Which of the following is NOT a synonym for heatstroke?
Q12
Exposure to gases is a common hazard in industries. The gases can be classified as simple asphyxiants, chemical asphyxiants and anaesthetic gases. Which among the following are chemical asphyxiating gases ?
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Chloroform
3. Cyanide gas
4. Hydrogen
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Q13
A man presented with bilateral non-inflammatory edema after consuming a particular oil. Which test should be performed by the drug inspector to check for the adulterant?
Q14
Dose of radiation during whole body exposure that leads to hematopoietic syndrome is:
Q15
Cobras belong to:
Q16
Capsaicin-induced contact dermatitis (chili pepper hands) occurs due to:
Environmental and Occupational Hazards Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Which of the following is NOT a synonym for heatstroke?
A. Heatstroke
B. Sunstroke
C. Heat hyperthermia
D. Heat collapse (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Explanation:**
The correct answer is **Heat collapse** (Option D) because it is a synonym for **heat exhaustion**, not heatstroke.
**1. Why "Heat collapse" is the correct answer:**
Heatstroke and heat exhaustion are two distinct clinical entities on the spectrum of heat-related illnesses. **Heat collapse (heat exhaustion)** is caused by excessive loss of water and electrolytes through sweating, leading to hypovolemia. In contrast, **Heatstroke** is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by a failure of the thermoregulatory mechanism, resulting in a core body temperature >40°C (104°F) and central nervous system dysfunction.
**2. Analysis of incorrect options:**
* **Heatstroke (A):** The primary term for the condition.
* **Sunstroke (B):** A common synonym specifically used when heatstroke is caused by direct exposure to the sun's rays (actinic encephalopathy).
* **Heat hyperthermia (C):** A descriptive synonym reflecting the core pathological state of uncontrolled elevation in body temperature due to environmental heat.
**3. NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:**
* **Triad of Heatstroke:** Hyperpyrexia (>40°C), Anhidrosis (absence of sweating), and Altered Mental Status (coma/seizures).
* **Heat Exhaustion vs. Heatstroke:** In exhaustion, the patient is usually sweating profusely and has a normal mental status; in stroke, the skin is typically hot and dry (anhidrosis) with neurological impairment.
* **Treatment Priority:** For heatstroke, the immediate goal is **rapid cooling** (ice-water immersion or evaporative cooling) to bring the temperature below 39°C.
* **Post-mortem finding:** In fatal heatstroke, "hemorrhages in the internal organs" and "early onset of rigor mortis" are frequently noted.
Question 12: Exposure to gases is a common hazard in industries. The gases can be classified as simple asphyxiants, chemical asphyxiants and anaesthetic gases. Which among the following are chemical asphyxiating gases ?
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Chloroform
3. Cyanide gas
4. Hydrogen
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
A. 2 and 4
B. 1 and 3 (Correct Answer)
C. 1 and 4
D. 2 and 3
Explanation: ***1 and 3***
- Both **carbon monoxide** and **cyanide gas** are classic examples of chemical asphyxiants.
- They interfere with the body's ability to utilize oxygen, leading to **cellular hypoxia** despite adequate tissue perfusion.
*2 and 4*
- **Chloroform** is an anesthetic and hepatotoxin, not primarily an asphyxiant.
- **Hydrogen** is a simple asphyxiant but does not have the chemical asphyxiant properties of carbon monoxide or cyanide.
*1 and 4*
- While **carbon monoxide** is a chemical asphyxiant, **hydrogen** is a simple asphyxiant that displaces oxygen without directly interfering with cellular respiration.
- The question implies a focus on gases that chemically interfere with oxygen utilization.
*2 and 3*
- **Cyanide gas** is an asphyxiant, but **chloroform** is an anesthetic and can cause central nervous system depression and organ toxicity.
- Chloroform's mechanism of action is distinct from the cellular hypoxia caused by asphyxiants.
Question 13: A man presented with bilateral non-inflammatory edema after consuming a particular oil. Which test should be performed by the drug inspector to check for the adulterant?
A. Paper chromatography test
B. Nitric acid test (Correct Answer)
C. Methylene Blue Reduction Test
D. Baudouin test
Explanation: ***Nitric acid test***
- The **nitric acid test** is used to detect the presence of **argemone oil** in mustard oil, which is a common adulterant.
- **Argemone oil** ingestion can cause **epidemic dropsy**, characterized by bilateral non-inflammatory edema.
