Suicide and Attempted Suicide — MCQs
Among which of the following conditions is suicide risk highest?
A patient complains of sadness of mood, increased lethargy, early morning awakening, loss of interest and reports no will to live and hears voices asking her to kill self. What is the diagnosis?
Police inquest is NOT required in:
In hanging, which knot position most likely indicates homicide?
A woman died within 5 years of marriage under suspicious circumstances. Her parents complained that her in-laws used to frequently demand dowry. Under which of the following sections can a magistrate authorize an autopsy of the case?
Provision of the Mental Health Act 2017, based on WHO guidelines, includes all, except:
In cases of strangulation, the marks on the neck are typically described as?
What is the term for the death of a person due to compression of the neck by another person?
Which of the following statements about cadaveric spasm is correct?
A 32-year-old male is brought for autopsy after being found on a railway track, suspected of suicide. Examination reveals joule burns on the fingers and multiple lacerated wounds on the body, with edges that do not gape and are closely approximated, and no positive vital reaction zone is present. Based on the autopsy findings, what is the most likely manner of death in this case?
Suicide and Attempted Suicide Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1: Among which of the following conditions is suicide risk highest?
- A. Depression (Correct Answer)
- B. Alcohol dependence
- C. Dementia
- D. Schizophrenia
Explanation: ***Depression*** - **Major depressive disorder** is the psychiatric condition most frequently associated with **suicide**, accounting for a large percentage of completed suicides. - The presence of severe depression, especially with features like **hopelessness**, **agitation**, and **prior suicide attempts**, significantly elevate the risk. *Alcohol dependence* - While **alcohol dependence** is a significant risk factor for suicide, it often co-occurs with mood disorders like depression; alcohol can exacerbate suicidal ideation and impulsivity. - It is an important comorbidity, but **major depression** alone has a higher prevalence in suicide statistics than alcohol dependence as a primary factor. *Dementia* - **Dementia** generally poses a lower risk of completed suicide compared to mood disorders, as cognitive decline can impair the ability to plan and execute such acts. - Early stages of dementia, particularly when insight into cognitive decline is preserved, may carry some risk, but it is not the highest risk condition overall. *Schizophrenia* - Individuals with **schizophrenia** have a significantly elevated risk of suicide compared to the general population, often due to factors like **command hallucinations**, hopelessness, and adverse effects of medication. - However, **depression** remains the leading psychiatric diagnosis associated with suicide completions.
Question 2: A patient complains of sadness of mood, increased lethargy, early morning awakening, loss of interest and reports no will to live and hears voices asking her to kill self. What is the diagnosis?
- A. Schizophrenia
- B. Major depressive disorder plus psychosis (Correct Answer)
- C. Schizoaffective disorder
- D. Schizotypal personality disorder
Explanation: ***Major depressive disorder plus psychosis*** - The patient presents with classic symptoms of **major depressive disorder**, including persistent sadness, **anhedonia (loss of interest)**, **lethargy**, and **early morning awakening**. - The presence of **auditory hallucinations** (hearing voices asking her to kill herself) indicates **psychotic features** accompanying the severe depression, leading to the diagnosis of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. *Schizophrenia* - While schizophrenia involves psychosis, the primary presentation here is a prominent **depressive syndrome** rather than the typical **positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations)**, **negative symptoms (alogia, avolition)**, and **disorganized thought** processes characteristic of schizophrenia. - The depressive symptoms are too pervasive and central to the clinical picture to be solely schizophrenia. *Schizoaffective disorder* - This disorder requires a period of **at least two weeks of psychotic symptoms** (hallucinations or delusions) **without prominent mood symptoms**, which is not described. - In this case, the **psychotic symptoms are congruent with the depressed mood** (e.g., voices urging self-harm, reflecting hopelessness), rather than independent. *Schizotypal personality disorder* - This is a pervasive pattern of **social and interpersonal deficits** marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by **cognitive or perceptual distortions** and eccentricities of behavior. - It does not involve persistent, severe depressive episodes with overt psychotic symptoms as described, nor significant functional impairment to the extent seen here.
