Hematology — MCQs

Hematology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1181: In the evaluation of a newly diagnosed case of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), which of the following tests is not routinely included?

A. Plasma viscosity (Correct Answer)
B. Bone marrow biopsy
C. Complete metabolic panel
D. Cell surface phenotyping

Explanation: ### Plasma viscosity - **Plasma viscosity** measurement is not a standard diagnostic or staging test for **acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)**. [1] - While it can be elevated in conditions with high protein levels or hypergammaglobulinemia, it does not provide specific information relevant to ALL diagnosis or treatment planning. [1] *Bone marrow biopsy* - A **bone marrow biopsy** is crucial for diagnosing ALL, confirming the presence of **lymphoblasts**, and assessing disease burden. [2] - It also helps in identifying cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. [2] *Cell surface phenotyping* - **Cell surface phenotyping** (immunophenotyping) via **flow cytometry** is essential for classifying the subtype of ALL (e.g., B-ALL, T-ALL) and identifying specific markers. [2] - This information guides treatment protocols and predicts prognosis. [2] *Complete metabolic panel* - A **complete metabolic panel (CMP)** assesses organ function (e.g., kidney, liver), **electrolyte balance**, and levels of substances like **uric acid** and **lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)**. - These measurements are vital for identifying complications, assessing baseline health, and monitoring for **tumor lysis syndrome** which can be seen in ALL.

Question 1182: Which of the following does not cause deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?

A. Lower limb trauma
B. Subungual hematoma (Correct Answer)
C. Hip & pelvic surgeries
D. Cushing's syndrome

Explanation: ***Subungual hematoma*** - A **subungual hematoma** is a collection of blood under the fingernail or toenail, usually caused by trauma. - It is a localized injury that **does not affect systemic coagulation** or venous blood flow, thus not increasing DVT risk. *Lower limb trauma* - **Trauma to the lower limb**, especially involving fractures or significant soft tissue damage, can lead to **venous stasis** due to immobility and direct vessel injury [1]. - This immobility and vessel damage activate the **coagulation cascade**, significantly increasing the risk of DVT [1]. *Cushing's syndrome* - **Cushing's syndrome** is characterized by **hypercortisolism**, which leads to a **hypercoagulable state**. - **Elevated cortisol levels** increase circulating procoagulant factors and decrease fibrinolytic activity, predisposing patients to DVT. *Hip & pelvic surgeries* - **Major surgeries**, particularly those involving the **hip and pelvis**, frequently cause **endothelial injury**, blood stasis, and activate the coagulation system [1]. - Patients undergoing these procedures are at a **very high risk for DVT** due to prolonged immobility and surgical trauma [1].

Question 1183: Which is not seen in Polycythemia Vera?

A. Increased erythropoietin level (Correct Answer)
B. Increased RBC count
C. Ocular congestion
D. Increased Vitamin B12 binding capacity

Explanation: ***Increased erythropoietin level*** - In polycythemia vera, there is typically a **decrease in erythropoietin levels** due to the autonomous production of red blood cells. - The overproduction of red cells occurs independently of erythropoietin stimulation, distinguishing this condition from secondary causes of erythrocytosis. *Ocular congestion* - Ocular congestion can occur due to **increased blood volume** and vascular stasis associated with polycythemia vera. - It is often a result of elevated hematocrit levels leading to **erythromelalgia** and **hyperviscosity symptoms**. *Increase RBC count* - A hallmark of polycythemia vera is a **significant increase in red blood cell (RBC) count**, which is diagnostic for the condition. - This increase in RBCs contributes to symptoms such as **headaches, dizziness**, and ruddy complexion. *Increased Vit B12 binding capacity* - Polycythemia vera is associated with **increased vitamin B12 levels** due to elevated levels of transcobalamin, resulting in high binding capacity. - This phenomenon helps differentiate polycythemia vera from other forms of polycythemia. [1]

Question 1184: Although more than 400 blood groups have been identified, the ABO blood group system remains the most important in clinical medicine because it is essential for safe blood transfusions. Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

A. The ABO blood group system divides blood into four groups: A, B, AB, and O.
B. In the ABO blood group system, antibodies are present in plasma when the corresponding antigen is absent on red blood cells. (Correct Answer)
C. The ABO blood group system was the first blood group system to be discovered in 1901.
D. ABO antigens are found in most body tissues and fluids.

