Renal & Urology — Flashcards

Flashcard 411: What are the primary modalities used for prostate cancer screening?\n_____ and DRE (Digital Rectal Examination)

Answer: PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)

Extra: Screening is generally discussed with men starting at age 50 (or 40-45 for high-risk groups like African Americans or those with a strong family history). Note: Guidelines emphasize shared decision-making due to risks of overdiagnosis.

Flashcard 412: What is the first-line investigation for suspected clinical localised prostate cancer? _____

Answer: Multiparametric MRI

Flashcard 413: What is the most important question on the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS)? _____

Answer: Quality of Life = "if you were to spend the rest of your life with your urinary condition the way it is now, how would you feel about that?"

Flashcard 414: _____ is a common condition and can be referred to as benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Answer: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Flashcard 415: Dihydrotestosterone stimulates the prostate to grow so _____ ↑ with age

Answer: BPH

Flashcard 416: Prostate cancer is often asymptomatic but can present with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: _____, poor flow, urge incontinence

Answer: urinary frequency/nocturia

Flashcard 417: _____ is the most common early symptom of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer: Urinary frequency/nocturia

Flashcard 418: Testicular cancer risk factors: Cryptorchidism Family history _____ Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer: Infertility

Flashcard 419: What are the initial investigations/examinations for BPH? _____

Answer: DRE & PSA

Flashcard 420: If MRI confirms prostate cancer then perform a _____

Answer: biopsy