Abdominal and Pelvic Radiology Practice Questions

Q: A 55-year-old male patient presents with hematuria and a mass in the left kidney on a CT scan, as shown below. What is the diagnosis?

Renal angiomyolipoma. ***Renal angiomyolipoma*** - This is a benign renal tumor composed of three tissue types: blood vessels (**angio**), smooth muscle (**myo**), and fat (**lipoma**). The presence of macroscopic fat on a CT scan is a key diagnostic feature. - Patients can be asymptomatic or present with **hematuria** or flank pain, particularly if the tumor is large. There is a strong association with **tuberous sclerosis**. *Renal cell carcinoma* - This is the most common malignant kidney tumor in adults, often presenting with **hematuria**, flank pain, and a palpable mass (the classic triad). - On imaging, it typically appears as a heterogeneously enhancing solid mass and crucially, **lacks macroscopic fat**, which helps differentiate it from an angiomyolipoma. *Renal oncocytoma* - This is a benign epithelial tumor that can be difficult to distinguish from renal cell carcinoma on imaging alone. - It may show a characteristic **central stellate scar** on contrast-enhanced CT, but it does not contain significant fat tissue. *Renal cyst* - A simple renal cyst appears on CT as a well-defined, thin-walled, non-enhancing lesion filled with fluid of **water density**. - The image and description indicate a solid, **neovascular mass**, which is inconsistent with the avascular nature of a simple cyst.

Q: Identify the investigation modality shown in the image.

X-ray defecogram. ***X-ray defecogram*** - This is a dynamic fluoroscopic study, also known as **evacuation proctography**, which visualizes the rectum and anal canal during the act of defecation. - The images show contrast material within the rectum and its expulsion, allowing for the assessment of anorectal angle, pelvic floor descent, and identification of pathologies like **rectocele**, **enterocele**, or **intussusception**. *Barium swallow* - A barium swallow is a radiographic study used to examine the **upper gastrointestinal tract**, specifically the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. - The image clearly depicts the pelvic anatomy and rectum, not the upper GI tract. *MR defecogram* - While also a dynamic study of defecation, an MR defecogram utilizes **magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)**, which provides superior soft-tissue contrast and does not use ionizing radiation. - The image shown is a plain radiograph (X-ray), which has a different appearance compared to an MRI scan. *X-ray barium enema* - A barium enema is used to visualize the anatomy of the **entire large intestine** to detect structural abnormalities like polyps, tumors, or diverticula. - It is typically a static study of the colon's morphology, whereas a defecogram is a functional study focused on the dynamics of evacuation.

Q: The Sonographic scan given below shows:

Twins. ***Twins*** - The ultrasound image clearly shows two distinct **gestational sacs**, separated by a membrane, each containing a developing embryo. - This presentation is characteristic of a **twin pregnancy**, specifically dichorionic-diamniotic twins, given the visible thick membrane. *Single fetus* - A single fetus would present with only one gestational sac and one developing embryo, unlike what is seen in the image. - The presence of two separate sacs rules out a singleton pregnancy. *Snowstorm appearance* - The "snowstorm appearance" is a characteristic sonographic finding in a **hydatidiform mole**, due to hydropic villi. - This image clearly depicts recognizable fetal structures within distinct gestational sacs, which are not seen in a hydatidiform mole. *Triplets* - Triplets would involve three distinct gestational sacs or three fetuses within a shared sac (depending on chorionicity/amnionicity), but the image only shows two clear sacs. - While it's possible to miss a third sac in some views, the prominent visual here is unequivocally two.

Q: Which of the following kidney stones best explains the findings in this X-ray KUB?

Uric acid. ***Uric acid*** - The X-ray KUB image shows **radio-lucent stones** (stones that are not visible) within the kidneys, which is characteristic of **uric acid** stones. - Uric acid stones appear radio-lucent because they **do not contain calcium** and have a low atomic number, making them poorly visible on plain radiographs. *Xanthine* - **Xanthine stones** are also typically **radio-lucent** on X-ray, similar to uric acid stones. - However, they are much **rarer** than uric acid stones, often associated with genetic disorders of purine metabolism or allopurinol use. *Phosphate* - **Phosphate stones**, such as **calcium phosphate** and **magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)** stones, are typically **radio-opaque** and appear bright white on X-ray. - Struvite stones often grow large, forming **staghorn calculi**, which is not depicted as a radio-opaque lesion here. *Cystine* - **Cystine stones** are usually **faintly radio-opaque** or **semi-opaque** on X-ray, appearing less dense than calcium stones but more dense than uric acid stones. - They tend to form in acidic urine environments due to a genetic defect in amino acid transport.

