Biostatistics — Flashcards

Flashcard 51: Kaplan-Meier analysis method is for _____

Answer: survival statistics

Flashcard 52: * Total Fertility Rate (TFR) → _____. It is computed by _____. This measure gives the approximate magnitude of _____. TFR of _____ is equivalent to replacement level * Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR) → Avg. number of children that would be born to a married woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span. * Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) → Avg. number of girls that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span (15-44/49yrs), assuming no mortality * Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) → It is defined as the number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed age-specific fertility and mortality rates. It is a demographic indicator. NRR of 1 is equivalent to attaining the 2-child norm i.e replacement level

Answer: It represents the avg. number of children a woman would have if she were to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the women now in each age group

Flashcard 53: List the formulas for Standard Error (SE) for the following: 1. Mean 2. Proportion 3. Difference of means 4. Difference of proportions

Answer: 1. **Mean**: \(SE_{mean} = \frac{SD}{\sqrt{n}}\) (Note: use \(n-1\) for small samples < 30, as in t-test) 2. **Proportion**: \(SE_{proportion} = \sqrt{\frac{pq}{n}}\) 3. **Difference of means**: \(SE_{diff\ mean} = \sqrt{\frac{SD_1^2}{n_1} + \frac{SD_2^2}{n_2}}\) - Or: \(s \sqrt{\frac{1}{n_1} + \frac{1}{n_2}}\) where pooled \(s = \sqrt{\frac{\sum(X_1 - \bar{X}_1)^2 + \sum(X_2 - \bar{X}_2)^2}{n_1 + n_2 - 2}}\) 4. **Difference of proportions**: \(SE_{diff\ prop} = \sqrt{\frac{p_1q_1}{n_1} + \frac{p_2q_2}{n_2}}\)

Flashcard 54: constrictive type of age pyramid is for _____ countries

Answer: developed

Extra: A constrictive population pyramid is narrower at the base, indicating a low birth rate and a decreasing population of younger individuals, which is typical of developed countries.

Flashcard 55: _____ is used to compare a new test with a gold standard to assess agreement.

Answer: Bland-Altman analysis

Flashcard 56: The graph used for overlapping qualitative data is the _____

Answer: Venn diagram

Flashcard 57: _____ plots are used to plot correlation

Answer: scatter

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Flashcard 58: test of significance for outliers is _____ test

Answer: Dixon's Q

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Flashcard 59: de4dcbb8321648c59eb0eb9463b92568-ao-2

Answer: population growth rate

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Flashcard 60: formula for sample size calculation

Answer: n = 4pq / L²

Extra: n = Sample size p = Prevalence q = 100 – p L = Allowable error (Permissible error) This formula is derived from n = Z²pq/d², where Z ≈ 2 for a 95% confidence interval (Z² ≈ 4).