UPSC-CMS 2019 Practice Questions

Q: Which one of the following trace elements if deficient in the diet can lead to low birth weight, preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion or even congenital malformation like anencephaly?

Zinc. ***Zinc*** - **Zinc deficiency** during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion, and congenital malformations like **anencephaly** due to its crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and DNA synthesis. - Adequate zinc levels are essential for proper fetal development and maternal immune function. *Copper* - **Copper deficiency** can lead to issues such as anemia, neurological problems, and impaired bone development, but it is not primarily linked to the specific spectrum of adverse pregnancy outcomes described in the question, such as anencephaly. - While important, copper's role in fetal development differs from zinc's broad impact on cellular processes. *Selenium* - **Selenium deficiency** can be associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, miscarriage, and impaired fetal growth, but it is not as strongly linked to **neural tube defects** like anencephaly as zinc. - Primarily functions as an antioxidant and in thyroid hormone metabolism. *Cobalt* - **Cobalt** is a component of vitamin B12, and its deficiency is usually observed as a deficiency in vitamin B12, leading to **megaloblastic anemia** and neurological issues. - Direct independent cobalt deficiency is rare and not directly associated with the described pregnancy complications or **congenital malformations** in humans.

Q: In a population of 5000, there are 19 % eligible couples. To achieve a couple protection rate (CPR) of 60 %, how many of these should be covered for family planning services?

570. ***570*** - First, calculate the total number of **eligible couples**: 19% of 5000 = (19/100) * 5000 = **950 couples**. - To achieve a **Couple Protection Rate (CPR) of 60%**, calculate 60% of the eligible couples: 60% of 950 = (60/100) * 950 = **570 couples**. *550* - This option indicates a protection rate of approximately **57.9%** (550/950 * 100), which is less than the target of 60%. - It does not meet the specified target for **Couple Protection Rate**. *530* - This option would result in a protection rate of approximately **55.8%** (530/950 * 100), which is significantly lower than the desired 60%. - This value is an underestimation of the number of couples needed to achieve the target CPR. *590* - This option indicates a protection rate of approximately **62.1%** (590/950 * 100), which exceeds the target of 60%. - While protecting more couples is generally good, the question asks for how many *should* be covered to achieve *60%* specifically, making 570 the exact answer.

Q: Vaccine-associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP) is mostly observed due to which of the following vaccine strain serotype?

Type–2 only. ***Type–2 only*** - Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is primarily linked to the **Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)** strain. - This is because the type 2 strain in OPV is inherently more neurovirulent and genetically unstable compared to the other serotypes, making it more prone to reverting to a **paralytogenic form**. *Type–1 only* - While type 1 poliovirus can cause wild poliomyelitis and has been part of OPV, it is **less commonly associated with VAPP** compared to type 2. - The type 1 component of OPV is generally more genetically stable and less likely to revert to a neurovirulent form in vaccinated individuals. *Type–3* - Similar to type 1, the type 3 poliovirus strain in OPV is also **less frequently implicated in VAPP** than type 2. - Type 3 poliovirus has been eradicated globally in both its wild and vaccine-derived forms due to successful vaccination campaigns. *Both Type-1 and 2* - Although VAPP can theoretically occur with vaccine strains of both type 1 and type 2, the **overwhelming majority of cases are caused by the type 2 strain**. - The risk of VAPP from type 1 is significantly lower, making "type 2 only" the most accurate answer for the highest incidence.

Q: Association between hardness of drinking water and death rate from cardiovascular diseases is:

Inverse. ***Inverse*** * Studies have often shown an **inverse relationship** between water hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality. * This means that areas with **harder drinking water**, which contains more minerals like calcium and magnesium, tend to have **lower rates of cardiovascular disease deaths**. *Direct* * A direct association would imply that **harder water leads to higher death rates**, which is generally not supported by epidemiological evidence. * If the relationship were direct, promoting soft water consumption might be a public health goal for cardiovascular health, which is not the case. *No association* * While the association isn't universally strong or consistently replicated in all studies, many large-scale epidemiological studies suggest a **protective effect** of hard water components. * Therefore, stating no association completely would ignore a significant body of research suggesting a benefit. *Association is obtained in presence of confounders* * While **confounders** (such as diet, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and other geographical factors) are always a consideration in epidemiological studies, many analyses have attempted to control for these variables. * The observed inverse association often persists even after adjusting for known confounders, suggesting it's not solely due to them.