Q: Identify the radiological investigation and finding shown in the image below:

IVP showing horseshoe kidney. ***IVP showing horse shoe kidney*** - The image displays features consistent with an **Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)**, a radiological study of the urinary tract using contrast. The large, fused renal structures at the inferior poles, forming a "U" or "horseshoe" shape, are characteristic of a **horseshoe kidney**. - In a horseshoe kidney, the **lower poles of both kidneys are fused**, typically anterior to the great vessels, which is visible here through the opacified collecting systems. *Barium enema ulcerative colitis* - A **barium enema** visualizes the colon, and typical findings in **ulcerative colitis** include loss of haustra, narrowing, and mucosal irregularities, which are not seen in this image. - The structures shown here are clearly **intravenous contrast-filled renal collecting systems**, not intestinal loops. *Hysterosalpingogram suggestive of PID* - A **hysterosalpingogram (HSG)** is an imaging test for the uterus and fallopian tubes, visualized after contrast injection. - While **pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)** can cause tubal abnormalities (e.g., hydrosalpinx), the image clearly shows structures resembling kidneys and ureters, not female reproductive organs. *Micturition cystourethrogram suggestive of VUR* - A **micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)** assesses the bladder and urethra, primarily for **vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)**, where urine flows backward into the ureters and kidneys from the bladder. - This image shows contrast in the renal collecting systems and ureters, but it's consistent with an **IVP and an anatomical variant** (horseshoe kidney), not reflux from the bladder as would be observed during active micturition in an MCUG.

Q: The following MRI image shows:

Hydronephrosis. ***Hydronephrosis*** - The MRI image clearly shows **dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces** in the left kidney, indicated by the arrow. This uniform distension is characteristic of hydronephrosis secondary to obstruction. - This condition results from an **obstruction of urine outflow**, leading to urine accumulation and subsequent swelling of the kidney's collecting system. *RCC* - **Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)** typically presents as a solid mass or lesion within the kidney parenchyma, which is not depicted in this image. - While an RCC could cause obstruction leading to hydronephrosis, the primary finding here is fluid distension, not a solid tumor. *Nephronophthisis* - **Nephronophthisis** is a genetic disorder characterized by **cysts primarily in the renal medulla** and progressive renal failure. It typically causes small, shrunken kidneys with numerous small cysts, not widespread pelvicalyceal dilation. - It usually manifests in childhood or adolescence with symptoms related to chronic kidney disease, which doesn't directly correspond to the imaging finding of marked collecting system dilation. *Polycystic kidney* - **Polycystic kidney disease** is characterized by the presence of **multiple cysts of varying sizes throughout the renal parenchyma**, leading to enlarged, distorted kidneys. - The image shows a single, dilated collecting system rather than numerous discrete cysts distributed throughout the kidney.

Q: The following IVU shows:

Horseshoe kidney. ***Horseshoe kidney*** - The image shows both kidneys are **fused at their lower poles** across the midline, forming a "horseshoe" shape, which is a classic radiographic finding for this condition. - The **calyces and renal pelves are seen medially oriented**, supporting the diagnosis of a horseshoe kidney. *Hydronephrosis* - **Hydronephrosis** would appear as a dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction, which is not the primary finding here. - While a horseshoe kidney can be associated with hydronephrosis due to an abnormal ureteral course, the image clearly depicts the **fused renal parenchyma** rather than just dilation. *Polycystic kidney* - **Polycystic kidneys** are characterized by numerous cysts of varying sizes replacing normal renal parenchyma, which would present as enlarged, multi-cystic kidneys on imaging. - The image does not show multiple cysts replacing the renal tissue but rather a **fused, single-mass structure** in the lower abdomen. *Duplication of collecting system* - **Duplication of the collecting system** involves two ureters draining a single kidney, or a bifid renal pelvis, which would appear as double ureters or collecting systems on an IVU. - This condition does not present with the characteristic **fusion of the renal poles** across the midline as seen in the image.

Q: The radiographic findings are most consistent with:

Paralytic ileus. ***Paralytic ileus*** - The image shows a **plain abdominal radiograph** revealing **diffusely dilated bowel loops** throughout the small and large intestines, with air-fluid levels, consistent with **paralytic ileus** (also known as adynamic ileus). - Paralytic ileus is a common cause of bowel dilation post-surgery, inflammation, or electrolyte disturbances, where **peristalsis ceases temporarily** without a mechanical obstruction. *Hyperkalemia* - **Hyperkalemia** is an electrolyte imbalance that can lead to significant cardiac dysfunction and muscle weakness, but it **does not directly cause generalized bowel dilation** visible on an X-ray. - While severe electrolyte imbalances can sometimes contribute to ileus, hyperkalemia itself is a metabolic derangement, not a radiographic finding. *Burst abdomen* - A **burst abdomen** (or wound dehiscence) refers to the **separation of abdominal wound edges**, typically after surgery, and is a clinical finding, often with evisceration. - It describes a **surgical complication of the abdominal wall** and is not reflected by the dilated bowel loops seen internally on this radiograph. *Malnutrition* - **Malnutrition** is a state of nutrient deficiency and can lead to various systemic problems, including muscle wasting and immune compromise. - While severe malnutrition can subtly affect bowel function over time, it is **not directly demonstrable as acute, diffuse bowel dilation** on a plain abdominal X-ray.

