Growth/Development — MCQs

A 5-day-old newborn is brought into the pediatrician by her parents for new-onset vaginal bleeding. This morning, when the patient’s father was changing her diaper he noticed blood and white vaginal discharge. The patient was born at 39 weeks to a G1P1 mother who has well-controlled type 1 diabetes. The pregnancy and the vaginal delivery were unremarkable. Apgar scores were 8/9. The mother is breast-feeding and reports that the patient is feeding well. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 70/48 mmHg, pulse is 134/min, and respirations are 38/min with an oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. She has lost 5% of her weight since birth. Physical examination notes neonatal acne, enlarged breasts, swollen labia, white vaginal discharge, and evidence of blood in the vaginal opening. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?

A 6-year-old boy is brought in by his mother for a well-visit. She reports that he is going to start kindergarten soon. She is worried that he doesn't like to play outside with the other kids on the block. When asked, the patient says "I like video games more than running. My big brother plays with me." His mother states that his teachers reported that he did well in pre-school and participated in group games. The patient is normally a good listener but has become more stubborn about wanting to "do things by himself," like getting dressed in the morning. The patient has no chronic medical conditions. He is allergic to peanuts. He takes no medications but has an epinephrine auto-injector for his allergy. His brother has asthma and his paternal grandfather died at age 56 of a myocardial infarction. The patient's blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg and pulse is 105/min. He is in the 50th percentile for height and weight. On physical examination, a grade II systolic murmur is heard. When the patient stands up, the murmur decreases. Capillary refill is less than 2 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely next step in management?

An 18-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at term and has been healthy since. He can walk alone and run. He feeds himself with a spoon and can drink from a cup. He can scribble. He babbles and says 'mama'. He points to show objects in which he has interest. He is at 40th percentile for height and weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in management?

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her mother after a fall in the park. Her mother reports a history of spontaneous frequent falls and delayed development for which calcium and iron supplementations were prescribed by their family physician. She has been on antibiotic therapy for the last 2 days for an unremitting cough. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, pulse 98/min, temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F), and respiratory rate 18/min. On examination, there is tenderness over the femur which later turns out to be due to a fractured femoral neck. Moreover, systemic examination reveals red eyes with dilated, tortuous conjunctival blood vessels. Abnormal limb movements are also observed. Which of the following is expected to exceed the normal range in this patient?

A 5-year-old boy presents with a 1-month history of loss of appetite, fatigability, unexplained irritability, and intermittent low-grade fever. The patient’s mother says he also often has bone pain, especially in his lower limbs. Physical examination is significant for the presence of generalized pallor, splenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. His lower extremities are tender to palpation, but there is no joint swelling, warmth or erythema. Laboratory findings are significant for a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL, a total white blood cell count 8,900/mm3, and a platelet count of 90,000/mm3. A peripheral smear shows the presence of atypical lymphocytes. Bone marrow biopsy is performed which demonstrates 30% of the bone marrow cells as a homogeneous population of lymphoblasts. Immunophenotyping confirms the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of precursor-B subtype. Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in this patient?

The parents of a newly adopted 5-year-old child brought him to the pediatrician after he started to have bouts of diarrhea and bloating. His symptoms are worse after consuming dairy products and ice cream. The immunization history is up to date. His height and weight are in the 60th and 70th percentiles, respectively. His physical examination is normal. The pediatrician orders some lab tests because she believes there is a biochemical disorder. What is the first-line therapy for the most likely condition?

An anxious mother brings her daughter into the clinic on her 5th birthday. She was forwarded a recent email by her aunt that stated that the pesticide-coated fruit in school lunches is the number one killer in children in the modern era. You assure her that that pesticides are not the number one killer, nor are they even in the top three killers of children in this age group. What are the top causes of death of American children aged 5-9, in order from most common to least?

A 31-year-old G2P2002 delivers a male child at 40 weeks gestation after an uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery. The newborn is vigorous at birth with Apgar scores of 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The mother has a first-degree laceration that is hemostatically repaired, and the two are transferred to the postpartum unit for routine care. The mother has a past medical history of chronic hepatitis C from intravenous drug use, for which she attended inpatient rehabilitation several times. She last used drugs three years ago. During her prenatal care, her HIV test was negative. She has no other past medical history, and her family history is notable only for hypertension and colorectal cancer. Her partner has a history of recurrent cold sores and no significant family history. Which of the following is the best feeding method for this newborn?

A 4-year-old boy is brought into your office by his parents who state that the boy has been noncompliant with his toilet training and passes stools every 4 days. They describe his stool as hard pellets. They deny any problems during pregnancy and state that he was born at a weight of 7 lbs and 10 oz. They state that he remained in the hospital for one day after his delivery. Since then, he has not had any problems and was exclusively breast fed for the first six months of his life. On physical exam, there is a shallow tear in the posterior verge of his anus. Which of the following is the best treatment?

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother with a history of multiple falls for the last 8 months. He was born at term without any perinatal complications. At birth, his weight and height were 57th and 62nd percentile for his age, respectively. For the first year, he had normal developmental milestones. He started walking at the age of 17 months and started climbing stairs at 2 years of age. For the last 8–10 months, he has been walking clumsily, has fallen multiple times, and is having difficulty standing from the sitting position. He is not able to climb the stairs now. Past medical history is unremarkable. His vaccinations are up-to-date. His maternal uncle had a similar history, and he became bed-bound at 12 years of age. During the physical examination, the patient stood up from sitting position slowly by placing hands on his knees. What additional findings will be present in this patient?