Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 251: Advise patients with vasovagal syncope to avoid _____, consume more water (2-3L), & consume more salt (6-9g)

Answer: triggers

Flashcard 252: Normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is _____-70%

Answer: 50

Flashcard 253: What is the likely diagnosis in a young woman with recurrent headaches, significant hypertension, and a subauricular / carotid systolic bruit? _____

Answer: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

Flashcard 254: Patients needing a 4th antihypertensive:\nBlood K+ ≤ 4.5 mmol/l → add _____\nBlood K+ > 4.5 mmol/l → add alpha-blocker or beta-blocker

Answer: low-dose spironolactone

Flashcard 255: In the management of Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), management of fluid overload symptoms is primarily achieved with _____.

Answer: loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)

Extra: EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER trials demonstrated the benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in HFpEF patients regardless of diabetes status. Diuretics are used to achieve and maintain euvolemia.

Flashcard 256: Hypertension complications: Heart = _____ Brain = stroke, vascular dementia Kidney = CKD Eye = Hypertensive retinopathy Vascular = Peripheral vascular disease

Answer: coronary artery disease, heart failure

Flashcard 257: _____ is defined as a persistently raised arterial blood pressure.

Answer: Hypertension

Extra: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Primary (essential) hypertension accounts for ~95% of cases.

Flashcard 258: Which race is at higher risk of hypertension? _____

Answer: Black > white > then asians

Flashcard 259: Patients with hypertension should be investigated with _____ for cardiac function & detect LVH

Answer: ECG

Flashcard 260: Stage 2 hypertension clinic BP = ≥ _____ / 100 mmHg

Answer: 160