History of Psychiatry — MCQs
Term 'schizophrenia' was coined by:
Who is known as the father of modern psychiatry?
Which of the following is not a Cluster A personality disorder?
A person with unsound mind can be released with pending investigation or trial under:-
A 68-year-old lady thinks that she has committed a sin, she is not worthy to live in this world, she is also having anorexia and insomnia, she is suffering from -
A person going to temple experiences unwanted, intrusive thoughts urging them to abuse God, which cause significant distress. The likely diagnosis is
Match the following drugs in Column A with their contraindications in Column B. | Column A | Column B | | :-- | :-- | | 1. Morphine | 1. QT prolongation | | 2. Amiodarone | 2. Thromboembolism | | 3. Vigabatrin | 3. Pregnancy | | 4. Estrogen preparations | 4. Head injury |
Who proposed the theory of psychosexual development?
Who coined the term 'psychiatry'?
Who coined the term "Id" in psychology?
History of Psychiatry Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1: Term 'schizophrenia' was coined by:
- A. Freud
- B. Kraepelin
- C. Eugene Bleuler (Correct Answer)
- D. Schneider
Explanation: ***Eugene Bleuler*** - The Swiss psychiatrist **Eugene Bleuler** was the first to use the term "schizophrenia" in **1908**, replacing **Kraepelin's** term **dementia praecox**. - He coined the term from Greek roots: "schizein" (to split) and "phren" (mind), referring to the **splitting of mental functions**. *Freud* - **Sigmund Freud** is known as the founder of **psychoanalysis** and developed theories on the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual development. - While influential in psychiatry, he did not coin the term "schizophrenia." *Kraepelin* - **Emil Kraepelin** was a German psychiatrist who developed a classification system for mental disorders and described what he called **"dementia praecox,"** which is now largely equivalent to schizophrenia. - He systematized the understanding of the disorder but did not coin the term "schizophrenia" itself. *Schneider* - **Kurt Schneider** was a German psychiatrist known for his concept of **"first-rank symptoms"** of schizophrenia, which are considered highly characteristic of the disorder. - His contributions were significant in diagnosing schizophrenia, but he did not originate the term.
Question 2: Who is known as the father of modern psychiatry?
- A. Bleuler
- B. Freud
- C. Kraepelin
- D. Philippe Pinel (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Philippe Pinel*** - **Philippe Pinel** is widely regarded as the **father of modern psychiatry** due to his revolutionary reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill in the late 18th and early 19th centuries - He advocated for a more humane approach, removing chains from patients and emphasizing **moral treatment**, which laid the foundation for modern psychiatric care - His work at Bicêtre Hospital (1793) and Salpêtrière Hospital marked a paradigm shift from custodial care to therapeutic intervention *Bleuler* - **Eugen Bleuler** is known for coining the term **"schizophrenia"** (1911) and describing its fundamental symptoms (the "four A's": associations, affect, ambivalence, autism) - While his contributions were significant in understanding and classifying mental illness, he built upon the foundations of humane psychiatric care already laid by Pinel *Freud* - **Sigmund Freud** is considered the **father of psychoanalysis**, a distinct therapeutic approach and theory of personality - His work focused on the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual development, which are central to psychoanalytic theory but not the foundational shift in psychiatric care management that Pinel initiated *Kraepelin* - **Emil Kraepelin** is often referred to as the **father of modern psychiatric classification** due to his systematic approach to categorizing mental disorders based on their clinical course and outcome (dementia praecox vs manic-depressive illness) - His work profoundly influenced the development of diagnostic manuals like the DSM, but his focus was on nosology and classification rather than the initial humane treatment reform
Question 3: Which of the following is not a Cluster A personality disorder?
- A. schizoid
- B. schizotypal
- C. paranoid
- D. anankastic (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Anankastic*** - **Anankastic personality disorder**, also known as **obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)**, is classified under **Cluster C** personality disorders. - Cluster C disorders are characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior, which differentiates them from the odd or eccentric behaviors of Cluster A. *Schizoid* - **Schizoid personality disorder** is a **Cluster A** personality disorder, characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings. - Individuals with schizoid personality disorder typically show no desire for close relationships, including those with family members. *Schizotypal* - **Schizotypal personality disorder** is a **Cluster A** personality disorder, characterized by pervasive patterns of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. - These individuals may have odd beliefs or magical thinking that is inconsistent with cultural norms. *Paranoid* - **Paranoid personality disorder** is a **Cluster A** personality disorder, characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. - Individuals with this disorder often believe that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them, even without sufficient basis.
