FMGE 2023 - Community Medicine Practice Questions

Q: Hand washing during COVID-19 is what level of prevention?

Primary prevention. ***Primary prevention***- Hand washing is a crucial public health measure that provides **specific protection** by removing SARS-CoV-2 from the skin surface, thereby preventing the entry and establishment of the disease.- This level of prevention focuses on actions taken *before* the onset of disease to reduce the incidence of infection, aligning with efforts like **vaccination** and health education.*Primordial prevention*- This is the earliest stage, aimed at preventing the emergence and establishment of **environmental or social conditions** that may lead to the development of risk factors (e.g., discouraging unhealthy lifestyle trends globally).- It addresses pre-existing **underlying determinants** of health, whereas hand washing directly targets an infectious agent.*Secondary prevention*- This level involves actions aimed at early diagnosis and prompt treatment of an existing condition to halt progression (e.g., large-scale **testing/screening** of asymptomatic cases for COVID-19).- Actions taken at this stage occur *after* the infection has begun but before significant symptoms or complications arise.*Tertiary prevention*- This level focuses on measures taken when the disease has already fully developed, aiming to reduce the severity of **complications**, limit disability, and provide **rehabilitation** (e.g., physical therapy for post-COVID syndrome).- It deals with the management and recuperation phase of established illness, which is not applicable to preventive hygiene practices.

Q: School health service should include all the following except

Doctor on premises. ***Doctor on premises***- A full-time, dedicated **doctor** is generally not considered an essential or standard component of basic school health services, which are typically managed by a **school health nurse** or auxiliary personnel.- School health services focus on periodic **health screening**, first aid, and referral services, rather than requiring an immediate physician presence for routine needs.*Education of handicapped children*- This falls under the necessary provision of **health promotion** and specialized services to ensure **inclusive education** for all students.- School health services must coordinate resources and adaptive support to facilitate the educational outcomes of children with **special needs**.*Dental and eye health services*- These are crucial components of **health screening** and early detection efforts required in school health services.- Identifying and referring issues like **dental caries** and **visual impairments** prevents academic hindrance and long-term morbidity.*School health records*- Maintaining comprehensive **cumulative health records** is paramount for monitoring the health status of students and ensuring continuity of care throughout their schooling.- These records are essential for tracking **immunization status**, screening results, and medical history, which is critical during emergencies.

Q: How much percent of GNP does WHO recommend being spent on the healthcare sector?

5%. ***5%***- The **World Health Organization (WHO)** recommends that countries aim to spend at least **5%** of their **Gross Domestic Product (GDP)** or **Gross National Product (GNP)** on health.- This minimum threshold is deemed necessary to establish basic **universal health coverage** and ensure robust primary healthcare services.*2.0%*- Spending only **2.0%** of GNP is drastically low and associated with poor health outcomes and high rates of **out-of-pocket expenses** for citizens.- This level of allocation is insufficient to fund essential public health functions or maintain a functional **healthcare system**.*2.5%*- While slightly better than 2.0%, **2.5%** remains well below the recognized international benchmark required for adequate health investment.- This level fails to provide resources for comprehensive care, including preventative services and necessary **infrastructure development**.*3.5%*- Allocating **3.5%** shows some governmental commitment but still falls short of the WHO's target for sustainable and effective health financing.- The shortfall between 3.5% and 5% often represents a gap in funding for critical areas like **health workforce training** and access to specialized care.

Q: Eligible couple registers are maintained at which of the following centres?

Sub-centre. ***Sub-centre (Correct Answer)*** - The **sub-centre** is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary health care system and the community, typically serving 3,000 to 5,000 population - It is the operational unit responsible for maintaining essential household and community registers, including the **Eligible Couple Register**, used for planning and delivering family planning services - The **Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM)** posted at the sub-centre maintains this register as part of grassroots family planning surveillance *PHC (Incorrect)* - A **Primary Health Centre (PHC)** serves a larger population (20,000 to 30,000) and supervises 4-6 sub-centres - Its role is more administrative and higher-level curative care - While the PHC utilizes the data for planning, the actual maintenance of the **Eligible Couple Register** is done at the sub-centre level *CHC (Incorrect)* - A **Community Health Centre (CHC)** functions as a referral center for 4 PHCs, offering specialized services like obstetrics, surgery, and pediatrics - Typically serves 80,000 to 1,20,000 population - CHCs are higher-level referral units and do not maintain ground-level household/couple-specific registers *District Hospital (Incorrect)* - The **District Hospital** is the highest-level facility in the district, focusing on advanced tertiary care, specialist consultation, and training - It is far removed from the grassroots fieldwork and record-keeping required for community health surveillance - Does not maintain individual **Eligible Couple Registers** for specific villages