Question 3: Police inquest is NOT required in:
- A. Suicide
- B. Murder
- C. Death in police custody
- D. Natural death due to disease in elderly person at home (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Natural death due to disease in elderly person at home*** - Police inquest is **NOT required** for natural deaths occurring at home with a known medical condition - A registered medical practitioner who has been attending the deceased can issue a death certificate - No suspicion of foul play or unnatural circumstances exists - This is the only scenario among the options where police involvement is not mandated *Death in police custody* - Police inquest is **absolutely required** under **Section 176 CrPC** (mandatory magisterial inquiry) - Custodial deaths are considered highly sensitive and require thorough investigation - Ensures accountability and rules out torture, negligence, or human rights violations - Automatic judicial oversight is mandated by law *Suicide* - Police inquest is **required** as suicide is classified as an **unnatural death** - Investigation needed to confirm manner of death and rule out homicide - Section 174 CrPC mandates police investigation for all unnatural deaths - Documentation required for legal and insurance purposes *Murder* - Police inquest is **absolutely required** as murder is a **criminal homicide** - Section 174 CrPC mandates immediate police investigation - Crime scene examination, evidence collection, and suspect identification are essential - Forms the basis for criminal prosecution under IPC Section 302
Question 4: In hanging, which knot position most likely indicates homicide?
- A. Left lateral
- B. Right lateral
- C. Submandibular
- D. Occipital (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Occipital*** - A knot positioned over the **occipital region** (back of the head) is highly suggestive of **homicide**. This position often requires an external force to secure the ligature around the neck after the victim has been incapacitated, making self-suspension nearly impossible. - In suicidal hangings, the knot is typically placed on the side or under the chin to allow for suspension and facilitate constriction by increasing leverage on the carotid arteries and trachea. An occipital knot, however, **distributes pressure differently** and is ergonomically difficult for an individual to tie themselves into a fatal hanging position. *Left lateral* - A knot on the **left lateral side** of the neck is common in **suicidal hangings**. It allows for easy self-placement and leverage for the ligature to constrict vital structures. - While possible in homicide, it doesn't carry the strong suspicious implication that an occipital knot does, as it aligns with typical self-inflicted hanging mechanics. *Right lateral* - Similar to the left lateral position, a knot on the **right lateral side** is frequently observed in **suicidal hangings** due to its ease of self-manipulation and favorable leverage for effective strangulation. - It does not automatically rule out homicide but is not as indicative of external intervention as an occipital knot would be. *Submandibular* - A **submandibular** (under the chin) knot is also characteristic of **suicidal hangings**. This position effectively compresses both the carotid arteries and trachea, leading to rapid unconsciousness and death. - The ease of tying and the physiological effectiveness of this position make it a common choice for self-inflicted hangings, reducing the likelihood of homicide compared to an occipital knot.
Question 5: A woman died within 5 years of marriage under suspicious circumstances. Her parents complained that her in-laws used to frequently demand dowry. Under which of the following sections can a magistrate authorize an autopsy of the case?
- A. Section 302 IPC
- B. Section 174 Cr Pc
- C. Section 304 IPC
- D. Section 176 Cr Pc (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Section 176 Cr PC*** - This section empowers a **Magistrate to hold an inquiry into the cause of death** in cases of suspicious circumstances, including deaths within seven years of marriage where dowry harassment is alleged. - The magistrate can **order a post-mortem examination** or even a second post-mortem if there are doubts about the initial findings, making it the appropriate section for **magisterial authorization** of autopsy. - In dowry death cases, Section 176 provides judicial oversight and ensures an independent inquiry beyond police investigation. *Section 174 Cr PC* - This section deals with **police inquiry** and report on suicide and suspicious deaths, empowering the **police officer** (not magistrate) to investigate and order an autopsy. - While Section 174 is used for initial police investigation in suspicious deaths, the question specifically asks about **magistrate authorization**, which falls under Section 176. - Section 174 is the procedural provision for police-initiated investigation, whereas magisterial inquiry requires Section 176. *Section 304 IPC* - This section pertains to **punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder**. It is a substantive penal provision, not a procedural law. - It deals with the legal consequence of an act after investigation and trial, not with the investigative procedure for conducting an autopsy. - Charges under Section 304 IPC may result from findings after the autopsy, but it doesn't authorize the autopsy itself. *Section 302 IPC* - This section specifies the **punishment for murder**. Like Section 304 IPC, it is substantive criminal law defining a crime and its penalty. - It would be invoked *after* the investigation reveals evidence of murder, not during the initial phase of ordering an autopsy for a suspicious death. - An autopsy authorized under Cr PC sections might lead to charges under Section 302 IPC, but it doesn't authorize the autopsy procedure.
