Pulmonology — MCQs

Pulmonology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 831: Fibrosis of upper lobe is due to

A. ABPA (Correct Answer)
B. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Certain types of pneumonia
D. Bronchiectasis

Explanation: ***ABPA*** - **Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)** is a hypersensitivity reaction to *Aspergillus* species, particularly *A. fumigatus*, which colonize the airways, and commonly leads to **upper lobe fibrosis** and **bronchiectasis**. - The chronic inflammation and recurrent immune responses result in progressive airway damage, characterized on imaging by centrilobular nodules, mucoid impaction, and ultimately **fibrosis in the upper lobes**. Other conditions causing similar upper lobe conglomerate masses include Progressive Massive Fibrosis (PMF) seen in coal worker's pneumoconiosis [1]. *Certain types of pneumonia* - While pneumonia can cause inflammation, it typically leads to **lobar consolidation** or diffuse infiltrates rather than specific upper lobe fibrosis. - **Resolution of pneumonia** usually occurs without significant fibrotic changes, unlike chronic conditions that predispose to fibrosis. *Bronchiectasis* - **Bronchiectasis** is a general term for permanent dilation of the bronchi, which can occur in any lobe, but alone **does not directly cause upper lobe fibrosis** as a primary etiology. - While it often coexists with conditions that cause fibrosis (like ABPA or CF), it's a consequence of airway damage, not the direct cause of the fibrotic process itself; it can however predispose to recurrent infections leading to scarring. *Rheumatoid arthritis* - **Rheumatoid arthritis** can cause interstitial lung disease, including **pulmonary fibrosis**, but it typically manifests as a **basilar or diffuse pattern** rather than predominantly upper lobe fibrosis [2]. - The fibrosis associated with RA-ILD is commonly of a **usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)** or **non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)** pattern [2].

Question 832: A person experiences asthma attacks more than twice during the day and at least once during the night. What is the most likely classification of their asthma?

A. Intermittent asthma
B. Mild persistent asthma
C. Moderate persistent asthma
D. Severe persistent asthma (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Severe persistent asthma*** - This classification is characterized by **frequent symptoms**, specifically asthma attacks occurring more than twice daily and at least once nightly. - Individuals with severe persistent asthma often experience significant limitations in their daily activities and may have a **FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second)** less than 60% of predicted. *Intermittent asthma* - This classification is characterized by symptoms occurring less than two days per week and **nighttime awakenings less than two times per month**. - Symptoms are generally well-controlled with a short-acting beta-agonist (SABA) as needed. *Mild persistent asthma* - Patients with mild persistent asthma typically experience symptoms more than twice a week but **less than once a day**, and **nighttime awakenings 3-4 times per month**. - Their lung function (FEV1) is usually 80% or more of predicted. *Moderate persistent asthma* - This category involves daily symptoms and **nighttime awakenings more than once per week but not nightly**. - Lung function (FEV1) in moderate persistent asthma typically falls between 60% and 80% of predicted.

Question 833: Creola bodies are seen in:

A. Emphysema
B. Chronic bronchitis
C. Bronchiectasis
D. Bronchial asthma (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Bronchial asthma*** - **Creola bodies** are clusters of **desquamated columnar epithelial cells** found in the sputum of patients with asthma. [1] - Their presence indicates ongoing **bronchial inflammation** and epithelial damage, characteristic of asthma exacerbations. *Chronic bronchitis* - Characterized by **mucus hypersecretion** and **chronic productive cough**, without the specific finding of Creola bodies. - Histologically, it involves **goblet cell hyperplasia** and **mucous gland enlargement**. *Emphysema* - Defined by irreversible enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with **destruction of alveolar walls**, not specific cell aggregates. [1] - The primary defect is loss of **elastic recoil** and **airflow limitation**. *Bronchiectasis* - Involves **permanent abnormal dilation** of the bronchi due to destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial wall. [1] - Sputum typically contains inflammatory cells and bacteria, but Creola bodies are not a defining feature.

Question 834: What is the term for the collapse of a lung?

A. Emphysema
B. Atelectasis (Correct Answer)
C. Bronchitis
D. Bronchiectasis

Explanation: ***Atelectasis*** - **Atelectasis** is the technical term for the **collapse of a lung** or a part of a lung, leading to reduced or absent gas exchange. - It can be caused by **obstruction of the airway** (e.g., mucus plug, foreign body) or external compression on the lung [1]. *Emphysema* - **Emphysema** is a chronic lung disease characterized by the **destruction of the alveoli**, leading to permanent enlargement of airspaces [2]. - It results in reduced elastic recoil of the lungs and is a type of **COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)** [2]. *Bronchiectasis* - **Bronchiectasis** is a chronic condition where the airways (bronchi) become **abnormally widened** and scarred. - This widening leads to a buildup of mucus, making the lungs vulnerable to **recurrent infections**. *Bronchitis* - **Bronchitis** is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. - It typically causes a **cough** with mucus production and can be acute or chronic.

