Clinical Evaluation of Sleep Apnea — MCQs
Severe Obstructive sleep apnea is defined as AHI of greater than
All the following are criteria for SIRS, except
Which of the following is not a diagnostic criterion for SIRS?
A child presents with night blindness, delayed dark adaptation. Which investigation is to be done further to confirm the diagnosis?
Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following except -
Laser uvulopalatoplasty is indicated for which of the following conditions?
What is the minimum number of apnea episodes required for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea?
The sleep apnea syndrome is defined as -
A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He feels well. He was diagnosed with hypertension 3 months ago. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years but quit 4 years ago. He occasionally drinks alcohol on the weekends. He walks for 45 minutes daily and eats three meals per day. His current diet consists mostly of canned tuna and cured meats. He started eating whole-wheat bread after he was diagnosed with hypertension. He drinks 1 to 2 cups of coffee daily. His mother has a history of hyperthyroidism. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and a multivitamin pill every night before sleeping. His wife told him that he sometimes snores at night, but he reports that he usually sleeps well and feels refreshed in the mornings. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
All are absolute indications of tonsillectomy except which of the following?
Clinical Evaluation of Sleep Apnea Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1: Severe Obstructive sleep apnea is defined as AHI of greater than
- A. 15 events/hour
- B. 30 events/hour (Correct Answer)
- C. 25 events/hour
- D. 20 events/hour
Explanation: ***30 events/hour*** - A **severe form of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)** is diagnosed when the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) is greater than or equal to **30 events per hour** [1]. - The AHI represents the average number of **apnea and hypopnea events** per hour of sleep [1]. *15 events/hour* - An AHI of **15 to 30 events/hour** typically defines **moderate sleep apnea**, not severe. - This level indicates a significant number of sleep disturbances, but less than what is categorized as severe. *25 events/hour* - An AHI of **25 events/hour** falls within the **moderate range** of OSA severity (15-30 events/hour). - It does not meet the criteria for severe OSA, which requires a higher AHI. *20 events/hour* - An AHI of **20 events/hour** also falls into the **moderate category** of OSA. - This value is above the threshold for mild OSA (5-15 events/hour) but below the threshold for severe OSA.
Question 2: All the following are criteria for SIRS, except
- A. Heart rate >90/min
- B. Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg (Correct Answer)
- C. Respiratory rate >20 bpm
- D. Temperature >38 degree Celsius or <36 degree Celsius
Explanation: ***Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg*** - This criterion is associated with **septic shock** or **hypotension**, indicating organ dysfunction, which is a more severe stage beyond **SIRS**. - While low blood pressure can be seen in severe infections, it is not a direct diagnostic criterion for **SIRS** itself. *Heart rate >90/min* - An elevated **heart rate** (tachycardia) is a common physiological response to systemic stress and inflammation. - This criterion fulfills one of the four clinical parameters to diagnose **SIRS**. *Respiratory rate >20 bpm* - An increased **respiratory rate** (tachypnea) reflects the body's attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis or increased oxygen demand during a systemic inflammatory response. - This criterion is one of the four clinical parameters used to diagnose **SIRS**. *Temperature >38 degree Celsius or <36 degree Celsius* - Both **fever** (>38°C) and **hypothermia** (<36°C) are indicators of a systemic inflammatory response, as the body's thermoregulation is affected [1]. - This criterion is one of the four principal parameters used to diagnose **SIRS** [1].
Question 3: Which of the following is not a diagnostic criterion for SIRS?
