Pancreatitis Practice Questions

Question 1

A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room by his roommate due to an abdominal pain that started 2 hours ago. His pain is dull, aching, and radiates to the back. He admits to binge drinking alcohol for the past 2 days. Past medical history is significant for multiple admissions to the hospital for similar abdominal pain events, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He takes chlorthalidone and atorvastatin. He admits to heavy alcohol consumption over the past 10 years. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for the last 20 years. In the emergency department, his temperature is 38.9℃ (102.0℉), pulse rate is 100/min, and respiratory rate is 28/min. On physical examination, he looks generally unwell and diaphoretic. Auscultation of his heart and lungs reveals an elevated heart rate with a regular rhythm. His lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. His abdomen is tympanitic with generalized tenderness. Evaluation of lab values reveals a leukocyte count of 28,000/mm3 with 89% of neutrophils. His amylase level is 255 U/L. A CT scan of the abdomen shows the diffuse enlargement of the pancreas. Which pathological process is most likely occurring in this patient’s peripancreatic tissue?

Accepted Answer

Fat necrosis

Answer

Caseous necrosis

Answer

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Answer

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 2

A 52-year-old woman presents to the urgent care center with several hours of worsening abdominal discomfort with radiation to the back. The patient also complains of malaise, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Social history is notable for alcoholism. On physical exam, she is febrile to 39.5°C (103.1°F), and she is diffusely tender to abdominal palpation. Complete blood count is notable for 13,500 white blood cells, bilirubin 2.1, lipase 842, and amylase 3,210. Given the following options, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Gallstone pancreatitis

Answer

Choledocholithiasis

Answer

Ascending cholangitis

Answer

Cholelithiasis

Answer

Acute cholecystitis

Question 3

A 72-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of upper abdominal pain and nausea for the past hour. The patient rates the pain as an 8 to 9 on a 10-point scale. She has had an episode of nonbloody vomiting since the pain started. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis. The patient has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 40 years. She drinks 5–6 alcoholic beverages daily. Current medications include glyburide, lisinopril, and oral vitamin D supplements. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 138/86 mm Hg. Examination shows severe epigastric tenderness to palpation with guarding but no rebound. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows diffuse enlargement of the pancreas; no gallstones are visualized. The patient is admitted to the hospital for pain control and intravenous hydration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient’s pain?

Accepted Answer

Patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone

Answer

Oral gabapentin every 24 hours

Answer

Transdermal fentanyl every 72 hours

Answer

Oral acetaminophen every 6 hours

Answer

Transdermal bupivacaine on request

Question 4

A 51-year-old homeless man presents to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain and cramping for the past 3 hours. He endorses radiation to his back. He adds that he vomited multiple times. He admits having been hospitalized repeatedly for alcohol intoxication and abdominal pain. His temperature is 103.8° F (39.8° C), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 107/min, and blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg. He refuses a physical examination due to severe pain. Blood work reveals the following:
Serum:    
  Albumin: 3.2 gm/dL
  Alkaline phosphatase: 150 U/L
  Alanine aminotransferase: 76 U/L
  Aspartate aminotransferase: 155 U/L
  Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: 202 U/L
  Lipase: 800 U/L
What is the most likely diagnosis of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Pancreatitis

Answer

Duodenal peptic ulcer

Answer

Choledocholithiasis

Answer

Cholecystitis

Answer

Gallbladder cancer

Question 5

A 29-year-old woman presents with a 2-hour history of sudden onset of severe mid-epigastric pain. The pain radiates to the back, and is not relieved by over-the-counter antacids. The patient also complains of profuse vomiting. The patient’s medical history is negative for similar symptoms. She consumes 3–4 alcoholic drinks daily. The blood pressure is 80/40 mm Hg and the heart rate is 105/min. Examination of the lungs reveals bibasilar crackles. Abdominal examination reveals diffuse tenderness involving the entire abdomen, marked guarding, rigidity, and reduced bowel sounds. The chest X-ray is normal. However, the abdominal CT scan reveals peritoneal fluid collection and diffuse pancreatic enlargement. The laboratory findings include:
Aspartate aminotransferase 63 IU/L
Alkaline phosphatase 204 IU/L
Alanine aminotransferase 32 IU/L
Serum amylase 500 IU/L (Normal: 25-125 IU/L)
Serum lipase 1,140 IU/L (Normal: 0-160 IU/L)
Serum calcium 2 mmol/L
Which of the following cellular changes are most likely, based on the clinical and laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Fat necrosis

