Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice Indian Medical PG questions for Foot and Ankle Surgery. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Question 1: Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists: (Refer to the image below for the lists)
- A. A→4 B→3 C→1 D→2
- B. A→3 B→2 C→4 D→1
- C. A→4 B→3 C→2 D→1 (Correct Answer)
- D. A→3 B→2 C→1 D→4
Foot and Ankle Surgery Explanation: ***A→4 B→3 C→2 D→1***
- **Atrial fibrillation** is characterized by **irregularly irregular rhythm** without distinct P waves, making the R-R interval highly variable. It is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, originating above the ventricles.
- **Ventricular tachycardia** typically presents with a **wide QRS complex** (>0.12 s) and a **rapid, regular heart rate**, as it originates from the ventricles.
- **Complete heart block** is characterized by complete dissociation between **P waves and QRS complexes**, meaning the atria and ventricles beat independently. This is reflected in an irregular P-P interval and a regular but slower R-R interval often due to an escape rhythm.
- **Ventricular fibrillation** is an ECG emergency characterized by chaotic, **irregular electrical activity** and an absence of discernible P waves, QRS complexes, or T waves, leading to cardiac arrest.
*A→4 B→3 C→1 D→2*
- This option correctly matches A (Atrial fibrillation) with 4 (Irregular R-R interval without P waves) and B (Ventricular tachycardia) with 3 (Wide QRS complexes and regular rapid rate). However, it incorrectly matches C (Complete heart block) with 1 (Chaotic rhythm) and D (Ventricular fibrillation) with 2 (Dissociation of P and QRS waves).
- **Complete heart block** involves **dissociation of P and QRS waves**, and **Ventricular fibrillation** is defined by a **chaotic rhythm**, not the other way around as suggested by C→1 and D→2.
*A→3 B→2 C→4 D→1*
- This option incorrectly matches A (Atrial fibrillation) with 3 (Wide QRS complexes and regular rapid rate), which describes ventricular tachycardia.
- It also incorrectly matches C (Complete heart block) with 4 (Irregular R-R interval without P waves) and D (Ventricular fibrillation) with 1 (Chaotic rhythm), instead of the correct associations.
*A→3 B→2 C→1 D→4*
- This option incorrectly matches A (Atrial fibrillation) with 3 (Wide QRS complexes and regular rapid rate) which is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia.
- It also incorrectly matches B (Ventricular tachycardia) with 2 (Dissociation of P and QRS waves), which is a characteristic of complete heart block, not ventricular tachycardia.
Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Question 2: Sudden dorsiflexion of the foot may lead to which of the following injuries?
- A. Anterior talofibular ligament injury
- B. Tendo Achilles avulsion injury (Correct Answer)
- C. Rupture of deltoid ligament
- D. Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Foot and Ankle Surgery Explanation: ***Tendo Achilles avulsion injury***
- **Sudden dorsiflexion** of the foot, especially if forced or excessive, can cause extreme stretch on the **Achilles tendon**, potentially leading to its avulsion or rupture.
- This mechanism often occurs during activities requiring a forceful push-off or landing with the foot in dorsiflexion, placing significant tensile stress on the tendon.
*Anterior talofibular ligament injury*
- This injury typically results from an **inversion sprain** of the ankle, where the foot is forcefully turned inward, causing damage to the lateral ankle ligaments.
- **Dorsiflexion** alone is not the primary mechanism for injury to the **anterior talofibular ligament**.
*Rupture of deltoid ligament*
- The **deltoid ligament** is located on the medial side of the ankle and is most commonly injured with an **eversion sprain**, where the foot rolls outward.
- While extreme dorsiflexion can put some strain on anterior fibers, it is not the primary mechanism, and a concomitant eversion force would likely be required for rupture.
*Tarsal tunnel syndrome*
- This condition involves **compression of the tibial nerve** as it passes through the tarsal tunnel, typically causing pain, numbness, and tingling in the sole of the foot.
- It is often caused by chronic factors such as swelling, repetitive stress, or structural abnormalities, rather than an acute traumatic event like sudden dorsiflexion.
Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Question 3: Elephant foot deformity is indicative of:
- A. Unilateral Le Fort I fracture of maxilla
- B. Non-union of fractured edentulous mandible (Correct Answer)
- C. Diplopia
- D. Skeletal Class II malocclusion
Foot and Ankle Surgery Explanation: ***Non-union of fractured edentulous mandible***
- An **elephant foot deformity** is a characteristic radiographic finding in the non-union of a fracture, particularly in the context of an **edentulous mandible**.
- It describes the appearance of **sclerotic, hypertrophic bone ends** at the fracture site, resembling the thick, club-like foot of an elephant, due to persistent movement and attempted callus formation.
*Diplopia*
- **Diplopia** refers to the perception of two images from a single object, often caused by ophthalmological or neurological issues affecting eye movement.
- It is a symptom related to vision and has no association with bone deformities or fracture healing patterns.
*Skeletal Class II malocclusion*
- **Skeletal Class II malocclusion** describes a condition where the mandible is retrognathic (set back) relative to the maxilla, resulting in an "overbite."
- This is a developmental craniofacial anomaly related to jaw position, not a characteristic sign of fracture non-union.
*Unilateral Le Fort I fracture of maxilla*
- A **unilateral Le Fort I fracture of the maxilla** is a midfacial fracture that separates the maxilla from the pterygoid plates and nasal septum, usually involving a horizontal fracture line above the maxillary teeth.
- While it is a type of facial fracture, it does not typically result in an "elephant foot deformity," which is specific to hypertrophic non-unions, especially in the mandible.
Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Question 4: What is the consequence of tibial nerve injury/palsy?
- A. Loss of plantar flexion (Correct Answer)
- B. Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint
- C. Loss of sensation of dorsum of foot
- D. Paralysis of muscles of anterior compartment of leg
Foot and Ankle Surgery Explanation: **Loss of plantar flexion**
- The **tibial nerve** innervates the muscles of the **posterior compartment of the leg**, which are primarily responsible for **plantar flexion** of the foot.
- Injury to this nerve directly impairs the function of muscles like the gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis posterior, leading to a significant loss of the ability to point the foot downwards.
*Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint*
- **Dorsiflexion** is primarily mediated by muscles in the **anterior compartment of the leg**, such as the tibialis anterior, which are innervated by the **deep fibular nerve**.
- Tibial nerve injury would not directly affect these muscles or their function; rather, it leads to issues with the opposing action.
*Loss of sensation of dorsum of foot*
- Sensation to the **dorsum of the foot** is primarily supplied by the **superficial fibular nerve** (for most of the dorsum) and the **deep fibular nerve** (for the first web space).
- While the tibial nerve provides sensation to the sole of the foot, it does not typically innervate the dorsum.
*Paralysis of muscles of anterior compartment of leg*
- The muscles of the **anterior compartment of the leg** (e.g., tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus) are innervated by the **deep fibular nerve**.
- A tibial nerve injury would paralyze muscles in the posterior compartment, not the anterior compartment.
Foot and Ankle Surgery Indian Medical PG Question 5: Foot eversion is caused by
- A. Tibialis anterior
- B. Tibialis posterior
- C. Peroneus longus (Correct Answer)
- D. Extensor digitorum
Foot and Ankle Surgery Explanation: ***Peroneus longus***
- The **peroneus longus** muscle (fibularis longus) is a primary evertor of the foot.
- It originates from the head and upper lateral surface of the fibula, inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal, and its contraction pulls the foot outwards and downwards.
*Tibialis anterior*
- The **tibialis anterior** is the primary dorsiflexor and invertor of the foot.
- It pulls the foot upwards and inwards, which is the opposite action of eversion.
*Tibialis posterior*
- The **tibialis posterior** is a strong invertor and plantar flexor of the foot.
- It contributes to maintaining the arch of the foot and does not cause eversion.
*Extensor digitorum*
- The **extensor digitorum longus** primarily extends the toes and assists in dorsiflexion of the ankle.
- While it may have a slight eversion component, it is not the primary muscle responsible for foot eversion.
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