Explanation: ***In the ABO blood group system, antibodies are present in plasma when the corresponding antigen is absent on red blood cells [3], [5].*** - This statement is correct and is a fundamental principle of the ABO system, explaining why individuals with type A blood have **anti-B antibodies** and vice versa, preventing incompatible transfusions [2], [5]. - The presence of naturally occurring antibodies against the missing ABO antigens ensures immediate and potent transfusion reactions if incompatible blood is transfused. *The ABO blood group system divides blood into four groups: A, B, AB, and O [1], [3].* - While the ABO system does classify blood into these four main groups, this statement alone is not the most comprehensive or explanatory characteristic of its clinical importance compared to the antibody-antigen relationship. - The existence of these four groups is a result of the **presence or absence of A and B antigens** on the red blood cell surface [3]. *The ABO blood group system was the first blood group system to be discovered in 1901.* - The ABO blood group system was indeed discovered in **1901 by Karl Landsteiner**, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery, making it the **first significant blood group system identified**. - However, while historically important, this statement describes its discovery history rather than a core principle of its biological function or clinical relevance in the same way the antibody rule does [4]. *ABO antigens are found in most body tissues and fluids.* - ABO antigens are found not only on **red blood cells** but also on the surface of most other **body cells**, including epithelial cells, and in secretions like saliva and tears in individuals known as "secretors." - This widespread distribution is crucial for tissue typing in organ transplantation but is not the primary reason for the ABO system's paramount importance in safe blood transfusions compared to the antibody-antigen incompatibility rule.

Question 1185: Multiple myeloma has been seen commonly after exposure to which of the following substances?

A. Radioactive isotopes (Correct Answer)
B. Gold
C. Asbestos
D. Organic dyes

Explanation: ***Radioactive isotopes*** - Exposure to **ionizing radiation** from radioactive isotopes is a known risk factor for developing multiple myeloma due to its damaging effects on DNA and cells, potentially leading to malignant transformation [2]. - Studies have shown an increased incidence of **plasma cell dyscrasias**, including multiple myeloma, in populations exposed to significant levels of radiation [1]. *Gold* - **Gold compounds** were historically used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but there is no established association between gold exposure and the development of multiple myeloma. - While gold can cause side effects like **nephrotoxicity** or **dermatitis**, it is not considered a carcinogen for plasma cell disorders. *Asbestos* - **Asbestos exposure** is primarily linked to respiratory diseases such as **asbestosis**, **lung cancer**, and **mesothelioma**. - There is no direct causal link between asbestos exposure and the development of multiple myeloma. *Organic dyes* - Exposure to **certain organic dyes** and chemicals used in industries like textiles and rubber manufacturing has been associated with an increased risk of **bladder cancer** and some **hematological malignancies**. - However, the evidence specifically linking exposure to organic dyes to multiple myeloma is not well-established or consistent.

Question 1186: During the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, cytogenetic remission is least likely to occur with which one of the following treatment modalities?

A. imatinib mesylate
B. Interferon-alpha
C. Bone marrow transplantation
D. Hydroxyurea (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Hydroxyurea*** - **Hydroxyurea** (hydroxycarbamide) is a cytoreductive agent that can control cell counts in **chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)** but it does not specifically target the **BCR-ABL fusion gene**. [1] - Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting **ribonucleotide reductase**, which prevents DNA synthesis and thus reduces cell proliferation, but it does not lead to **cytogenetic remission**. [1] *imatinib mesylate* - **Imatinib mesylate** is a **tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)** that specifically targets the **BCR-ABL fusion protein**. [1] - It is highly effective in achieving **hematological and cytogenetic remission** in most CML patients. [1] *Interferon-alpha* - **Interferon-alpha** is an immunomodulatory agent that was formerly a standard treatment for **CML** before TKIs. [1] - It can induce **cytogenetic remissions** in a significant proportion of patients, though less frequently and with more side effects than TKIs. [1] *Bone marrow transplantation* - **Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)**, or bone marrow transplantation, offers the only potential cure for CML. - It involves replacing the patient's diseased bone marrow with healthy donor cells, leading to sustained **cytogenetic and molecular remission** in a high percentage of patients. [1]

Question 1187: What is the best treatment option for a patient aged 65 years with severe aplastic anemia who has an HLA-compatible sibling available?

A. Antithymocyte globulin followed by cyclosporine (Correct Answer)
B. Non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from the HLA identical sibling
C. Cyclosporine monotherapy
D. Conventional myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from the HLA identical sibling

Explanation: Antithymocyte globulin followed by cyclosporine - For patients **over 50 years** with severe aplastic anemia and an HLA-compatible sibling, **immunosuppressive therapy** with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine is generally preferred over transplantation due to increased transplant-related mortality risks in older individuals. [1] - This regimen aims to suppress the immune system's attack on hematopoietic stem cells, allowing for recovery of bone marrow function. *Non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from the HLA identical sibling* - While generally preferred for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia, **non-myeloablative transplantation** for severe aplastic anemia is often considered for those who fail initial immunosuppressive therapy, not as a first-line option. - The goal in aplastic anemia is to remove the autoimmune attack on stem cells and foster recovery, which immunosuppression can achieve with less toxicity in older patients. *Cyclosporine monotherapy* - **Cyclosporine monotherapy** is typically less effective than combination therapy with ATG for severe aplastic anemia. - Combination therapy provides a more robust immunosuppressive effect, leading to higher response rates. *Conventional myeloablative bone marrow transplantation from the HLA identical sibling* - **Conventional myeloablative transplantation** carries significant risks, including high treatment-related mortality, particularly in patients **over 50 years**. [1] - While it offers a potential cure, the risks in this age group are generally deemed too high as a first-line therapy compared to immunosuppression.