Question 835: All are seen in emphysema except which of the following?

A. Rhonchi (Correct Answer)
B. Reduced Dlco
C. Decreased vital capacity
D. Hyperinflation

Explanation: ***Rhonchi*** - **Rhonchi** result from **airflow obstruction** in larger airways, typically heard in conditions like bronchitis or asthma, and are generally *not* a hallmark of emphysema. [2] - While patients with emphysema *can* have co-existing conditions, **rhonchi** are not a primary feature directly attributable to the pathological changes of emphysema itself. *Decreased vital capacity* - Emphysema leads to the destruction of alveolar walls, causing **loss of elastic recoil** and air trapping, which often results in a **reduced vital capacity** as the lungs cannot fully deflate. [1] - The inability to exhale effectively limits the total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. [3] *Hyperinflation* - The destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil in emphysema cause air to become trapped in the lungs, leading to **hyperinflation** (increased total lung capacity and residual volume). [1] - This persistent overdistention of the lungs is a characteristic feature of emphysema, often visible on imaging. *Reduced Dlco* - The **diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)** is significantly **reduced** in emphysema due to the destruction of the alveolar-capillary membrane. - This destruction decreases the surface area available for gas exchange, impairing the transfer of oxygen into the blood.

Question 836: What condition is most likely to cause sudden death or cardiovascular collapse?

A. Small pulmonary embolism (less than 30%)
B. End artery obliteration (not acute)
C. Pulmonary embolism causing obstruction of more than 50% but less than 60% of the pulmonary artery.
D. Obstruction of 60% or more of the pulmonary artery by emboli (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***60% or more of pulmonary artery is obstructed with emboli*** - When **60% or more** of the pulmonary artery is obstructed by emboli, it can lead to **sudden death** or significant cardiovascular collapse due to acute right heart failure [1]. - This level of obstruction drastically reduces blood flow to the lungs, leading to **hypoxia** and increased pressure on the heart. *End artery obliteration* - This refers to the complete blockage of an artery supplying a specific region, but is less commonly associated with **sudden death** as it typically results in localized ischemia. - Sudden death is more commonly linked with **large-scale** obstruction rather than **end artery** issues. *Small pulmonary embolism* - Small pulmonary emboli often produce **minimal symptoms** and rarely lead to **sudden death**; they are typically resolved by the lungs' circulatory system. - Such embolisms might cause **mild discomfort**, but rarely result in cardiovascular collapse unless they lead to multiple small emboli accumulating over time. *Massive pulmonary embolism* - Although massive pulmonary embolism can lead to sudden death, the question specifies that **60% obstruction** directly leads to cardiovascular collapse, which may not always apply to massive cases [1]. - Massive pulmonary embolism usually refers to acute scenarios involving significant obstruction leading to sudden symptoms, but not all massive events lead to **immediate** clinical collapse.

Question 837: Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?

A. Central bronchiectasis
B. Eosinophilia
C. Asthma
D. Pleural effusion (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Pleural effusion*** - While other fungal infections can cause pleural effusions, **bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)** rarely causes exudative effusions. - The primary pathology in ABPA involves **allergic inflammation within the airways**, rather than invasive disease extending to the pleura. *Central bronchiectasis* - **Central bronchiectasis** is a hallmark feature of ABPA, particularly affecting the upper and middle lobes due to mucin impaction and inflammation. - This is a direct consequence of the extensive **allergic inflammatory response** to *Aspergillus* antigens within the bronchial tree. *Asthma* - **Asthma** is a prerequisite for a diagnosis of ABPA, as the disease stems from an exaggerated immune response to *Aspergillus* in asthmatic individuals [1]. - Patients typically present with difficult-to-control asthma, often with **recurrent exacerbations** and a need for high-dose corticosteroids. *Eosinophilia* - **Peripheral blood eosinophilia** is a common laboratory finding in ABPA, reflecting the intense **Type I and Type III hypersensitivity reactions** [1]. - This eosinophilic inflammation is central to the pathogenesis, contributing to airway damage and mucus plugging.