Q: The shelf life of copper T 380 A is

10 years. ***10 years*** - The **Copper T 380A** is approved for continuous use for up to **10 years** - This is the longest duration among all copper IUDs due to its large copper surface area (380 mm²) - Endorsed by **FDA, WHO, and ICMR** as a highly effective long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) - Most cost-effective IUD due to its prolonged efficacy *5 years* - This duration applies to **Copper T 200B** (lower copper content) - Also the approved duration for hormonal IUDs like **Mirena** (levonorgestrel-releasing) - Not applicable to Copper T 380A which has extended efficacy *3 years* - Associated with lower-dose hormonal IUDs like **Skyla** or **Jaydess** - Much shorter than Copper T 380A due to different mechanism (hormonal vs copper) - Not relevant to copper-based contraception duration *7 years* - Not a standard approved duration for any commonly used IUD - Some clinical studies suggest efficacy beyond labeled duration, but 7 years is not the official approval for Copper T 380A - The standard maximum approved duration remains **10 years**

Q: Confidentiality is maintained in which of the following conditions?

Counselling. ***Counselling***- **Counselling** is a private, one-on-one interaction where the counselor is ethically and legally bound to maintain the client's information as **confidential**.- The foundation of successful **counselling** relies heavily on establishing trust, which is achieved through adherence to strict **confidentiality** rules.*Group discussion*- *Group discussion* involves multiple participants discussing a topic, making the shared information inherently public among the group members, thus negating **confidentiality**.- While privacy among group members might be implied, there is no formal professional obligation or structure ensuring that information remains strictly private outside the *group discussion*.*Panel discussion*- A *panel discussion* is a public forum where a group of experts discusses a subject in front of a larger audience, meaning all information shared is immediately public and not **confidential**.- The primary goal is dissemination of information and expert opinion to a broad audience, conflicting with the concept of **confidentiality**.*Seminar*- A *seminar* is an educational presentation or meeting, usually involving a presenter and an audience, where information is shared publicly.- The format of a *seminar* is designed for open learning and exchange, preventing the maintenance of **confidentiality** for any data or client-specific details presented.

Q: An 8 weeks pregnant woman, working in an industry, consults a doctor. According to the ESI act, what is the duration of maternity leave that she can get?

26 weeks, starting from 8 weeks before delivery. ***26 weeks, starting from 8 weeks before delivery*** - This duration is mandated by the **Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017**, which governs the maternity benefits paid through the **ESI scheme** for eligible insured women - This applies for the first two surviving children - The total paid leave entitlement is **26 weeks** (or 182 days), which can be availed for a period not exceeding **8 weeks** immediately preceding the expected date of delivery *4 months* - Four months is approximately **17 weeks**, which is substantially less than the **26 weeks** maximum paid leave guaranteed under the ESI Act and the Maternity Benefit Act - Such a short duration does not comply with current statutory requirements aimed at promoting maternal health and child welfare *28 weeks, starting from 4 weeks after delivery* - The statutory maximum paid maternity leave duration is **26 weeks**, making **28 weeks** an excess entitlement not provided under the current law - The woman is legally entitled to begin her leave up to **8 weeks** prior to the expected delivery date, not just post-delivery, enabling vital pre-natal rest *9 months* - Nine months (approximately **39 weeks**) is significantly longer than the standard paid maternity leave duration of **26 weeks** provided by the ESI Act - While some organizations may offer extended unpaid leave, **9 months** is not the statutory duration for compensated maternity benefit

Q: The processes in the oxidation pond are _

Aerobic during day, anaerobic during night. ***Aerobic during day, anaerobic during night***- **Oxidation ponds** (or waste stabilization ponds) are shallow ponds where sewage is treated naturally, relying on a synergistic relationship between **algae** and **bacteria**.- During the day, algae perform **photosynthesis**, releasing large amounts of **oxygen** into the water, making the environment **aerobic** and allowing aerobic bacteria to thrive in the epilimnion (surface layer).- At night, photosynthesis ceases, and both algae and bacteria consume oxygen through **respiration**. This consumption, coupled with the settling of sludge (which undergoes anaerobic decomposition at the bottom), makes the environment near the bottom and sometimes throughout the pond **anaerobic**.*Always aerobic*- This is incorrect because, during periods of darkness or high organic load, **oxygen levels drop** significantly due to respiration and decomposition, leading to anaerobic conditions, especially at the bottom.*Always anaerobic*- This is incorrect. While the bottom sludge layer is consistently **anaerobic**, the surface layer (epilimnion) is made **aerobic** during the day by the oxygen produced through **algal photosynthesis**.*Anaerobic during day, aerobic during night*- This is incorrect. The generation of oxygen via **photosynthesis** (driven by sunlight) ensures that the process is **aerobic during the day**, not anaerobic. The oxygen depletion from respiration and lack of photosynthesis causes **anaerobic conditions at night**.

