Renal & Urology — Flashcards

Flashcard 261: Minimal change disease is characterised by _____ of podocyte foot processes

Answer: effacement (fusion)

Flashcard 262: For anaemia in CKD, rule out _____ before starting patients on erythropoietic stimulating agent

Answer: iron deficiency

Flashcard 263: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is most common in _____ & Hispanic ethnicities

Answer: African

Flashcard 264: Primary nephrotic syndromes in _____ are commonly caused by membranous nephropathy & focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Answer: adults

Flashcard 265: Intra-renal AKI is most commonly caused by ischaemic & nephrotoxic _____

Answer: acute tubular necrosis

Flashcard 266: _____ is the sudden decline in renal function resulting in ↑ creatinine and/or ↓ urine ouput, leading to disturbances in electrolyte, fluid, & acid-base balance

Answer: Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Flashcard 267: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with fatigue, oedema, signs of encephalopathy, and white crystals appearing on the skin surface? _____

Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (Uraemic Frost)

Extra: Uremic frost occurs in severe, untreated uremia when high concentrations of urea in sweat crystallize on the skin surface after evaporation. It is now rare due to the widespread availability of dialysis.

Flashcard 268: _____ and ACE inhibitors/ARB can precipitate pre-renal AKI via renal hypoperfusion

Answer: NSAIDs

Flashcard 269: What are the initial blood tests for chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: Creatinine (for eGFR calculation)

Extra: Other relevant bloods include: FBC (anemia), U&Es (electrolytes), and Bone Profile (calcium, phosphate, ALP for CKD-MBD).

Flashcard 270: _____ is a progressive, irreversible decline in kidney function lasting ≥ 3 months

Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)