Question 838: 50-year-old male is evaluated for haemoptysis, and his CXR shows a cavitating lesion. All of the following can be the cause for this, except:

A. Aspergilloma
B. Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
C. Wegener's granulomatosis
D. Sarcoidosis (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Sarcoidosis*** - While sarcoidosis can cause lung nodules and cavitations in rare instances, it is **not typically a common cause of cavitating lesions with hemoptysis** [3]. - The classic presentation involves **non-caseating granulomas** affecting multiple organs, with hemoptysis being an unusual symptom [2]. *Aspergilloma* - An **Aspergilloma** often develops in pre-existing lung cavities (e.g., from tuberculosis or sarcoidosis) and is a **well-known cause of hemoptysis** [1], [3]. - The fungal ball can erode into bronchial blood vessels leading to significant bleeding [1]. *Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)* - Severe CAP, particularly that caused by organisms like **Klebsiella pneumoniae** or certain **staphylococci**, can lead to **necrotizing pneumonia with cavitation** and subsequent hemoptysis [1]. - The infection causes tissue destruction, forming abscesses that can cavitate. *Wegener's granulomatosis* - **Wegener's granulomatosis** (now known as Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis) is a systemic vasculitis that commonly affects the lungs, leading to **nodules that frequently cavitate** [2]. - **Hemoptysis** is a common symptom due to the destructive nature of the granulomas and vasculitis [2].

Question 839: A 50-year-old man who has worked in a coal mining factory for 16 years develops symptoms of progressively worsening breathlessness and cough with expectoration. Spirometry reveals values of FEV1 - 1.4 L and FVC 2.8 L. What could be the cause?

A. Silicosis
B. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
C. COPD (Correct Answer)
D. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Explanation: ***COPD*** - Working in a **coal mining factory** for 16 years is a significant occupational exposure for developing **Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)**, particularly **coal workers' pneumoconiosis** which can manifest as COPD [1], [3]. - The spirometry values show a **reduced FEV1/FVC ratio** (1.4/2.8 = 0.5), which is characteristic of an **obstructive lung disease** like COPD [3]. *Silicosis* - While silicosis is an occupational lung disease associated with exposure to **silica dust**, it typically presents as a **restrictive lung disease**, meaning both FEV1 and FVC would be reduced proportionally, or FVC would be reduced more significantly than FEV1 [1]. - The spirometry pattern in this case is clearly **obstructive**, with a disproportionate reduction in FEV1 relative to FVC. *Hypersensitivity pneumonitis* - This is an **immunological reaction** to inhaled organic or chemical antigens, often presenting with symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and fever, but it usually causes a **restrictive or mixed ventilatory defect**. - There is no information provided about specific organic or chemical exposures typically associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a coal mining setting, and the spirometry pattern is obstructive. *Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis* - This is a **restrictive lung disease** characterized by progressive scarring of the lung tissue, leading to reduced lung volumes (both FEV1 and FVC are reduced, often with a normal or increased FEV1/FVC ratio) [2]. - The spirometry results showing an **obstructive pattern** (reduced FEV1/FVC ratio) rule out idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as the primary cause [2].

Question 840: All the following in the Light's criteria are suggestive of exudative pleural effusion except.

A. Pleural fluid LDH : serum LDH ratio > 0.6
B. Pleural fluid ADA < 16 (Correct Answer)
C. Pleural fluid protein : serum protein ratio > 0.5
D. Pleural fluid LDH > two-thirds of the upper limit of serum LDH

Explanation: ***Pleural fluid ADA < 16*** - **Adenosine deaminase (ADA)** levels are used to diagnose **tuberculous pleural effusions**, with high levels (>40 U/L) suggesting exudate. [1] - A pleural fluid ADA of < 16 U/L is indicative of a **transudative effusion**, as it rules out tuberculosis. [1] *Pleural fluid LDH : serum LDH ratio > 0.6* - This criterion, where the ratio of **pleural fluid LDH** to **serum LDH** is greater than 0.6, is one of the classic **Light's criteria** for identifying an exudative effusion. [1] - An exudate typically has higher protein and enzyme content due to increased capillary permeability or local production. [1] *Pleural fluid protein : serum protein ratio > 0.5* - This indicates that the **protein concentration** in the pleural fluid is significantly higher than in the serum. [1] - This ratio is a key component of **Light's criteria** and suggests an inflammatory or exudative process. [1] *Pleural fluid LDH > two-thirds of the upper limit of serum LDH* - This is another major criterion in **Light's criteria** for defining an exudative pleural effusion. [1] - An elevated **pleural fluid LDH** suggests increased cellular activity or cell breakdown within the pleural space, characteristic of an exudate. [1]

Practice by Chapter

Obstructive Airway Diseases (Asthma, COPD)

Practice Questions

Interstitial Lung Diseases

Practice Questions

Pulmonary Infections

Practice Questions

Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Practice Questions

Pleural Diseases

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Sleep-Disordered Breathing

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Respiratory Failure

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Mediastinal Disorders

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Occupational Lung Diseases

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Pulmonary Function Testing

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Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis

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Lung Cancer Approach

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