Endocrinology & Diabetes — Flashcards

Flashcard 441: All diabetic patients should be screened _____ a year for diabetic nephropathy by measuring their albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR). The sample should ideally be taken early in the morning

Answer: once

Flashcard 442: _____ is the largest cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide.

Answer: Diabetes Mellitus

Extra: Diabetes (primarily Type 2 due to its prevalence) accounts for approximately 30-50% of all CKD cases. Hypertension is the second most common cause.

Flashcard 443: GI autonomic diabetic neuropathy can cause _____ particularly at night

Answer: diarrhoea

Flashcard 444: Hypocalcaemia typically presents with symptoms of numbness and tingling around the _____ and the extremities

Answer: mouth

Flashcard 445: Target serum calcium levels in patients with hypoparathyroidism are _____-normal in order to avoid renal complications (e.g. hypercalciuria)

Answer: low

Flashcard 446: _____ is a complication of chronic diabetes characterised by bone destruction as a result of peripheral neuropathy and changes in circulation

Answer: Charcot foot

Flashcard 447: Consider the use of _____ for the prevention of CVD in patients with type 1 diabetes who are > 40 years old or have additional risk factors (e.g. albuminuria).

Answer: statins

Extra: Statins should be considered in Type 1 Diabetes if: 1. Age > 40 years. 2. Age < 40 years with additional risk factors: - Duration of diabetes > 20 years. - Microalbuminuria or CKD. - Other CVD risk factors (hypertension, smoking, obesity).

Flashcard 448: The most common complication of diabetic neuropathy is _____

Answer: neuropathic ulcers

Flashcard 449: The 2nd most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is _____ conditions such as APS-1/APS-2

Answer: autoimmune

Flashcard 450: The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is _____

Answer: anterior neck surgery