Question 4: A person with unsound mind can be released with pending investigation or trial under:-
- A. Section 84 Cr P C
- B. Section 328 Cr P C
- C. Section 330 Cr P C (Correct Answer)
- D. Section 84 IPC
Explanation: ***Section 330 Cr P C*** - This section specifically deals with the power of the Court to **release a person with unsound mind** (or other mental incapacitation) pending investigation or trial. - It allows for the release of such individuals on **sufficient security** being given that they will be properly taken care of and produced in Court when required. *Section 84 Cr P C* - **Section 84 CrPC** does not deal with the release of persons with unsound mind. - This option is a distractor that may confuse candidates with Section 84 IPC or other provisions. *Section 328 Cr P C* - This section deals with the **procedure** when an accused appears to be of unsound mind during an inquiry or trial before a Magistrate. - It focuses on stopping the proceedings and determining the accused's mental state, not directly on release pending investigation or trial. *Section 84 IPC* - This section of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) addresses the **acts of a person of unsound mind** and provides a defense against criminal liability. - It applies to the substantive criminal law regarding culpability, not the procedural aspects of release during investigation or trial.
Question 5: A 68-year-old lady thinks that she has committed a sin, she is not worthy to live in this world, she is also having anorexia and insomnia, she is suffering from -
- A. Endogenous depression (Correct Answer)
- B. Dissociative disorder
- C. Exogenous depression
- D. Neurotic depression
Explanation: ***Endogenous depression*** - This older classification term describes **severe depressive symptoms** that arise without a clear external precipitating factor and are characterized by **melancholic/biological features**. - The patient presents with classic features: profound guilt (\"committed a sin\"), worthlessness (\"not worthy to live\"), and significant **vegetative symptoms** including **anorexia** and **insomnia**. - These symptoms align with what is now termed **Major Depressive Disorder with Melancholic Features** in modern classification (DSM-5/ICD-11). - The endogenous nature suggests a **biological/biochemical basis** rather than purely reactive symptoms. *Dissociative disorder* - This disorder involves disruption of **consciousness, memory, identity, or perception** (e.g., dissociative amnesia, depersonalization). - The core features presented—guilt, worthlessness, anorexia, insomnia—are **mood and vegetative symptoms**, not dissociative phenomena. - While depression and dissociation can co-occur, this presentation is primarily a **mood disorder**. *Exogenous depression* - Also called **reactive depression**, this type is triggered by an **identifiable external stressor** (e.g., bereavement, job loss, trauma). - The question provides **no history of external precipitant**, and the severity of guilt and biological symptoms suggests an endogenous process. - Modern equivalent would be depression clearly linked to a psychosocial stressor. *Neurotic depression* - This outdated term historically referred to **milder depression** with prominent **anxiety features** and thought to be related to personality factors. - The patient's presentation is **too severe**—profound guilt, worthlessness, and marked vegetative symptoms indicate a more severe depressive episode. - This better fits **melancholic/endogenous depression** rather than a neurotic-level disorder.
Question 6: A person going to temple experiences unwanted, intrusive thoughts urging them to abuse God, which cause significant distress. The likely diagnosis is
- A. Mania
- B. Schizophrenia
- C. Delusion
- D. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*** - The patient experiences **unwanted, intrusive thoughts** (obsessions) that cause significant anxiety and distress, such as the urge to abuse God. - The **irresistible urge** despite personal values suggests a compulsion to alleviate distress associated with the obsessive thought, even if the action is not performed. *Mania* - Characterized by an **elevated or irritable mood**, increased energy, and goal-directed activity, which does not fit the described symptom of internal, distressing urges. - Symptoms often include **racing thoughts**, grandiosity, and decreased need for sleep. *Schizophrenia* - Involves disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions, often including **hallucinations** or **delusions**. - The described symptom is an urge, not a break from reality or a hallucination. *Delusion* - A **fixed, false belief** that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. - The scenario describes an urge or an intrusive thought, which the person recognizes as distressing and unwanted, not a held belief.