Q: All of the following can be used to describe the radiological image shown below EXCEPT:

Cobblestoning. ***Cobble stone*** - The image shows a barium swallow with a **"corkscrew" or "rosary bead" appearance**, characteristic of **distal esophageal spasm**. - **Cobblestoning** is typically seen in the colon, associated with severe **Crohn's disease**, and refers to ulcerations and edema creating a nodular appearance, which is not depicted here. *Corkscrew appearance* - This term accurately describes the radiological image, specifically identifying **distal esophageal spasm** where uncoordinated contractions present as multiple irregular indentations. - The **barium column** takes on a spiral or corkscrew shape due to simultaneous, non-peristaltic contractions. *Rosary bead esophagus* - This term is a synonym for the **corkscrew esophagus** appearance and is also used to describe the irregular, segmentally constricted appearance seen in diffuse esophageal spasm. - The contractions create multiple small, bead-like segments, resembling a rosary. *Pseudodiverticula* - These are small outpouchings that can be present in the esophagus when there is severe luminal narrowing from spastic contractions. - The image shows these constrictions and bulging segments that can resemble pseudodiverticula in the context of esophageal spasm.

Q: What does the given CT abdomen show?

Hydatid cyst. ***Hydatid cyst*** - The image shows a large, **multiloculated cystic lesion** within the liver, typical of a hydatid cyst with **daughter cysts** (indicated by arrows). - The presence of **internal septations** and **daughter cysts** strongly suggests **Echinococcus granulosus infection**. - Classic imaging features include the "**water lily sign**" (floating membranes) and **wheel-spoke pattern** of septations. *Liver abscess* - A liver abscess typically appears as a **single or multiple fluid-filled cavities** with **rim enhancement** on contrast CT. - Usually associated with **fever, leukocytosis**, and may show **gas bubbles** if pyogenic. - Lacks the characteristic **daughter cyst** appearance and organized septations seen in hydatid disease. *Hepatic adenoma* - Hepatic adenomas are **solid, well-circumscribed lesions** that may contain **fat** and show **arterial phase enhancement**. - They can undergo **hemorrhage** but do not present as **multiloculated cysts** with daughter cysts. - Typically occur in women on **oral contraceptives**. *Hepatocellular carcinoma* - HCC is typically a **solid mass** with characteristic **arterial phase hyperenhancement** and **venous/delayed phase washout**. - May show **capsule appearance** and can invade vessels. - While large HCCs can have **necrotic areas**, they lack the classic "**daughter cyst**" appearance pathognomonic of hydatid disease.

Question 1

A 55-year-old male patient presents with hematuria and a mass in the left kidney on a CT scan, as shown below. What is the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Renal angiomyolipoma

Answer

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer

Renal oncocytoma

Answer

Renal cyst

Question 2

Identify the investigation modality shown in the image.

Accepted Answer

X-ray defecogram

Answer

Barium swallow

Answer

MR defecogram

Answer

X-ray barium enema

Question 3

The Sonographic scan given below shows:

Accepted Answer

Twins

Answer

Single fetus

Answer

Snowstorm appearance

Answer

Triplets

Question 4

Which of the following kidney stones best explains the findings in this X-ray KUB?

Accepted Answer

Uric acid

Answer

Xanthine

Answer

Phosphate

Answer

Cystine

Question 5

Identify the radiological investigation and finding shown in the image below:

Accepted Answer

IVP showing horseshoe kidney

Answer

Barium enema ulcerative colitis

Answer

Hysterosalpingogram suggestive of PID

Answer

Micturition cystourethrogram suggestive of VUR

Question 6

The following MRI image shows:

Accepted Answer

Hydronephrosis

Answer

RCC

Answer

Nephronophthisis

Answer

Polycystic kidney

Question 7

The following IVU shows:

Accepted Answer

Horseshoe kidney

Answer

Hydronephrosis

Answer

Polycystic kidney

Answer

Duplication of collecting system

Question 8

The radiographic findings are most consistent with:

Accepted Answer

Paralytic ileus

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Burst abdomen

Answer

Malnutrition

Question 9

All of the following can be used to describe the radiological image shown below EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Cobblestoning

Answer

Corkscrew appearance

Answer

Rosary bead esophagus

Answer

Pseudodiverticula

Question 10

What does the given CT abdomen show?

Accepted Answer

Hydatid cyst

Answer

Liver abscess

Answer

Hepatic adenoma

Answer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Abdominal and Pelvic Radiology — MCQs

Abdominal and Pelvic Radiology — MCQs

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