Respiratory and Airway Management — Flashcards

Flashcard 21: Preoxygenation with tidal volume breathing of _____ mins is required before tracheal intubation

Answer: 3

Flashcard 22: _____ is a fixed performance device which delivers a fixed concentration of oxygen (FiO2), irrespective of the patient efforts.

Answer: Venturi mask

Flashcard 23: Which condition is characterized by a capnograph trace showing either a flat line or small CO2 peaks that rapidly decrease in height immediately following intubation?

Answer: Esophageal intubation

Extra: In esophageal intubation, the capnograph typically shows a flat line (no CO2). If CO2 was forced into the stomach during bag-mask ventilation, small waveforms may be seen initially, but these will rapidly decrease in height and disappear within a few breaths.

Flashcard 24: HFNC leads to warming and _____ of inspired air

Answer: humidification

Flashcard 25: Preoxygenation before intubation helps delay the onset of critical hypoxia during the period of apnea by _____ minutes

Answer: 5-8

Flashcard 26: PEEP should be increased slowly when initiating ventilation as high PEEP may impair _____

Answer: ventricular filling

Flashcard 27: What are the two primary ventilator parameters used to control arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)?

Answer: FiO2 and PEEP

Extra: Arterial oxygenation (PaO2) is primarily controlled by adjusting the **FiO2** (Fraction of inspired oxygen) and **PEEP** (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure). In contrast, arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) is controlled by adjusting **Minute Ventilation** (Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate).

Flashcard 28: Phase _____ of normal capnography is the plateau, corresponding to the pCO2 in the alveolar compartment

Answer: III

Flashcard 29: _____ angle is the transition from phase III to phase 0 in normal capnograph

Answer: Beta angle

Extra: The Beta angle is the transition from Phase III (alveolar plateau) to Phase 0 (inspiration). It is normally approximately 90°. **Key Capnography Angles:** * **Alpha angle**: The angle between Phase II (expiratory upstroke) and Phase III (alveolar plateau). Normal: 100–110°. It increases in obstructive lung disease (e.g., COPD, asthma). * **Beta angle**: The angle between Phase III and Phase 0 (inspiratory downstroke). It increases (becomes more obtuse) in conditions involving rebreathing (e.g., exhausted CO2 absorbent, faulty inspiratory valve).

Flashcard 30: _____ position is for direct laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy

Answer: Sniffing position (Barking dog position)