Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 371: What investigations should be ordered for suspected mitral stenosis? _____

Answer: ECG, CXR, Echo

Flashcard 372: The most common sustained arrhythmia is _____

Answer: atrial fibrillation

Flashcard 373: The main cause of mitral stenosis is _____

Answer: rheumatic fever

Flashcard 374: Atrial fibrillation typically beats at _____

Answer: 100-175 BPM

Flashcard 375: A 30 year old immigrant presents with dyspnea, haemoptysis, and palpitations. A mid-diastolic murmur is heard loudest at the apex. What is the likely valve affected? _____

Answer: Mitral stenosis

Flashcard 376: The S1 in mitral stenosis is described as _____ (often called a 'tapping' impulse)

Answer: loud

Flashcard 377: Aortic stenosis is heard best on _____ and leaning forward

Answer: expiration

Extra: Left-sided murmurs (Aortic and Mitral) increase in intensity during expiration because expiration increases venous return to the left side of the heart from the pulmonary vasculature. Leaning forward brings the aortic valve closer to the chest wall, accentuating aortic murmurs.

Flashcard 378: Development of pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right heart failure is more common in _____

Answer: mitral stenosis

Extra: Mitral stenosis leads to a constant pressure gradient across the valve, causing significant left atrial pressure elevation, pulmonary venous congestion (hemoptysis), pulmonary hypertension, and eventually right-sided heart failure.

Flashcard 379: Atrial fibrillation may present with _____, dyspnoea, & chest pain

Answer: palpitations

Flashcard 380: In _____ atrial fibrillation there is continuous atrial fibrillation which cannot be cardioverted

Answer: permanent