Gynaecology — Flashcards

Flashcard 41: Do combined oral contraceptives decrease/increase the risk of endometrial cancer? _____

Answer: Decrease; COCP provides progestin, which opposes oestrogen-induced endometrial proliferation, preventing hyperplasia and reducing cancer risk

Flashcard 42: Endometrial cancer can present with _____ in pre/peri-menopausal individuals

Answer: abnormal uterine bleeding

Flashcard 43: Endometrial cancer type I = oestrogen-_____ ~85% Endometrial cancer type II = oestrogen-independent

Answer: dependent

Flashcard 44: _____ is the most common risk factor for endometrial cancer by increased peripheral aromatization of androgens to estrogens in adipose tissue

Answer: Obesity

Flashcard 45: What is the most common histological type of endometrial cancer?\n_____

Answer: Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (~80-90%) >>> serous > clear cell > mucinous

Flashcard 46: Transvaginal US showing endometrial thickness > _____ then perform a(n) endometrial biopsy

Answer: 4mm

Flashcard 47: What is the first-line management of endometrial cancer for patients who do NOT wish to preserve fertility? _____

Answer: TAH + BSO ± pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, adjuvant radiotherapy or/and chemotherapy

Flashcard 48: _____ menarche & late menopause ↑ risk of endometrial cancer

Answer: Early

Flashcard 49: _____ staging is used for endometrial cancer and is determined after surgical staging (TAH + BSO +/- lymphadenectomy)

Answer: FIGO

Extra: Endometrial cancer is **surgically staged** (FIGO). This typically involves TAH + BSO + pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomy + peritoneal washings. Contrast this with: - **Cervical Cancer:** Traditionally clinically staged (though 2018 FIGO allows staging based on imaging and pathology). - **Ovarian Cancer:** Surgically staged.

Flashcard 50: ~_____% of postmenopausal women experience vulvovaginal symptoms

Answer: 50