Question 7: Match the following drugs in Column A with their contraindications in Column B. | Column A | Column B | | :-- | :-- | | 1. Morphine | 1. QT prolongation | | 2. Amiodarone | 2. Thromboembolism | | 3. Vigabatrin | 3. Pregnancy | | 4. Estrogen preparations | 4. Head injury |
- A. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
- B. A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 (Correct Answer)
- C. A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
- D. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
Explanation: ***A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2*** - **Morphine** is contraindicated in **head injury** as it can increase intracranial pressure and mask neurological symptoms. - **Amiodarone** is contraindicated in patients with **QT prolongation** due to its risk of inducing more severe arrhythmias like Torsades de Pointes. - **Vigabatrin** is contraindicated during **pregnancy** due to its potential for teratogenicity and adverse effects on fetal development. - **Estrogen preparations** are contraindicated in patients with a history of **thromboembolism** due to their increased risk of blood clot formation. *A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4* - This option incorrectly matches **Morphine** with QT prolongation and **Estrogen preparations** with head injury, which are not their primary contraindications. - It also incorrectly links **Vigabatrin** with thromboembolism and **Amiodarone** with pregnancy. *A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1* - This choice incorrectly associates **Morphine** with pregnancy and **Vigabatrin** with head injury, which are not the most critical or direct contraindications. - It also misaligns **Amiodarone** with thromboembolism and **Estrogen preparations** with QT prolongation. *A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3* - This option incorrectly matches **Morphine** with thromboembolism and **Amiodarone** with head injury, which are not their most significant contraindications. - It also incorrectly links **Vigabatrin** with QT prolongation and **Estrogen preparations** with pregnancy.
Question 8: Who proposed the theory of psychosexual development?
- A. Freud (Correct Answer)
- B. Piaget
- C. Skinner
- D. Kaplan
Explanation: ***Correct: Freud*** - **Sigmund Freud** is widely recognized for originating the theory of **psychosexual development**, which posits that personality develops through a series of stages connected to erogenous zones. - His theory includes distinct stages such as the **oral**, **anal**, **phallic**, **latency**, and **genital** stages, each associated with specific conflicts and developmental tasks. *Incorrect: Piaget* - **Jean Piaget** is known for his theory of **cognitive development**, which describes how children construct their understanding of the world through stages like sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. - His work focuses on the development of **thought processes** and reasoning, rather than psychosexual urges. *Incorrect: Skinner* - **B.F. Skinner** was a proponent of **behaviorism**, emphasizing the role of **operant conditioning** in shaping behavior through reinforcement and punishment. - His theories primarily deal with learned behaviors and environmental influences, not internal psychosexual drives. *Incorrect: Kaplan* - **Harold Kaplan** was a psychiatrist known for his contributions to the field of **sex therapy** and his work on sexual dysfunction. - While his work is related to sexuality, he did not propose the foundational theory of psychosexual development.
Question 9: Who coined the term 'psychiatry'?
- A. Moral
- B. Bleuler
- C. Pinel
- D. Johann Reil (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Johann Reil*** - The term "**psychiatry**" (Psychiatrie) was coined by the German physician **Johann Christian Reil** in **1808**. - Reil introduced the term in his work to advocate for a more **humane and medical approach** to mental illness, moving away from purely custodial care. *Moral* - While Reil's efforts were part of a broader movement towards **moral treatment** of the mentally ill, "moral" itself is not the specific context in which the term was coined. - **Moral treatment** emphasized humane care, occupational therapy, and a therapeutic environment, contributing to the development of psychiatry but not coining the word. *Bleuler* - **Eugen Bleuler** is known for coining the term "**schizophrenia**" in the early 20th century. - He significantly contributed to the understanding of psychotic disorders but did not coin the broader term "psychiatry." *Pinel* - **Philippe Pinel** was a French physician who was an instrumental figure in the **humanitarian reform** of mental asylum care in the late 18th century. - He is famous for **unshackling patients** at Bicêtre and Salpêtrière asylums, but he did not coin the term "psychiatry."
Question 10: Who coined the term "Id" in psychology?
- A. Walker
- B. Bleuler
- C. Freud (Correct Answer)
- D. Skinner
Explanation: ***Correct: Freud*** - The concept of the **"Id"** is a cornerstone of **Freudian psychoanalytic theory**, representing the primitive and instinctual component of the personality - Sigmund Freud introduced the id, ego, and superego to describe the **three parts of the human personality** and how they interact to influence behavior - The term "Id" is derived from the Latin word meaning "it," translated from Freud's German term "Es" *Incorrect: Skinner* - **B.F. Skinner** was a prominent figure in **behaviorism**, focusing on **operant conditioning** and the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior - His theories did not involve the psychoanalytic constructs of id, ego, or superego *Incorrect: Walker* - The name "Walker" is not commonly associated with foundational theories of personality psychology - There is no well-known psychologist named Walker who coined major psychological terms like the "Id" *Incorrect: Bleuler* - **Eugen Bleuler** is known for his work on **schizophrenia**, a term he coined, and for identifying its core symptoms - His contributions were primarily in descriptive psychiatry, not in the psychodynamic theory of personality structures like the id
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