Q: Which one of the following oil/fat contains high mono-unsaturated fatty acid and moderate linoleic acid?

Groundnut oil. ***Groundnut oil*** - Groundnut oil, also known as peanut oil, is rich in **monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)**, particularly **oleic acid**, which can constitute 40-60% of its fat content. - It also contains a moderate amount of **linoleic acid (LA)**, an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, typically around 20-30%. *Flax seed oil* - Flax seed oil is known for its exceptionally high content of **alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)**, an omega-3 fatty acid, making it predominantly polyunsaturated. - While it contains some MUFAs and LA, their proportions are significantly lower than in groundnut oil. *Palm kernel oil* - Palm kernel oil is characterized by a very high content of **saturated fatty acids**, especially **lauric acid**, making it solid at room temperature. - It contains very low levels of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid. *Safflower oil* - Safflower oil is available in two main types: high-linoleic and high-oleic. Traditional safflower oil is extremely high in **linoleic acid** (up to 75%), while high-oleic varieties are very high in **oleic acid** (up to 80%). - It does not contain a moderate amount of linoleic acid alongside high MUFAs in the specific balance described for groundnut oil, as the high-linoleic type has very low MUFAs, and the high-oleic type has low linoleic acid.

Q: An adult weighs 73 kgs and has a height of 1.75 meters. For the purpose of classification of overweight and obesity as per WHO recommendation, this person will be classified as:

Normal. ***Normal*** - This individual's **Body Mass Index (BMI)** is calculated as weight (kg) / height (m)^2. For 73 kg and 1.75 m, BMI = 73 / (1.75 * 1.75) = 73 / 3.0625 = **23.83 kg/m²**. - According to WHO classifications, a BMI between **18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²** falls within the **normal weight** range. *Underweight* - An individual is classified as **underweight** if their BMI is **less than 18.5 kg/m²**. - This option is incorrect because the calculated BMI of 23.83 kg/m² is well above this threshold. *Preobese* - The term **preobese** is often used interchangeably with **overweight**, specifically for a BMI between **25.0 and 29.9 kg/m²**. - This option is incorrect as the calculated BMI of 23.83 kg/m² does not fall into this range. *Overweight* - An individual is classified as **overweight** if their BMI is between **25.0 and 29.9 kg/m²**. - This option is incorrect because the calculated BMI of 23.83 kg/m² is below the threshold for overweight.

Q: Which one of the following is the recommended site for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine in young children for ensuring reliable absorption?

Anterolateral aspect of thigh. ***Anterolateral aspect of thigh*** - The **anterolateral aspect of the thigh** is the recommended site for intramuscular injections in infants and young children due to the sufficient muscle mass and lower risk of damaging nerves or blood vessels. - This site ensures reliable absorption of the vaccine due to its **large quadriceps femoris muscle**. *Gluteal region* - The **gluteal region** is generally avoided for intramuscular injections in young children due to the risk of injury to the **sciatic nerve**. - While it has significant muscle mass, the proximity of major nerves makes it less safe for routine vaccinations in this age group. *Anterior aspect of thigh* - The **anterior aspect of the thigh** is not specifically recommended; rather, the **anterolateral aspect** is preferred for its greater muscle mass and safety. - While muscles are present, using the exact anterior aspect might be less reliable for consistent absorption compared to the designated anterolateral site. *Deltoid region* - The **deltoid muscle** is generally too small and underdeveloped in young children and infants to safely administer intramuscular injections. - Using the deltoid in this age group increases the risk of injecting into subcutaneous tissue or hitting underlying nerves/blood vessels, leading to poorer absorption and potential injury.

Q: The drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis to health care personnel and close contacts of suspected or confirmed case of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) is:

Oseltamivir. ***Oseltamivir*** - **Oseltamivir** is the recommended drug for chemoprophylaxis against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) for healthcare personnel and close contacts [1, 2]. - This recommendation is based on its effectiveness against the **neuraminidase** of the H1N1 virus, preventing viral release and spread. *Ribavirin* - **Ribavirin** is an antiviral agent used for conditions like chronic hepatitis C and RSV, but it is not recommended for influenza chemoprophylaxis. - Its mechanism of action and efficacy profile do not make it a primary choice for preventing H1N1 infection. *Amantadine* - **Amantadine** targets the M2 ion channel of influenza A viruses, but many H1N1 strains, including the pandemic strain, developed **resistance** to this drug [1]. - Due to widespread resistance, **amantadine** and rimantadine are no longer recommended for routine influenza treatment or prophylaxis [1]. *Zanamivir* - **Zanamivir** is another **neuraminidase inhibitor** effective against influenza A and B, but it is administered via inhalation. - While effective, **oseltamivir** is generally preferred for chemoprophylaxis due to its oral administration, making it more convenient for widespread use [2].