Question 6: Provision of the Mental Health Act 2017, based on WHO guidelines, includes all, except:
- A. Social support
- B. Screening family members (Correct Answer)
- C. Human rights
- D. Communication regarding care and treatment
Explanation: ***Screening family members*** - The Mental Health Act 2017 focuses on the **rights, treatment, and support of individuals with mental illness**, not routine screening of their family members. - The Act does not contain provisions mandating **screening of asymptomatic family members**, though family history may be relevant for clinical assessment. - This is **not a provision** outlined in the Act based on WHO guidelines. *Human rights* - The Act is explicitly grounded in the **protection and promotion of human rights** for persons with mental illness (Chapter I). - Ensures care with **dignity, respect, and freedom from discrimination** as core principles. - Aligns with WHO's mental health action plan and human rights framework. *Communication regarding care and treatment* - **Section 4** emphasizes the right to information and **informed consent** for all treatment decisions. - Patients must receive clear communication about their **diagnosis, treatment options, and care plans**. - Includes provisions for **advance directives** and involvement in treatment decisions. *Social support* - **Chapter V** addresses rehabilitation and community-based services, emphasizing the role of **social support systems**. - Promotes **community integration** and access to social resources for recovery. - Recognizes family and community support as essential for long-term mental health management.
Question 7: In cases of strangulation, the marks on the neck are typically described as?
- A. Vertical marks
- B. Horizontal marks (Correct Answer)
- C. Diagonal marks
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Horizontal marks*** - In cases of strangulation (both ligature and manual), the constricting force is applied directly around the neck in a **circumferential manner** - This results in marks that are **horizontal or nearly horizontal**, running around the neck at roughly the same level - The pattern reflects direct compression rather than suspension, distinguishing it from hanging *Vertical marks* - Vertical marks on the neck are not typical for strangulation - These would be more commonly associated with scratches, other forms of trauma, or defensive injuries - Strangulation specifically involves circumferential compression, not vertical force *Diagonal marks* - Diagonal or oblique marks are characteristic of **hanging**, not strangulation - In hanging, the ligature ascends from the point of constriction toward the suspension point, creating an oblique pattern - The ligature mark is typically incomplete posteriorly (at the knot site) and runs upward and backward *None of the options* - This is incorrect because there is a specific and well-established pattern of marks in strangulation - Horizontal marks are the hallmark finding in strangulation cases
Question 8: What is the term for the death of a person due to compression of the neck by another person?
- A. Hanging
- B. Strangulation
- C. Manual strangulation
- D. Throttling (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Throttling*** - **Throttling** is the specific forensic medicine term for manual strangulation by another person, directly applying compressive force to the neck. - This method of asphyxia involves the use of **hands or fingers** to obstruct airflow and blood supply to the brain. - It is the **preferred medicolegal term** to denote homicidal manual compression of the neck. *Hanging* - **Hanging** involves suspension of the body with a ligature around the neck, causing compression by the body's own weight. - It is typically a form of **suicidal or accidental death**, rather than homicide through direct manual compression. *Manual strangulation* - **Manual strangulation** is synonymous with throttling and also refers to compression of the neck by hands or fingers of another person. - While medically accurate, **"throttling" is the more specific forensic term** preferred in medicolegal practice. - This option is incorrect because the question asks for "THE term," and throttling is the standard forensic terminology. *Strangulation* - **Strangulation** is a general term for compression of the neck by any means, either manual (throttling) or by a ligature. - This term is **too broad** as it does not specify the manual method or distinguish between ligature and manual compression.
Question 9: Which of the following statements about cadaveric spasm is correct?
