Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications) Practice Questions

Question 1

A 22-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus and mild asthma comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had several episodes of sweating, dizziness, and nausea in the past 2 months that occur during the day and always resolve after she drinks orange juice. She is compliant with her diet and insulin regimen. The physician recommends lowering her insulin dose in certain situations. This recommendation is most important in which of the following situations?

Accepted Answer

Before exercise

Answer

After a stressful exam

Answer

During a viral infection

Answer

After large meals

Answer

During pregnancy

Question 2

A 13-year-old girl presents after losing consciousness during class 30 minutes ago. According to her friends, she was doing okay since morning, and nobody noticed anything abnormal. The patient’s mother says that her daughter does not have any medical conditions. She also says that the patient has always been healthy but has recently lost weight even though she was eating as usual. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 100/78 mm Hg, a pulse of 89/min, and a temperature of 37.2°C (99.0°F). Her breathing is rapid but shallow. Fingerstick glucose is 300 mg/dL. Blood is drawn for additional lab tests, and she is started on intravenous insulin and normal saline. Which of the following HLA subtypes is associated with this patient’s most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

DR3

Answer

A3

Answer

B8

Answer

DR5

Answer

B27

Question 3

A 22-year-old woman with a history of type I diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness for the past day. Her temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 114/74 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 27/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused and lethargic young woman. Initial laboratory values are notable for the findings below.

Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 2.9 mEq/L
HCO3-: 9 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 599 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L

An initial ECG is notable for sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the best initial step in management for this patient?

Accepted Answer

Normal saline, insulin, and potassium

Answer

Normal saline and insulin

Answer

Insulin and potassium

Answer

Normal saline and potassium

Answer

Normal saline, insulin, potassium, and sodium bicarbonate

Question 4

An investigator is studying a drug that acts on the thyroid hormone pathway. Levels of serum free T3 and T4 in healthy participants are measured before and after administration of the drug. After administration, there is a decrease in the average serum free T3 level, while the average serum free T4 level is increased compared to initial serum studies. Inhibition of which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral 5'-deiodinase

Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer

Follicular iodotyrosine deiodinase

Answer

Follicular thyroid peroxidase

Answer

Follicular thyroid proteases

Question 5

A 44-year-old woman presents to her physician’s office for weakness. She reports having some difficulty placing books on a high shelf and getting up from a seated position. She denies muscle pain or any new rashes. She has noticed a tremor that is worse with action and has been having trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. She has lost approximately 10 pounds unintentionally over the course of 2 months. Medical history is significant for type I diabetes mellitus managed with an insulin pump. Family history is notable for systemic lupus erythematosus in her mother and panic disorder in the father. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37 °C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 17/min. On physical exam, she is mildly diaphoretic and restless, she has notable lid retraction, and her hair is thin. She has 4/5 strength in the proximal upper and lower extremities. Biceps and patellar tendon reflexes are 3+. Which of the following laboratory findings are most likely present in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer

Anti-Mi-2 antibody positivity

Answer

Anti-nuclear antibody positivity

Answer

Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Answer

Normal laboratory results

Question 6

A patient presents to the emergency room in an obtunded state. The patient is a known nurse within the hospital system and has no history of any medical problems. A finger stick blood glucose is drawn showing a blood glucose of 25 mg/dL.

The patient's daughter immediately arrives at the hospital stating that her mother has been depressed recently and that she found empty syringes in the bathroom at the mother's home. Which of the following is the test that will likely reveal the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

C-peptide level

Answer

Fasting blood glucose

Answer

Urine metanephrines

Answer

Genetic testing

Answer

24 hr cortisol

Question 7

A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician for an annual health maintenance examination. On questioning, she has had fatigue and headaches for the last month. A few weeks ago, she had to have her wedding ring resized because it had become too small for her finger. She has mild persistent asthma and anxiety disorder. She drinks 2–3 glasses of red wine per night and has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 16 years. She works a desk job in accounting and has recently been working long hours due to an upcoming company merger. Her father has a history of a pituitary adenoma. Current medications include alprazolam, a fluticasone inhaler, and an albuterol inhaler. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 81.6 kg (180 lb); her BMI is 32 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 92/min, and blood pressure is 132/80 mm Hg. Examination shows no abnormalities. Fasting laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Serum
Na+ 135 mEq/L
K+
4.6 mEq/L
Cl- 105 mEq/L
HCO3- 22 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen 17 mg/dL
Glucose 160 mg/dL
Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL
Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's hyperglycemia?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance

Answer

Decreased insulin production

Answer

Adverse effect of medication

Answer

Stress

Answer

Hypersecretion of ACTH

Question 8

A 14-year-old boy is rushed to the emergency room after he became disoriented at home. His parents say that the boy was doing well until 2 days ago when he got sick and vomited several times. They thought he was recovering but today he appeared to be disoriented since the morning. His vitals are normal except shallow rapid breathing at a rate of 33/min. His blood sugar level is 654 mg/dL and urine is positive for ketone bodies. He is diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and is managed with fluids and insulin. He responds well to the therapy. His parents are told that their son has type 1 diabetes and insulin therapy options are being discussed. Which of the following types of insulin can be used in this patient for the rapid action required during mealtimes?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lispro

Answer

Insulin detemir

Answer

Insulin degludec

Answer

NPH insulin

Answer

Insulin glargine

Question 9

A 3-year-old girl swallowed a handful of pills after her grandmother dropped the bottle on the ground this afternoon. She presents to the ER in a very drowsy but agitated state. She is clutching her abdomen, as if in pain, her skin is dry and flushed, and she does not know her name or where she is. Her pupils are dilated. Her grandmother reports that she has not urinated in several hours. The grandmother's medical history is significant for allergic rhinitis and osteoarthritis, both of which are treated with over the counter medications. What is the appropriate treatment for this child?

Accepted Answer

Physostigmine

Answer

N-acetylcysteine

Answer

Naloxone

Answer

Deferoxamine

Answer

Atropine

Question 10

A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of fatigue, constipation, and a 7-kg (15.4-lb) weight gain. Menses occur irregularly in intervals of 40–50 days. Her pulse is 51/min, and blood pressure is 145/86 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor and cool, dry skin. There is mild, nonpitting periorbital edema. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration is 8.1 μU/mL. Treatment with the appropriate pharmacotherapy is initiated. After several weeks of therapy with this drug, which of the following hormonal changes is expected?

Accepted Answer

Decreased TSH

Answer

Increased TRH

Answer

Increased T3

Answer

Decreased T4

Answer

Increased T4

Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications)

Study Resources

Lessons

Questions

Flashcards

Lessons

Insulin preparations and kinetics

Oral hypoglycemic agents

GLP-1 receptor agonists

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Thyroid hormone replacements

Antithyroid medications

Corticosteroids and mechanisms

Gonadal hormones (estrogens, progestins)

Androgens and anabolic steroids

Hormonal contraceptives

Growth hormone and analogs

Posterior pituitary hormones

Bone metabolism drugs (bisphosphonates, RANKL inhibitors)

Practice Questions

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About Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications) for USMLE

Lessons in Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications)

Master Endocrine drugs (insulin, thyroid medications)