Answer

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer

Dry gangrene

Answer

Caseous necrosis

Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Question 6

A 46-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of severe epigastric pain and vomiting for the past 4 hours. The pain is constant, radiates to his back, and is worse on lying down. He has had 3–4 episodes of greenish-colored vomit. He was treated for H. pylori infection around 2 months ago with triple-regimen therapy. He has atrial fibrillation and hypertension. He owns a distillery on the outskirts of a town. The patient drinks 4–5 alcoholic beverages daily. Current medications include dabigatran and metoprolol. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 102/min, and blood pressure is 138/86 mm Hg. Examination shows severe epigastric tenderness to palpation with guarding but no rebound. Bowel sounds are hypoactive. Rectal examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hematocrit 53%
Leukocyte count 11,300/mm3
Serum
Na+ 133 mEq/L
Cl- 98 mEq/L
K+ 3.1 mEq/L
Calcium 7.8 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen 43 mg/dL
Glucose 271 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.0 mg/dL
Total bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL
Alkaline phosphatase 61 U/L
AST 19 U/L
ALT 17 U/L
γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) 88 u/L (N=5–50 U/L)
Lipase 900 U/L (N=14–280 U/L)
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Accepted Answer

Crystalloid fluid infusion

Answer

Fomepizole therapy

Answer

Calcium gluconate therapy

Answer

Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography

Answer

Laparotomy

Question 7

A 28-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent abdominal pain and alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea. His medical chart is not significant for any past medical problems or prior surgeries. He is not prescribed any current medications. Which of the following questions would be the most useful next question in eliciting further history from this patient?

Accepted Answer

"Can you tell me more about the symptoms you have been experiencing?"

Answer

"Does the diarrhea typically precede the constipation, or vice-versa?"

Answer

"Is the diarrhea foul-smelling?"

Answer

"Please rate your abdominal pain on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the worst pain of your life"

Answer

"Are the symptoms worse in the morning or at night?"

Question 8

A 27-year-old-man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being involved in a motorcycle accident. He lost control at high speed and was thrown forward onto the handlebars. On arrival, he is alert and responsive. He has abdominal pain and superficial lacerations on his left arm. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a tender, erythematous area over his epigastrium. The abdomen is soft and non-distended. A CT scan of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. Treatment with analgesics is begun, the lacerations are cleaned and dressed, and the patient is discharged home after 2 hours of observation. Four days later, the patient returns to the emergency department with gradually worsening upper abdominal pain, fever, poor appetite, and vomiting. His pulse is 91/min and blood pressure is 135/82 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pancreatic ductal injury

Answer

Abdominal compartment syndrome

Answer

Aortic dissection

Answer

Splenic rupture

Answer

Diaphragmatic rupture

Question 9

A 74-year-old woman with a past medical history of hypertension, peripheral artery disease, and migraine headaches presents to the emergency department with a two hour history of severe abdominal pain. The patient cannot recall any similar episodes, although she notes occasional abdominal discomfort after eating. She describes the pain as sharp periumbilical pain. She denies recent illness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Her last normal bowel movement was yesterday evening. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 110/min, blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, the patient is grimacing and appears to be in significant discomfort. Heart and lung exams are within normal limits. The patient's abdomen is soft and non-distended with diffuse periumbilical pain on palpation. There is no rebound tenderness or guarding, and bowel sounds are present. The rest of the exam is unremarkable. Labs in the emergency room show:

Serum:
Na+: 144 mEq/L
Cl-: 105 mEq/L
K+: 3.7 mEq/L
HCO3-: 20 mEq/L
BUN: 15 mg/dL
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.7 mg/dL
Phosphorus: 5.2 mg/dL
Lactate: 7.0 mmol/L
Amylase: 240 U/L

Hemoglobin: 13.4 g/dL
Hematocrit: 35%
Leukocyte count: 12,100 cells/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 405,000/mm^3

What is the next best step in diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

CT angiography

Answer

Plain abdominal radiograph

Answer

Exploratory laparotomy

Answer

Abdominal duplex ultrasound

Answer

D-dimer level

Question 10

A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency department for altered mental status after a finishing a marathon. He has a past medical history of obesity and anxiety and is not currently taking any medications. His temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 147/88 mmHg, pulse is 200/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals dry mucous membranes, hot flushed skin, and inappropriate responses to the physician's questions. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.

Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL
Hematocrit: 44%
Leukocyte count: 8,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 199,000/mm^3

Serum:
Na+: 165 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.0 mEq/L
HCO3-: 22 mEq/L
BUN: 30 mg/dL
Glucose: 133 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L

Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Accepted Answer

Normal saline

Answer

Lactated ringer

Answer

Hypotonic saline

Answer

50% normal saline 50% dextrose

Answer

Dextrose solution

Pancreatitis

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