Q: Which one of the following statements regarding Magnesium is NOT true?

Human adult body contains about 50 g of Magnesium. ***Human adult body contains about 50 g of Magnesium*** - The human adult body contains approximately **21-28 grams** (21000-28000 mg) of magnesium, making 50 grams an overestimation. - While magnesium is an abundant intracellular cation, 50 grams is significantly higher than the average physiological content. *It is essential for normal metabolism of calcium and potassium* - Magnesium plays a crucial role as a **cofactor** in many enzymatic reactions, including those involved in **calcium homeostasis** and **potassium transport** across cell membranes. - Adequate magnesium levels are necessary for the proper functioning of **parathyroid hormone (PTH)**, which regulates calcium and phosphate. *Daily requirement of magnesium is estimated to be about 340 mg/day for adults* - The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for magnesium in adult men is typically around **400-420 mg**, and for adult women, it's roughly **310-320 mg**. - A general estimate of 340 mg/day falls within the typical range of recommended daily intake for adults to maintain optimal health. *It is constituent of bones* - Approximately **50-60% of the body's total magnesium** is stored in the bones, contributing to their structural integrity. - It is present on the surface of **bone crystals** and plays an important role in bone metabolism and bone mineral density.

Question 1

Which one of the following trace elements if deficient in the diet can lead to low birth weight, preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion or even congenital malformation like anencephaly?

Accepted Answer

Zinc

Answer

Copper

Answer

Selenium

Answer

Cobalt

Question 2

In a population of 5000, there are 19 % eligible couples. To achieve a couple protection rate (CPR) of 60 %, how many of these should be covered for family planning services?

Accepted Answer

570

Answer

550

Answer

530

Answer

590

Question 3

Vaccine-associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP) is mostly observed due to which of the following vaccine strain serotype?

Accepted Answer

Type–2 only

Answer

Type–1 only

Answer

Type–3

Answer

Both Type-1 and 2

Question 4

The specific goals for 2025 under the integrated Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhea (GAPPD) are all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Reduce the incidence of severe pneumonia by 90 % in children less than 5 years of age compared to 2010 levels

Answer

Reduce incidence of severe diarrhea by 75 % in children less than 5 years of age compared to 2010 levels

Answer

Reduce mortality from pneumonia in children less than 5 years of age to fewer than 3 per 1000 live births

Answer

Reduce mortality from diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age to fewer than 1 per 1000 live births

Question 5

Association between hardness of drinking water and death rate from cardiovascular diseases is:

Accepted Answer

Inverse

Answer

Direct

Answer

No association

Answer

Association is obtained in presence of confounders

Question 6

Which one of the following oil/fat contains high mono-unsaturated fatty acid and moderate linoleic acid?

Accepted Answer

Groundnut oil

Answer

Flax seed oil

Answer

Palm kernel oil

Answer

Safflower oil

Question 7

An adult weighs 73 kgs and has a height of 1.75 meters. For the purpose of classification of overweight and obesity as per WHO recommendation, this person will be classified as:

Accepted Answer

Normal

Answer

Underweight

Answer

Preobese

Answer

Overweight

Question 8

Which one of the following is the recommended site for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine in young children for ensuring reliable absorption?

Accepted Answer

Anterolateral aspect of thigh

Answer

Gluteal region

Answer

Anterior aspect of thigh

Answer

Deltoid region

Question 9

The drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis to health care personnel and close contacts of suspected or confirmed case of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) is:

Accepted Answer

Oseltamivir

Answer

Ribavirin

Answer

Amantadine

Answer

Zanamivir

Question 10

Which one of the following statements regarding Magnesium is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Human adult body contains about 50 g of Magnesium

Answer

It is essential for normal metabolism of calcium and potassium

Answer

Daily requirement of magnesium is estimated to be about 340 mg/day for adults

Answer

It is constituent of bones

UPSC-CMS 2019

Biochemistry

Community Medicine

Pediatrics

Pharmacology

Physiology