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the single exposure point source epidemic?

Explosive in nature. ***Correct: Explosive in nature*** - A **single exposure point source epidemic** involves simultaneous exposure of individuals to a common source over a brief timeframe. - This synchronous exposure results in a rapid, steep rise in the number of cases, giving the outbreak an **explosive onset**. *Incorrect: Has more than one incubation period* - Cases usually cluster within one **incubation period** following the single exposure event, as all infections result from the same limited exposure opportunity. - Having cases spread over multiple incubation periods suggests either a **propagated epidemic** or a sustained common source exposure. *Incorrect: Has multiple peaks* - The defining feature of a point source epidemic is a single, sharp peak corresponding to the time when most exposed individuals develop symptoms within the incubation window. - **Multiple peaks** are characteristic of a **propagated epidemic** where secondary and tertiary cases lead to subsequent waves of infection. *Incorrect: Slow rise and fall* - The graph of a single point source epidemic shows a **rapid rise and fall** because the exposure is terminated quickly and all cases appear almost simultaneously. - A **slow rise and fall** is typical of prolonged exposure (continuous common source) or serial transmission (**propagated epidemics**).

Q: Sickness absenteeism of workers in the industry is used to evaluate

Health of the worker. ***Health of the worker*** - Sickness absenteeism refers to the time off work certified due to the worker's own illness, making it a direct and crucial indicator of the **individual worker's health status** - This metric allows occupational health services to evaluate the **morbidity pattern** and effectiveness of health programs within the working population - It is one of the key indicators used in **occupational health surveillance** *Health of the family* - Sickness absenteeism specifically tracks the worker's certified inability to work due to **personal illness**, not the health status of their household or dependents - While caring for sick family members might lead to absence from work, it is not captured under the definition of **sickness absenteeism** *Industrial environment* - Sickness absenteeism is a **health outcome** measure reflecting illness, not a direct measurement of the physical or chemical features of the **industrial environment** itself - To evaluate the industrial environment, specific techniques like **environmental monitoring**, **risk assessment**, or **occupational hazard surveillance** are employed *Community health* - Sickness absenteeism is restricted to the specific, relatively homogeneous population of **employed workers** within that industry - **Community health** is typically evaluated using broader epidemiological indicators covering the entire population, such as **mortality rates**, **disease prevalence**, or **incidence rates** in the general public

Question 1

Hand washing during COVID-19 is what level of prevention?

Accepted Answer

Primary prevention

Answer

Secondary prevention

Answer

Tertiary prevention

Answer

Primordial prevention

Question 2

School health service should include all the following except

Accepted Answer

Doctor on premises

Answer

Dental and eye health services

Answer

School health records

Answer

Education of handicapped children

Question 3

How much percent of GNP does WHO recommend being spent on the healthcare sector?

Accepted Answer

5%

Answer

3.5%

Answer

2.5%

Answer

2.0%

Question 4

Eligible couple registers are maintained at which of the following centres?

Accepted Answer

Sub-centre

Answer

District hospital

Answer

PHC

Answer

CHC

Question 5

The shelf life of copper T 380 A is

Accepted Answer

10 years

Answer

5 years

Answer

7 years

Answer

3 years

Question 6

Confidentiality is maintained in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Counselling

Answer

Group discussion

Answer

Panel discussion

Answer

Seminar

Question 7

An 8 weeks pregnant woman, working in an industry, consults a doctor. According to the ESI act, what is the duration of maternity leave that she can get?

Accepted Answer

26 weeks, starting from 8 weeks before delivery

Answer

4 months

Answer

28 weeks, starting from 4 weeks after delivery

Answer

9 months

Question 8

The processes in the oxidation pond are _

Accepted Answer

Aerobic during day, anaerobic during night

Answer

Always aerobic

Answer

Always anaerobic

Answer

Anaerobic during day, aerobic during night

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding the single exposure point source epidemic?

Accepted Answer

Explosive in nature

Answer

Has more than one incubation period

Answer

Has multiple peaks

Answer

Slow rise and fall

Question 10

Sickness absenteeism of workers in the industry is used to evaluate

Accepted Answer

Health of the worker

Answer

Community health

Answer

Industrial environment

Answer

Health of the family

FMGE 2023 — Community Medicine