Renal & Urology — Flashcards

Flashcard 281: What is the pharmacological management for ureteral stones ≤ 10 mm? _____

Answer: Tamsulosin (alpha blocker)

Flashcard 282: What is the appearance of calcium kidney stones on X-ray and CT? _____

Answer: Radiopaque

Flashcard 283: Urinary tract calculi often present with _____uria & dysuria

Answer: haemat

Flashcard 284: What is the investigation & management for symptomatic UTIs in pregnancy?

Answer: - **Investigation:** Urine culture - **Management:** 7 days of empiric antibiotics: - Nitrofurantoin 100mg modified release BD for 7 days (AVOID in third trimester/at term) - Amoxicillin 500mg TDS for 7 days - Cefalexin 500mg TDS for 7 days

Flashcard 285: Uric acid kidney stones precipitate with _____ urine pH

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 286: _____ diuretics can treat calcium oxalate / phosphate kidney stones

Answer: Thiazide

Flashcard 287: What is the investigation & management for lower UTIs in men? _____

Answer: - Urine culture - 7 days of antibiotics (nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim 1st-line)

Flashcard 288: What is the first-line investigation for urinary tract calculi in pregnant women, children, & young people? _____

Answer: Ultrasound KUB

Flashcard 289: For recurrent calcium oxalate stones consider _____ supplementation and thiazide diuretics

Answer: potassium citrate

Extra: - **Thiazides**: Decrease urinary calcium excretion (hypocalciuric effect) by increasing calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule. - **Potassium Citrate**: Citrate binds to urinary calcium, preventing it from binding to oxalate. It also alkalinizes the urine, which inhibits stone formation.

Flashcard 290: _____ UTIs are defined as ≥ 2 episodes in 6 months, or ≥ 3 in 12 months

Answer: Recurrent