Neurology — Flashcards

Flashcard 71: Patient presents with arm weakness, and diplopia near the end of day, diagnosis?

Answer: • Myasthenia gravis *muscles fatigability

Flashcard 72: What are examples of Upper Motor Neurone Signs?

Answer: • Spasticity: increased muscle tone • Hyperreflexia: exaggerated reflexes, Babinski

Flashcard 73: What are examples of Lower Motor Neurone Signs?

Answer: • Weakness (flaccid paralysis) • Atrophy/Wasting • Fasciculations • Hypotonia (decreased tone) • Hyporeflexia (decreased reflexes) • Plantar response: Flexor (Normal) or absent

Extra: Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions occur when there is damage to the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the peripheral nerves. Key Distinctions: • Tone: LMN (Hypotonia) vs UMN (Hypertonia/Spasticity) • Reflexes: LMN (Hyporeflexia) vs UMN (Hyperreflexia/Clonus) • Muscle Mass: LMN (Significant atrophy) vs UMN (Disuse atrophy only) • Abnormal Movements: LMN (Fasciculations) vs UMN (None) • Plantar: LMN (Flexor) vs UMN (Extensor/Babinski)

Flashcard 74: What types of nerves does Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease affect?

Answer: Motor and sensory peripheral nerves

Flashcard 75: Which condition is associated with a diminished response to repetitive stimulation on EMG?

Answer: • Myasthenia Gravis

Flashcard 76: What is first-line treatment in trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer: • Carbamazepine 100mg BD

Flashcard 77: What is Meralgia Paresthetica?

Answer: Compression/entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, leading to pain, numbness, or tingling in the lateral thigh.

Flashcard 78: Besides Horner’s syndrome, what other signs can Pancoast tumours present with?

Answer: Shoulder pain and upper limb neurological signs

Flashcard 79: Why is a decarboxylase inhibitor given with levodopa?

Answer: • To reduce peripheral side-effects *by preventing peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine

Flashcard 80: Where would Weber's Test lateralise in Conductive hearing loss?

Answer: • Lateralises to the affected ear