- A. Does not indicate the mode of death.
- B. Affects specific muscle groups.
- C. Can occur under specific circumstances after death.
- D. Indicates sustained muscle contraction without prior relaxation. (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Indicates sustained muscle contraction without prior relaxation.*** - **Cadaveric spasm** is a form of instantaneous **rigor mortis** where muscles tense at the moment of death, **skipping the typical flaccid stage** that precedes ordinary rigor mortis. - This is the **defining characteristic** of cadaveric spasm—immediate, powerful, and persistent contraction without prior relaxation, distinguishing it from standard rigor mortis which develops gradually after an initial flaccid phase. - This phenomenon is linked to extreme physical or emotional stress and high levels of **adenosine triphosphate (ATP)** depletion and **lactic acid** accumulation at the moment of death. *Does not indicate the mode of death.* - This statement is **too absolute and misleading**. While cadaveric spasm doesn't establish the specific medical cause of death (e.g., cardiac arrest vs. trauma), it provides crucial **medicolegal information** about the circumstances of death. - For example, a weapon firmly clutched via cadaveric spasm strongly suggests the individual was holding it at death, indicating possible **suicide or self-defense**, which is highly relevant forensically. *Affects specific muscle groups.* - This statement is **also correct** as a characteristic feature of cadaveric spasm—it typically affects only the **muscle groups that were in active voluntary contraction** at the moment of death (e.g., hand gripping a weapon, fingers clutching grass). - However, **option D is the better answer** because it describes the fundamental pathophysiological definition, whereas this describes a clinical feature. - Unlike ordinary rigor mortis which progresses systematically through all muscle groups, cadaveric spasm is **localized**. *Can occur under specific circumstances after death.* - This is **incorrect**. Cadaveric spasm occurs **at the moment of death**, not after death. - The immediate tensing of muscles without prior relaxation is what distinguishes it from post-mortem changes that develop later.
Question 10: A 32-year-old male is brought for autopsy after being found on a railway track, suspected of suicide. Examination reveals joule burns on the fingers and multiple lacerated wounds on the body, with edges that do not gape and are closely approximated, and no positive vital reaction zone is present. Based on the autopsy findings, what is the most likely manner of death in this case?
- A. Accidental (Correct Answer)
- B. Natural
- C. Homicidal
- D. Suicidal
Explanation: ***Accidental*** - The presence of **joule burns** on the fingers indicates **electrocution** from contact with an electrified railway line, which is the **cause of death**. - **Multiple lacerated wounds** with non-gaping edges and **absence of vital reaction zone** confirm these injuries were sustained **post-mortem** after the train struck the already deceased body. - **Key forensic principle**: Joule burns alone **cannot determine intent** - they only indicate electrical contact occurred. Railway electrocutions are **frequently accidental**, especially when individuals cross tracks unaware of live rails or overhead wires. - Without additional evidence of suicidal intent (suicide note, witness statements, deliberate positioning, psychiatric history), the **autopsy findings alone** are most consistent with **accidental electrocution** followed by post-mortem train impact. - The question asks for determination based on "autopsy findings" - physical evidence alone typically suggests accidental manner in railway electrocutions unless other contextual evidence proves otherwise. *Suicidal* - While the scenario mentions the person was "suspected of suicide," **autopsy findings cannot definitively prove suicidal intent** without corroborating evidence. - Joule burns on fingers are seen in both accidental and suicidal electrocutions and cannot distinguish between the two. - Suicide determination requires additional evidence beyond the physical autopsy findings described (e.g., positioning suggesting deliberate contact, farewell notes, witness accounts of deliberate action). *Homicidal* - Homicide would require evidence of **coercion**, restraint marks, defensive injuries, or signs of struggle, none of which are described. - Electrical homicide is rare and would typically show evidence of the victim being forcibly held against an electrical source. - The finger location of joule burns suggests **voluntary hand contact**, not forcible application by another person. *Natural* - Natural death refers to death from disease or internal pathology without external intervention. - The presence of **joule burns** (electrocution injury) and **traumatic lacerated wounds** clearly indicates an **unnatural cause of death** involving external factors.
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