Question 1188: In which of the following age groups is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) most commonly diagnosed?

A. 0-10 years
B. 11-20 years
C. 21-50 years
D. >50 years (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is predominantly a disease of the **elderly**, with the median age of diagnosis typically in the **mid-to-late 60s or 70s**. The incidence of MDS significantly **increases with age**, reflecting an accumulation of genetic mutations and bone marrow dysfunction over time. *0-10 years* - While MDS can occur in children, it is **very rare** in this age group and often associated with **inherited bone marrow failure syndromes** or **genetic predispositions**. - The clinical presentation and underlying biology of pediatric MDS can differ significantly from adult-onset MDS. *11-20 years* - MDS is also **uncommon** in adolescents and young adults, largely overshadowed by other hematologic malignancies like acute leukemias or lymphomas. - When it does occur, it may sometimes be linked to prior exposure to **chemotherapy or radiation**. *21-50 years* - Although possible, the diagnosis of MDS in this age range is still relatively **infrequent** compared to older populations. - MDS in younger adults may have different prognostic implications or be more often linked to secondary causes.

Question 1189: Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for pulmonary embolism?

A. Protein S deficiency
B. Malignancy (Correct Answer)
C. Obesity
D. Progesterone therapy

Explanation: **Malignancy** - **Malignancy** significantly increases the risk of pulmonary embolism due to a hypercoagulable state often induced by tumor cells producing procoagulant factors and inflammatory cytokines. [1] - Cancer patients are at a 4-7 times higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to the general population, making it a leading cause of death in this group. [1] *Protein S deficiency* - **Protein S deficiency** is a genetic **thrombophilia** that increases the risk of clotting, but it is less common and, on its own, generally carries a lower overall population attributable risk for PE than malignancy. - While it predisposes to recurrent VTE, it does not represent the most significant risk factor in the general context of PE etiologies. *Obesity* - **Obesity** is a risk factor for pulmonary embolism, as it is associated with chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired fibrinolysis, all of which promote a prothrombotic state. - However, the increased risk associated with obesity is generally moderate compared to the profound prothrombotic effects of malignancy. *Progesterone therapy* - **Progesterone therapy**, particularly in the context of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of VTE, including PE. - This effect is primarily due to changes in clotting factors, but the overall risk increase is typically less pronounced compared to the highly procoagulant state associated with active cancer.

Question 1190: Earliest phenotypic manifestation of idiopathic hereditary hemochromatosis is:

A. Post-prandial increase in serum iron concentration
B. Increased transferrin saturation (Correct Answer)
C. Elevated serum ferritin level
D. Slate grey pigmentation of skin

Explanation: ***Increased transferrin saturation*** - **Increased transferrin saturation** is the **earliest phenotypic manifestation** of idiopathic hereditary hemochromatosis due to increased iron absorption exceeding the binding capacity of transferrin [1]. - This precedes significant iron overload and subsequent organ damage, making it a key diagnostic marker in early stages [3]. *Post-prandial increase in serum iron concentration* - While iron absorption is increased in hemochromatosis, a **post-prandial increase in serum iron** is a less specific and less consistently used marker for early diagnosis compared to transferrin saturation. - Serum iron levels can fluctuate significantly, making a single post-prandial measurement less reliable for detecting the initial stages of iron overload [2]. *Elevated serum ferritin level* - **Elevated serum ferritin** indicates total body iron stores and is a good marker for accumulated iron overload, but it usually rises later than transferrin saturation [3]. - Ferritin can also be an **acute phase reactant**, meaning it can be elevated in conditions other than hemochromatosis (e.g., inflammation, infection), making it less specific as an initial diagnostic marker [3]. *Slate grey pigmentation of skin* - **Slate grey pigmentation** is a late manifestation of hemochromatosis, indicating significant and prolonged iron deposition in the skin and other organs [1]. - This symptom suggests **advanced disease** and is not an early phenotypic expression.

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Anemia Evaluation and Management

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Hemoglobinopathies

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Thalassemias

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Platelet Disorders

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Coagulation Disorders

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Thrombotic Disorders

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Leukemias

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Lymphomas

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Multiple Myeloma and Plasma Cell Disorders

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Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

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Transfusion Medicine

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

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Hematology — MCQs

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