ lobe (e.g. MCA infarct)
Answer: parietal
Flashcard 568: One component of the blood-brain barrier is a _____ membrane
Answer: basement
Flashcard 569: Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the trigeminal nerve and gustatory pathway? _____
Answer: Ventral posteromedial (VPM)
Flashcard 570: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6)
Flashcard 571: The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are linked directly by the _____ system
Answer: hypothalamic-hypophysial portal
Flashcard 572: _____ is due to failure of the left and right hemispheres to separate
Answer: Holoprosencephaly
Flashcard 573: What visual deficit results from a lesion of primary visual cortex (e.g. PCA occlusion)?_____
Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Flashcard 574: The _____ lobe of the cerebellum spans through the vermis and lateral hemispheres
Answer: flocculonodular
Flashcard 575: The climbing fibers that enter the cerebellum target excitatory terminals on _____ cells
Answer: Purkinje
Flashcard 576: The _____ sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes
Answer: parieto-occipital
Flashcard 577: How does the blood supply of the anterior pituitary differ from that of most other organs?_____
Answer: Most of its blood supply is venous blood from the hypothalamus
Flashcard 578: What artery supplies the lateral medulla? _____
Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Flashcard 579: Which cranial nerve provides taste to the supraglottic region? _____
Answer: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Flashcard 580: The _____ horn of gray matter contains motor neurons
Answer: ventral
Flashcard 581: The medial longitudinal fasciculus is _____ myelinated (heavily or lightly)
Answer: heavily
Flashcard 582: ID the structure: _____
Answer: Mammillary body
Flashcard 583: Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns? _____
Answer: Ventral posterolateral (VPL)
Flashcard 584: Which cranial nerve can be affected by VZV?_____
Answer: Trigeminal (CN V), specifically ophthalmic (V1) branch
Flashcard 585: The motor/sensory areas corresponding to the lower limbs are located in the _____ aspects (medial or lateral) of the pre-/post-central gyri
Answer: medial
Flashcard 586: What infarcted artery is associated with this spinal cord lesion? _____
Answer: Complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery
Flashcard 587: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the substantia nigra pars compacta to the neostriatum? _____
Answer: Nigrostriatal pathway
Flashcard 588: What type of cell (permanent, labile, stable) are neurons? _____
Answer: Permanent (do not divide in adulthood)
Flashcard 589: Light reflex: The Edinger-Westphal nuclei send pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the _____ ganglia via CN III
Answer: ciliary
Flashcard 590: ID Cortical Area: _____
Answer: Primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4)
Flashcard 591: Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia may lead to damage to the _____ motoneurons of the anterior horn
Answer: lower
Flashcard 592: Do intramedullary lesions affect fibers of the spinal accessory nerve? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 593: Structures of the _____ system include the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus
Answer: limbic
Flashcard 594: If only one dorsal column is present, the spinal cord is _____ T5
Answer: below
Flashcard 595: ID Gyrus: _____
Answer: Postcentral gyrus
Flashcard 596: Lesion to which artery affects the facial nucleus? _____
Answer: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Flashcard 597: Which dopaminergic pathway connects the ventral tegmentum (midbrain) to the prefrontal cortex? _____
Answer: Mesocortical pathway
Flashcard 598: Craniopharyngioma is the most common childhood _____-tentorial tumor
Answer: supra
Keywords: Neuroanatomy flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Cerebral cortex and lobes
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Basal ganglia
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Limbic system
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Cerebellum
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Spinal cord organization
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CSF production and circulation
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Meninges and blood-brain barrier
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Sensory pathways
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Motor pathways
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Functional neuroanatomy of vision
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Functional neuroanatomy of hearing and balance
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