Neurosurgery Basics Practice Questions

Question 1

A 41-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance because of a sudden onset severe headache. On presentation, the patient also says that she is not able to see well. Physical examination shows ptosis of the right eye with a dilated pupil that is deviated inferiorly and laterally. Based on the clinical presentation, neurosurgery is immediately consulted and the patient is taken for an early trans-sphenoidal surgical decompression. Which of the following will also most likely need to be supplemented in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Corticosteroids

Answer

Erythropoietin

Answer

Aldosterone

Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Answer

Insulin

Question 2

The surgical equipment used during a craniectomy is sterilized using pressurized steam at 121°C for 15 minutes. Reuse of these instruments can cause transmission of which of the following pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Prions

Answer

Non-enveloped viruses

Answer

Sporulating bacteria

Answer

Enveloped viruses

Answer

Yeasts

Question 3

A 37-year-old man is presented to the emergency department by paramedics after being involved in a serious 3-car collision on an interstate highway while he was driving his motorcycle. On physical examination, he is responsive only to painful stimuli and his pupils are not reactive to light. His upper extremities are involuntarily flexed with hands clenched into fists. The vital signs include temperature 36.1°C (97.0°F), blood pressure 80/60 mm Hg, and pulse 102/min. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head shows a massive intracerebral hemorrhage with a midline shift. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis shows partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) of 68 mm Hg, and the patient is put on mechanical ventilation. His condition continues to decline while in the emergency department and it is suspected that this patient is brain dead. Which of the following results can be used to confirm brain death and legally remove this patient from the ventilator?

Accepted Answer

Apnea test

Answer

Electrocardiogram

Answer

Lumbar puncture and CSF culture

Answer

Electromyography with nerve conduction studies

Answer

CT scan

Question 4

A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after developing an altered mental state following blunt trauma to the head. The patient was competing at a local mixed martial arts competition when he was struck in the head and lost consciousness. A few minutes later, upon regaining consciousness, he had a progressive decline in mental status. Past medical history is noncontributory. Upon arrival at the hospital, the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 145/89 mm Hg, the pulse is 66/min, the respiratory rate is 14/min, and the oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. He is alert now. A noncontrast CT scan is performed, and the result is provided in the image. Which of the following structures is most likely affected in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Middle Meningeal artery

Answer

Subarachnoid space

Answer

Suprasellar cistern

Answer

Ventricular system

Answer

Bridging veins

Question 5

A 78-year-old man is brought in to the emergency department by ambulance after his wife noticed that he began slurring his speech and had developed facial asymmetry during dinner approximately 30 minutes ago. His past medical history is remarkable for hypertension and diabetes. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 154/99 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Neurologic exam reveals right upper and lower extremity weakness and an asymmetric smile. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Accepted Answer

CT head

Answer

Alteplase

Answer

MRI brain

Answer

Aspirin

Answer

CTA head

Question 6

A 57-year-old man was brought into the emergency department unconscious 2 days ago. His friends who were with him at that time say he collapsed on the street. Upon arrival to the ED, he had a generalized tonic seizure. At that time, he was intubated and is being treated with diazepam and phenytoin. A noncontrast head CT revealed hemorrhages within the pons and cerebellum with a mass effect and tonsillar herniation. Today, his blood pressure is 110/65 mm Hg, heart rate is 65/min, respiratory rate is 12/min (intubated, ventilator settings: tidal volume (TV) 600 ml, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cm H2O, and FiO2 40%), and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, the patient is in a comatose state. Pupils are 4 mm bilaterally and unresponsive to light. Cornea reflexes are absent. Gag reflex and cough reflex are also absent. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Apnea test

Answer

Second opinion from a neurologist

Answer

Withdraw ventilation support and mark time of death

Answer

Electroencephalogram

Answer

Repeat examination in several hours

Question 7

A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department after being hit by a car while riding his bike. The patient was brought in with his airway intact, vitals stable, and with a C-collar on. Physical exam is notable for bruising over the patient’s head and a confused man with a Glasgow coma scale of 11. It is noticed that the patient has a very irregular pattern of breathing. Repeat vitals demonstrate his temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 172/102 mmHg, pulse is 55/min, respirations are 22/min and irregular, and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. Which of the following interventions are most likely to improve this patient's vital signs?

