Systemic Pathology — MCQs

An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician because his mother is concerned about recent behavioral changes. His mother states that she has started to notice that he is slurring his speech and seems to be falling more than normal. On exam, the pediatrician observes the boy has pes cavus, hammer toes, and kyphoscoliosis. Based on these findings, the pediatrician is concerned the child has a trinucleotide repeat disease. Which of the following trinucleotide repeats is this child most likely to possess?

A 52-year-old man presents to the Emergency Department because of bilateral leg swelling and puffiness of both eyes in the morning. His symptoms started about 2 weeks ago. He denies smoking or alcohol use and his family history is noncontributory. Today, his vital signs include a temperature of 36.8°C (98.2°F), blood pressure of 162/87 mm Hg, and a pulse of 85/min. On physical examination, he is jaundiced and there is hepatosplenomegaly and 2+ lower extremity edema up to the mid-thigh. Laboratory results are shown: Anti-HCV reactive Serum albumin 3 g/dL Urine dipstick 3+ protein Urinalysis 10–15 red blood cells/high power field and red cell casts Which of the following is a feature of this patient’s condition?

A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of cough and decreased urination. The cough was initially nonproductive, but in the last few days he has coughed up small amounts of blood-tinged sputum with clots. He has not had any fevers, chills, or weight loss. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 5 years. Pulse is 115/min and blood pressure is 125/66 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dried blood around the lips. Serum studies show a creatinine of 2.9 mg/dL. Results of a serum antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody test are negative. A biopsy specimen of the kidney is most likely to show which of the following light microscopy findings?

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of worsening jaundice that started 8 days ago. She has had similar episodes in the past. Her father underwent a splenectomy during adolescence. Physical examination shows mild splenomegaly. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.1 g/dL WBC count 7200/mm3 Mean corpuscular volume 81 μm3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 41% Hb/cell Platelet count 250,000/mm3 Red cell distribution width 16% (N=13%–15%) Reticulocytes 11% Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 10 mm/h Serum Na+ 139 mEq/L K+ 4.2 mEq/L Cl- 100 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 16 mg/dL A peripheral blood smear shows red blood cells that appear round, smaller, and without central pallor. Which of the following is the most sensitive test for confirming this patient's condition?

An otherwise healthy 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 4-month history of worsening fatigue and constipation. She has also noticed that her cheeks appear fuller and her voice has become hoarse. Her temperature is 36.3°C (97.3°F) and pulse is 59/min. Examination of the neck shows a painless, mildly enlarged thyroid gland. Her skin is dry and cool and her nails appear brittle. Serum studies show antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. A biopsy of the thyroid gland is most likely to show which of the following?

A 19-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been feeling increasingly lethargic over the last 6 months. Specifically, she says that she feels tired easily and has been cold even though she is wearing lots of layers. Her medical history is significant for seasonal allergies but is otherwise unremarkable. When prompted, she also says that she has a hard time swallowing food though she has no difficulty drinking liquids. Physical exam reveals a midline mass in her neck. Which of the following structures would most likely be seen if this patient's mass was biopsied?

A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath and productive cough for a few days. He says that his sputum is mostly yellow with tiny red specks. He denies fever, chills, recent weight loss, or joint pain. He has no history of recent travel or sick contacts. His medical history is unremarkable. He smokes a pack of cigarettes daily. He has had 3 sexual partners in the past year. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 20/min. On physical examination, the patient is in mild respiratory distress. Cardiopulmonary auscultation reveals diffuse bilateral rales. An HIV test is negative. His laboratory results are as follow: Complete blood count Hemoglobin 12 gm/dL Serum chemistry Sodium 143 mEq/L Potassium 4.1 mEq/L Chloride 98 mEq/L Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L Blood urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL Creatinine 2.3 mg/dL Glucose 86 mg/dL Urine dipstick Protein trace Blood positive Leukocytes negative Nitrates negative Which of the following is the most likely cause of his current condition?

A 29-year-old woman presents with skin lesions on her elbows and forearms. She notes that they first started appearing 2 months ago and have not improved. She describes the lesions as painless and rarely itchy. She denies any similar symptoms in the past, and has no other significant past medical history. Review of systems is significant for recent joint pain, conjunctivitis, and corneal dryness. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Non-tender, raised, inflamed, white-silver maculopapular lesions are present. Which of the following are the most likely histopathologic findings in this patient's skin biopsy?

A 43-year-old male visits the emergency room around 4 weeks after getting bitten by a bat during a cave diving trip. After cleansing the wound with water, the patient reports that he felt well enough not to seek medical attention immediately following his trip. He does endorse feeling feverish in the past week but a new onset of photophobia and irritability led him to seek help today. What would the post-mortem pathology report show if the patient succumbs to this infection?

A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter for a 1-week history of right leg weakness, unsteady gait, and multiple falls. During the past 6 months, he has become more forgetful and has sometimes lost his way along familiar routes. He has been having difficulties operating simple kitchen appliances such as the dishwasher and the coffee maker. He has recently become increasingly paranoid, agitated, and restless. He has HIV, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His last visit to a physician was more than 2 years ago, and he has been noncompliant with his medications. His temperature is 37.2 °C (99.0 °F), blood pressure is 152/68 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respirations are 14/min. He is somnolent and slightly confused. He is oriented to person, but not place or time. There is mild lymphadenopathy in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas. Neurological examination shows right lower extremity weakness with normal tone and no other focal deficits. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 3600/mm3 Platelet count 140,000/mm3 CD4+ count 56/μL HIV viral load > 100,000 copies/mL Serum Cryptococcal antigen negative Toxoplasma gondii IgG positive An MRI of the brain shows disseminated, nonenhancing white matter lesions with no mass effect. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?