Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 371: What is the major complication of atrial fibrillation? _____

Answer: Stroke & thromboembolism

Flashcard 372: Cardiovascular risks increase ↑ the risks of dementia, particularly _____ dementia

Answer: vascular

Flashcard 373: The S1 in mitral stenosis is described as _____ (often called a 'tapping' impulse)

Answer: loud

Flashcard 374: What is the diagnostic investigation for mitral stenosis? _____

Answer: Echocardiography

Flashcard 375: Atrial fibrillation typically beats at _____

Answer: 100-175 BPM

Flashcard 376: The most common sustained arrhythmia is _____

Answer: atrial fibrillation

Flashcard 377: Aortic stenosis is heard best on _____ and leaning forward

Answer: expiration

Extra: Left-sided murmurs (Aortic and Mitral) increase in intensity during expiration because expiration increases venous return to the left side of the heart from the pulmonary vasculature. Leaning forward brings the aortic valve closer to the chest wall, accentuating aortic murmurs.

Flashcard 378: Development of pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right heart failure is more common in _____

Answer: mitral stenosis

Extra: Mitral stenosis leads to a constant pressure gradient across the valve, causing significant left atrial pressure elevation, pulmonary venous congestion (hemoptysis), pulmonary hypertension, and eventually right-sided heart failure.

Flashcard 379: _____ atrial fibrillation is characterised by recurrent episodes which does NOT self-terminate & commonly lasts > 7 days

Answer: Persistent

Flashcard 380: _____ is an arrhythmia characterised by irregular, rapid atrial contractions from uncoordinated atrial activity

Answer: Atrial fibrillation (AF)