Accepted Answer

Head elevation, sedation, mannitol, hyperventilation

Answer

Head elevation, sedation, hypertonic saline, hypoventilation

Answer

Lower head, sedation, hypertonic saline, hypoventilation

Answer

Head elevation, norepinephrine, mannitol, hyperventilation

Answer

Lower head, sedation, hypertonic saline, hyperventilation

Question 8

A 23-year-old man presents with a blunt force injury to the head from a baseball bat. He is currently unconscious, although his friends say he was awake and speaking with them en route to the hospital. He has no significant past medical history and takes no current medications. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 165/85 mm Hg, pulse 50/min, and respiratory rate 19/min. On physical examination, there is a blunt force injury to the left temporoparietal region approximately 10.1–12.7 cm (4–5 in) in diameter. There is anisocoria of the left pupil, which is unresponsive to light. The patient is intubated and fluid resuscitation is initiated. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head is acquired and shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the most appropriate medical treatment for this patient?

Accepted Answer

Mannitol

Answer

Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt

Answer

Acetazolamide

Answer

Placing the head of the bed at 0 degrees

Answer

Maintain a PaCO2 of 24 mm Hg

Question 9

A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he is found sluggish, drowsy, feverish, and complaining about a headache. His past medical history is unremarkable. His vital signs include: blood pressure 120/60 mm Hg, heart rate 70/min, respiratory rate 17/min, and body temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F). On physical examination, the patient is dysphasic and incapable of following commands. Gait ataxia is present. No meningeal signs or photophobia are present. A noncontrast CT of the head is unremarkable. A T2 MRI is performed and is shown in the image. A lumbar puncture (LP) is subsequently performed. Which of the following CSF findings would you most likely expect to find in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Opening pressure: 15 cm H2O, color: clear, protein: 50 mg/dL, cell count: 40 cells/µL, mostly lymphocytes, ratio CSF:blood glucose: 0.65

Answer

Opening pressure: 28 cm H2O, color: cloudy, protein: 68 mg/dL, cell count: 150 cells/µL, mostly PMNs, ratio CSF:blood glucose: 0.3

Answer

Opening pressure: 38 cm H2O, color: cloudy, protein: 75 mg/dL, cell count: 80 cells/µL, mostly lymphocytes, ratio CSF:blood glucose: 0.25

Answer

Opening pressure: 18 cm H2O, color: clear, protein: 40 mg/dL, cell count: 2 cells/µL, mostly polymorphonuclear (PMNs), ratio CSF:blood glucose: 0.7

Answer

Opening pressure: 40 cm H2O, color: cloudy, protein: 80 mg/dL, cell count: 135 cells/µL, mostly lymphocytes with some PMNs, ratio CSF:blood glucose: 0.2

Question 10

A 77-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of headache, nausea, and vomiting for 24 hours. His wife says that over the past 2 weeks, he has been more irritable and has had trouble remembering to do routine errands. Two weeks ago, he fell during a skiing accident but did not lose consciousness. He has coronary artery disease and hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 50 years. He has had 2 glasses of wine daily since his retirement 10 years ago. Current medications include atenolol, enalapril, furosemide, atorvastatin, and aspirin. He appears acutely ill. He is oriented to person but not to place or time. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 99/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 160/90 mm Hg. During the examination, he is uncooperative and unable to answer questions. Deep tendon reflexes are 4+ on the left and 2+ on the right. Babinski's sign is present on the left. There is mild weakness of the left iliopsoas and hamstring muscles. A CT scan of the head without contrast shows a high-density, 15-mm crescentic collection across the right hemispheric convexity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Surgical evacuation

Answer

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administration

Answer

Obtain an Electroencephalography

Answer

Obtain an MRI of the head

Answer

Observation

Neurosurgery Basics

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Arteriovenous malformation treatment

Brain tumor classification and management

Cerebral aneurysm management

Craniotomy indications and techniques

Hydrocephalus diagnosis and shunt procedures

Intracranial pressure management

Lumbar puncture technique and indications

Peripheral nerve surgery basics

Spinal cord injury management

Spinal fusion procedures

Spinal surgery fundamentals

Stereotactic procedures

Subdural and epidural hematoma management

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