*Paper chromatography test*
- **Paper chromatography** is a technique used for separating and identifying components of a mixture based on differences in their partition coefficient between a stationary and a mobile phase.
- While it can identify various substances, it is not the primary or most rapid test specifically for **argemone oil adulteration** when epidemic dropsy is suspected.
*Methylene Blue Reduction Test*
- The **Methylene Blue Reduction Test** (MBRT) is primarily used in **dairy products** to assess the microbiological quality of milk.
- It measures the time taken for methylene blue to decolorize, indicating the number of viable microorganisms, and is not relevant for detecting oil adulterants.
*Baudouin test*
- The **Baudouin test** is used to detect the presence of **sesame oil** in other oils.
- While an important test for adulteration, it is not specific for **argemone oil**, which causes the symptoms described.
Question 14: Dose of radiation during whole body exposure that leads to hematopoietic syndrome is:
A. 10 Gy
B. 200 Gy
C. 100 Gy
D. 2 Gy (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***2 Gy***
- A whole-body radiation dose of **2 Gy** (200 rads) is generally considered the threshold for the development of the **hematopoietic syndrome**, one of the acute radiation syndromes.
- This dose causes significant damage to the **bone marrow**, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells, which can become life-threatening.
*10 Gy*
- A dose of **10 Gy** (1000 rads) typically leads to the **gastrointestinal syndrome**, which involves severe damage to the gastrointestinal lining.
- While hematopoietic effects would also be severe at this dose, the predominant and more rapidly fatal syndrome is gastrointestinal, with survival unlikely even with intensive supportive care.
*200 Gy*
- A dose of **200 Gy** (20,000 rads) causes the **cerebrovascular (central nervous system) syndrome**, leading to rapid incapacitation and death within hours or days.
- At this extreme dose, brain swelling, vasculitis, and neuronal damage are immediate and overwhelming.
*100 Gy*
- A dose of **100 Gy** (10,000 rads) also falls within the range causing the **cerebrovascular (central nervous system) syndrome**.
- This level of exposure results in rapid onset of neurological symptoms and quickly leads to death due to cellular damage in the brain.
Question 15: Cobras belong to:
A. Colubridae
B. Elapidae (Correct Answer)
C. Boidae
D. Viperidae
Explanation: ***Elapidae***
- The family **Elapidae** includes cobras, mambas, kraits, and coral snakes, all of which are recognized by their **fixed front fangs** and potent neurotoxic venom.
- Elapid venom typically affects the **nervous system**, causing paralysis and respiratory failure.
*Colubridae*
- This is the **largest snake family**, but most species are **non-venomous** or have mild venom and rear-fanged dentition.
- Examples include rat snakes, garter snakes, and king snakes, which are generally not considered as dangerous as elapids.
*Boidae*
- Boidae are a family of **non-venomous, constricting snakes** that include boas, pythons, and anacondas.
- They kill their prey by **suffocation** rather than venom.
*Viperidae*
- This family includes vipers and pit vipers, characterized by their **long, hinged fangs** that fold back when not in use.
- Their venom is often **hemotoxic**, causing tissue damage and bleeding, and includes species like rattlesnakes and adders.
Question 16: Capsaicin-induced contact dermatitis (chili pepper hands) occurs due to:
A. Dhatura
B. Abrus precatorius
C. Strychnine
D. Capsicum (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Capsicum***
- **Capsaicin** is the active component found in **chili peppers** (genus *Capsicum*), which causes the burning sensation and can lead to contact dermatitis.
- This irritant leads to the release of **substance P**, a neuropeptide involved in pain transmission, resulting in the characteristic burning and redness.
*Dhatura*
- **Dhatura** (*Datura* species) contains **tropane alkaloids** such as scopolamine and atropine, which have anticholinergic effects, not irritant contact dermatitis.
- Exposure typically leads to symptoms like **dilated pupils**, dry mouth, tachycardia, and central nervous system effects.
*Abrus precatorius*
- **Abrus precatorius** (rosary pea) contains **abrin**, a highly toxic plant protein that inhibits protein synthesis.
- While contact can cause irritation, severe effects are usually associated with ingestion, leading to **haemorrhagic gastroenteritis** and multi-organ failure.
*Strychnine*
- **Strychnine** is an alkaloid primarily found in *Strychnos nux-vomica* and acts as a **neurotoxin**, blocking glycine receptors in the spinal cord and brainstem.
- Poisoning causes severe **muscle spasms** and convulsions, not an irritant contact dermatitis.
