Biostatistics — Flashcards

Flashcard 31: global annual growth rate is _____%

Answer: 1.07

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Flashcard 32: yield of a test corresponds to _____

Answer: PPV

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Flashcard 33: null hypothesis is _____ if p value is >0.05

Answer: accepted

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Flashcard 34: _____ error is more serious than false negative (Type II) error

Answer: False positive (Type I)

Extra: Type I error (α): False positive - Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Type II error (β): False negative - Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. In statistical hypothesis testing, Type I error is generally considered more serious because it leads to the claim of an effect or difference that does not exist (potentially leading to the adoption of ineffective or harmful treatments).

Flashcard 35: bar chart is used for plotting _____ data

Answer: qualitative

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Flashcard 36: Formula for **Median** when the total number of observations (*n*) is **even**: Median = _____{2}\)}}

Answer: \(\frac{(\frac{n}{2})^{th}\text{ term} + (\frac{n}{2}+1)^{th}\text{ term

Flashcard 37: _____ is used to detect bias publication

Answer: funnel plot

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Flashcard 38: 5ce54378cee641398d486f0bc8c03a91-ao-4

Answer: false positive error rate

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Flashcard 39: Formula for Mean (assumed mean method) for Ungrouped data: When individual observations are large in size, we take \(w\) as the assumed mean. The mean of deviations from the assumed mean is denoted by \(\bar{d}\): _____ The actual Mean \(\bar{X}\) is then calculated by: _____

Answer: \(\bar{d} = \frac{\sum (X_i - w)}{n}\)

Flashcard 40: In Biostatistics (PSM), **regression** is primarily used for _____

Answer: prediction

Extra: Correlation = Strength and direction of association. Regression = Prediction. Randomization = The gold standard for controlling both known and **unknown** confounders.