FMGE 2009 Previous Year Questions Practice Questions

Q: Western blot is used for:

Proteins. ***Proteins*** - **Western blot** (also known as protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique in molecular biology and immunogenetics to **detect specific proteins** in a given sample. - It involves separating proteins by size using gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and then detecting the protein of interest using specific **antibodies**. *RNA* - The technique used to detect RNA is called **Northern blot**, which involves separating RNA fragments by size and then detecting specific RNA sequences using nucleic acid probes. - While both Northern and Western blots involve electrophoresis and transfer to a membrane, the target molecule is different. *Maternal DNA* - Detection of specific DNA sequences, including maternal DNA or fetal DNA, is typically performed using techniques like **Southern blot** or, more commonly now, **PCR-based methods** and **next-generation sequencing**. - Maternal DNA itself is not the specific target of a Western blot; proteins derived from any source of DNA, maternal or otherwise, would be the target. *DNA* - The technique primarily used for the detection of specific DNA sequences is **Southern blot**, which involves separating DNA fragments by size and using labeled probes to identify target sequences. - Western blot is fundamentally designed for protein analysis, relying on antibody-antigen recognition rather than DNA hybridization. [Practice more FMGE 2009 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Filigree burn occur in:

Lightning. **Lightning** - **Filigree burns**, also known as **Lichtenberg figures**, are a pathognomonic sign of a **lightning strike**. - These fern-like or tree-like patterns are caused by the flow of high-voltage current along the skin. *High voltage electrical injury* - High voltage electrical injuries typically cause **deep, severe burns** at the points of contact and along the current's path through the body, but generally **do not produce filigree burns**. - The damage from high voltage is primarily due to thermal effects and can lead to extensive tissue necrosis and organ damage. *Vitriolage* - **Vitriolage** refers to injuries caused by **acid attacks**, which result in severe chemical burns. - These burns are characterized by **tissue destruction and discoloration** specific to the corrosive agent, and do not present as filigree patterns. *Electrocution* - **Electrocution** refers to death caused by electric shock. While it involves electric current, it typically results in **entrance and exit wounds**, and internal organ damage. - The term focuses on the fatal outcome and the direct path of the current through the body rather than specific superficial patterns like filigree burns, which are unique to lightning due to its massive, brief, and highly energetic discharge. [Practice more FMGE 2009 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Fracture of hyoid bone is indicative of:

Manual strangulation. ***Manual strangulation*** - Fracture of the **hyoid bone** is **most indicative** of **manual strangulation** due to direct, localized anteroposterior compression of the neck by fingers and thumbs. - The **greater cornu of hyoid** is most commonly fractured when forceful thumb pressure is applied to the front of the neck during manual throttling. - Among all forms of neck compression, manual strangulation has the **highest incidence** of hyoid fracture (30-50% of cases), especially in victims over 40 years when the hyoid is calcified. - This is considered a **classical sign** in forensic pathology for manual strangulation. *Ligature strangulation* - Involves constriction of the neck by a **ligature** (e.g., rope, cord), which causes more **circumferential compression** rather than localized pressure. - Hyoid fracture occurs in only 10-15% of cases, as the force is distributed around the neck rather than concentrated on the hyoid. - **Ligature marks** are the more characteristic finding. *Hanging* - Involves suspension of the body by a ligature around the neck, typically with an **oblique ligature mark** going upward toward the point of suspension. - Hyoid fracture is relatively **rare in suicidal hanging** (10-20%), but can occur in **judicial hanging with drop** or in elderly individuals with calcified hyoid. - The mechanism is more cervical spine injury and vascular compression rather than direct hyoid trauma. *Bansdola* - **Bansdola** refers to a method involving twisting a stick through a ligature around the neck (garroting). - While it can cause neck injuries, the mechanism is more similar to ligature strangulation with circumferential compression. - **Hyoid fracture** is less characteristic compared to manual strangulation. [Practice more FMGE 2009 questions on OnCourse]

Q: In dry drowning:

