Immunosuppressants Practice Questions

Question 1

Two weeks after undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma, a 55-year-old man develops a severely pruritic rash, abdominal cramps, and profuse diarrhea. He appears lethargic. Physical examination shows yellow sclerae. There is a generalized maculopapular rash on his face, trunk, and lower extremities, and desquamation of both soles. His serum alanine aminotransferase is 115 U/L, serum aspartate aminotransferase is 97 U/L, and serum total bilirubin is 2.7 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

Accepted Answer

Donor T cells in the graft

Answer

Preformed cytotoxic anti-HLA antibodies

Answer

Proliferating transplanted B cells

Answer

Activated recipient T cells

Answer

Newly formed anti-HLA antibodies

Question 2

A 56-year-old African American presents to the emergency department due to abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss over the past 3 months. He has a long-standing history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection complicated by cirrhosis. On examination, he has jaundice, leg edema, and a palpable mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant. Abdominal ultrasound shows a 3-cm liver mass with poorly defined margins and coarse, irregular internal echoes. Blood investigations are shown:
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 90 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 50 U/L
Total bilirubin 2 mg/dL
Albumin 3 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 100 U/L
Alpha fetoprotein 600 micrograms/L
Which of the following targeted agents is approved for advanced-stage hepatoma?

Accepted Answer

Sorafenib

Answer

Ustekinumab

Answer

Daclizumab

Answer

Abciximab

Answer

Palivizumab

Question 3

A patient with HCC and a long history of alcohol dependence and chronic hepatitis C has been using the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus 100 mg for cancer treatment. Her cancer has shown a partial response. She also has a history of hypertension and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy. Current medications include enalapril and insulin. She asks her oncologist and hepatologist if she could try everolimus for its purported survival benefit in treating HCC. Based on clinical considerations, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The patient is not a good candidate for everolimus due to her history of diabetes

Answer

The patient should start everolimus 50 mg because of the survival benefit relative to sirolimus 100 mg

Answer

The patient is not a good candidate for everolimus due to her history of hypertension

Answer

The patient should start everolimus 100 mg because of the survival benefit relative to sirolimus 100 mg

Answer

The patient should start everolimus 50 mg because of her history of alcohol use disorder and hepatitis C

Question 4

A 67-year-old man is seen on the surgical floor after a transplant procedure. The previous day, the patient had a renal transplant from a matched donor. He is currently recovering and doing well. The patient has a past medical history of IV drug use, diabetes mellitus, oral cold sores, hypertension, renal failure, and dyslipidemia. The patient's current medications include lisinopril, atorvastatin, insulin, and aspirin. Prior to the procedure, he was also on dialysis. The patient is started on cyclosporine. The patient successfully recovers over the next few days. Which of the following medications should be started in this patient?

Accepted Answer

TMP-SMX

Answer

Azithromycin

Answer

Acyclovir

Answer

Low dose acyclovir

Answer

Penicillin

Question 5

An epidemiologist is evaluating the efficacy of Noxbinle in preventing HCC deaths at the population level. A clinical trial shows that over 5 years, the mortality rate from HCC was 25% in the control group and 15% in patients treated with Noxbinle 100 mg daily. Based on this data, how many patients need to be treated with Noxbinle 100 mg to prevent, on average, one death from HCC?

Accepted Answer

10

Answer

20

Answer

73

Answer

50

Answer

100

Question 6

A 57-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of decreased urine output. She reports that over the past 2 weeks she has been urinating less and less every day. She denies changes in her diet or fluid intake. The patient has a history of lupus nephritis, which has resulted in end stage renal disease. She underwent a renal transplant 2 months ago. Since then she has been on mycophenolate and cyclosporine, which she takes as prescribed. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 172/102 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 17/min with an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. Labs show an elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. On physical examination, she has 2+ pitting edema of the bilateral lower extremities. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Urinalysis shows elevated protein. A post-void bladder scan is normal. A renal biopsy is obtained, which shows lymphocyte infiltration and intimal swelling. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Accepted Answer

Start intravenous steroids

Answer

Add diltiazem

Answer

Nephrectomy

Answer

Add ceftriaxone

Answer

Discontinue cyclosporine

Question 7

A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two months ago, she underwent left renal transplantation for recurrent glomerulonephritis. At the time of discharge, her creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL. She feels well. Current medications include tacrolimus and azathioprine. Her pulse is 85/min and blood pressure is 135/75 mmHg. Physical examination shows a well-healed surgical scar on her left lower abdomen. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The patient should be monitored for which of the following adverse effects of her medications?

Accepted Answer

Kidney injury

Answer

Gingival hyperplasia

Answer

Polycythemia

Answer

Hepatic necrosis

Answer

Bone marrow suppression

Question 8

A 68-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Three months ago, she underwent heart transplantation for restrictive cardiomyopathy and was started on transplant rejection prophylaxis. Her pulse is 76/min and blood pressure is 148/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows enlargement of the gum tissue. There is a well-healed scar on her chest. Serum studies show hyperlipidemia. The physician recommends removing a drug that decreases T cell activation by inhibiting the transcription of interleukin-2 from the patient's treatment regimen and replacing it with a different medication. Which of the following drugs is the most likely cause of the adverse effects seen in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Cyclosporine

Answer

Mycophenolate mofetil

Answer

Azathioprine

Answer

Tacrolimus

Answer

Prednisolone

Question 9

A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of excessive hair growth on her chin over the past 2 weeks. She also reports progressive enlargement of her gums. Three months ago, she underwent a liver transplantation due to Wilson disease. Following the procedure, the patient was started on transplant rejection prophylaxis. She has a history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 150/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dark-pigmented, coarse hair on the chin, upper lip, and chest. The gingiva and the labial mucosa are swollen. There is a well-healed scar on her right lower abdomen. Which of the following drugs is the most likely cause of this patient's findings?

Accepted Answer

Cyclosporine

Answer

Daclizumab

Answer

Sirolimus

Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Tacrolimus

Question 10

A 63-year-old HIV-positive man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Four years ago, he was diagnosed with HIV and was started on cART therapy. He tells the physician that he has been having difficulty adhering to his medication regimen. He has been unemployed for the past couple of years and relies on unemployment benefits to cover the costs of daily living. His father died of lymphoma at the age of 60 years. He wants more information about his risk of developing DLBCL. Which of the following is the greatest risk factor for the development of DLBCL in HIV-positive patients?

Accepted Answer

Poor adherence to cART

Answer

Income below $30,000 per year

Answer

Male sex

Answer

Positive family history of cancer

Answer

Age over 55 years

Immunosuppressants

Study Resources

Lessons

Questions

Flashcards

Lessons

Calcineurin inhibitors

mTOR inhibitors

Antimetabolites (azathioprine, mycophenolate)

Corticosteroids

T-cell depleting antibodies

B-cell depleting antibodies

TNF inhibitors

IL-6 inhibitors

JAK inhibitors

Costimulation blockers

Complement inhibitors

Immunosuppressant drug monitoring

Post-transplant immunosuppression protocols

Practice Questions

Flashcards

About Immunosuppressants for USMLE

Lessons in Immunosuppressants

Master Immunosuppressants