Water does not enter lungs because of laryngeal spasm. ***Water does not enter lungs because of laryngeal spasm*** - In **dry drowning**, water does not directly enter the lungs but instead causes **laryngospasm**, leading to **suffocation**. - This **reflexive closure of the larynx** prevents water from entering the trachea and bronchial tree during submersion. *Seen in alcoholics due to drowning in shallow pool* - While alcohol consumption can be a factor in drowning incidents, **dry drowning** specifically refers to the mechanism of death due to laryngospasm, not necessarily the circumstances or risk factors. - Drowning in a shallow pool is a circumstance of drowning; it does not define the physiological mechanism of dry drowning. *Death occurs due to sudden immersion in cold water* - Death due to sudden immersion in cold water often leads to **cardiac arrest** (cold shock response) or **hypothermia**, which are different mechanisms from the laryngospasm seen in dry drowning. - Although these can be contributing factors in some drowning deaths, they are not the primary cause of death in dry drowning. *Death occurs in few days of submersion episode* - Death occurring days after a submersion episode is typical of **secondary drowning** (also known as delayed drowning or "wet drowning" with subsequent complications), where inhaled water causes **acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)** or other pulmonary issues. - In **dry drowning**, death occurs rapidly due to **asphyxia** from laryngospasm and not delayed respiratory complications. [Practice more FMGE 2009 questions on OnCourse]

Q: A girl presents with primary amenorrhea, grade V thelarche (mature breast), grade II pubarche (sparse growth of pubic hair) and no axillary hair. Likely diagnosis is:

Testicular feminization. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (also known as testicular feminization) is characterized by a phenotype where primary amenorrhea occurs in a girl with mature (Grade V) breast development but sparse or absent pubic and axillary hair (Grade II pubarche). In this condition, androgens are produced but their receptors are non-functional, leading to normal breast development through the peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogens while inhibiting androgen-dependent hair growth [3]. *Turner syndrome* - Characterized by gonadal dysgenesis [1], leading to primary amenorrhea and absent or rudimentary breast development (grade I thelarche). Patients typically present with characteristic physical features such as short stature [1], webbed neck, and coarctation of the aorta, which are not mentioned here. *Gonadal dysgenesis* - This is a broader term for abnormal development of the gonads [2], often leading to primary amenorrhea and lack of secondary sexual characteristics [1]. Unlike the described case, individuals with gonadal dysgenesis would not have mature breast development. *Mullerian agenesis* - Presents with primary amenorrhea due to the absence or hypoplasia of the uterus and upper vagina, but normal ovarian function. Patients with Mullerian agenesis would typically have normal breast development and normal pubic and axillary hair growth, as their androgen receptors are functional. [Practice more FMGE 2009 questions on OnCourse]

Question 1

Western blot is used for:

Accepted Answer

Proteins

Answer

RNA

Answer

Maternal DNA

Answer

DNA

Question 2

Filigree burn occur in:

Accepted Answer

Lightning

Answer

Vitriolage

Answer

Electrocution

Answer

High voltage electrical injury

Question 3

Fracture of hyoid bone is indicative of:

Accepted Answer

Manual strangulation

Answer

Ligature strangulation

Answer

Hanging

Answer

Bansdola

Question 4

In dry drowning:

Accepted Answer

Water does not enter lungs because of laryngeal spasm

Answer

Seen in alcoholics due to drowning in shallow pool

Answer

Death occurs due to sudden immersion in cold water

Answer

Death occurs in few days of submersion episode

Question 5

A girl presents with primary amenorrhea, grade V thelarche (mature breast), grade II pubarche (sparse growth of pubic hair) and no axillary hair. Likely diagnosis is:

Accepted Answer

Testicular feminization

Answer

Turner syndrome

Answer

Gonadal dysgenesis

Answer

Mullerian agenesis

Question 6

Rate of uterine involution per day following delivery:

Accepted Answer

1 cm/day

Answer

2.5 cm/day

Answer

1.25 cm/day

Answer

2.25 cm/day

Question 7

Confirmatory diagnosis of rabies on postmortem:

Accepted Answer

Negri bodies in brain

Answer

Negri bodies in saliva

Answer

Anti-rabies antibodies in blood

Answer

Negri bodies in corneal scrapings

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT used for iron poisoning?

Accepted Answer

Penicillamine

Answer

EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Answer

Desferrioxamine

Answer

Gastric lavage

Question 9

Drug of choice for obsessive-compulsive disorder is:

Accepted Answer

Fluoxetine

Answer

Sertraline

Answer

Alprazolam

Answer

Chlorpromazine

FMGE 2009

Biochemistry

Dental

Forensic Medicine

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pathology

Pharmacology

Psychiatry