- A. Hypotension (Correct Answer)
- B. Tachypnoea
- C. Leucocytosis
- D. Tachycardia
Explanation: ### Hypotension - **Hypotension** is a criterion for **sepsis** and **septic shock**, but not for **SIRS** itself. - **SIRS** criteria are based on inflammatory responses, while hypotension indicates a more severe systemic compromise. *Tachycardia* - **Tachycardia**, defined as a **heart rate >90 beats per minute**, is a diagnostic criterion for **SIRS** [1]. - It reflects the body's physiological stress response to a systemic inflammatory state [1]. *Tachypnoea* - **Tachypnoea**, indicated by a **respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute** or a **PaCO2 <32 mmHg**, is a diagnostic criterion for **SIRS** [1]. - This symptom shows the body's effort to compensate for metabolic acidosis or increased oxygen demand. *Leucocytosis* - **Leucocytosis**, defined as a **white blood cell count >12,000/mm³** or **<4,000/mm³**, or the presence of **>10% immature neutrophils (bands)**, is a diagnostic criterion for **SIRS** [1]. - This indicates a significant systemic inflammatory response in the blood [1].
Question 4: A child presents with night blindness, delayed dark adaptation. Which investigation is to be done further to confirm the diagnosis?
- A. ERG (Correct Answer)
- B. Retinoscopy
- C. Dark adaptometry
- D. EOG
Explanation: ***ERG*** - **Electroretinography (ERG)** measures the electrical responses of various retinal cells, including **rods** and **cones**, to light stimuli. - In conditions like **retinitis pigmentosa** which cause night blindness and delayed dark adaptation, ERG will show characteristic abnormal or extinguished responses, confirming retinal dysfunction. *Retinoscopy* - **Retinoscopy** is an objective method to assess the refractive error of the eye by observing the light reflex from the retina. - It does not directly evaluate the functional integrity of photoreceptors or diagnose conditions causing **night blindness**. *Dark adaptometry* - **Dark adaptometry** measures the time it takes for the eye to adapt to dim light after exposure to bright light, quantifying the function of **rod photoreceptors**. - While it can *detect* delayed dark adaptation, it is a functional test that assesses the symptom, not the underlying cause provided by ERG. *EOG* - **Electrooculography (EOG)** measures the potential difference between the cornea and the retina, primarily assessing the function of the **retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)**. - While useful for conditions like **Best's disease**, it is less direct for evaluating generalized rod dysfunction causing night blindness compared to ERG.
Question 5: Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following except -
- A. Sleep paralysis
- B. Snoring (Correct Answer)
- C. Hallucination
- D. Cataplexy
Explanation: ***Snoring*** - **Snoring** is a common symptom of **obstructive sleep apnea**, not a characteristic feature of narcolepsy. - While individuals with narcolepsy can snore, it is not a diagnostic criterion or a primary symptom differentiating it from other sleep disorders. *Sleep paralysis* - **Sleep paralysis**, the inability to move or speak while waking up or falling asleep, is a common symptom in narcolepsy. - It often occurs during the transitions between sleep and wakefulness, a manifestation of REM sleep intrusion into wakefulness. *Hallucination* - **Hypnagogic (at sleep onset) and hypnopompic (at sleep offset) hallucinations** are vivid, dream-like experiences that occur when falling asleep or waking up. - These can be frightening and are another sign of involuntary intrusion of REM sleep phenomena into wakefulness. *Cataplexy* - **Cataplexy** is the sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or anger. - It is a highly specific symptom of narcolepsy, particularly in type 1, due to a deficiency in **hypocretin** (orexin) in the brain.
Question 6: Laser uvulopalatoplasty is indicated for which of the following conditions?
- A. Obstructive sleep apnea (Correct Answer)
- B. Pharyngotonsillitis
- C. Cleft palate
- D. Stammering
Explanation: ***Obstructive sleep apnea*** - **Laser uvulopalatoplasty (LUP)** is a surgical procedure that reshapes the **uvula** and **soft palate** to enlarge the airway in patients with **obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)**. - OSA is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to snoring, daytime sleepiness, and other health issues. *Pharyngotonsillitis* - This condition involves inflammation of the **pharynx** and **tonsils**, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections. - Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or symptomatic relief for viral infections, not surgical reshaping of the palate. *Cleft palate* - **Cleft palate** is a congenital birth defect where the roof of the mouth does not fully close during fetal development. - The primary treatment involves **surgical repair** to close the opening, which is a different procedure from LUP and focuses on reconstructing normal anatomy. *Stammering* - **Stammering** is a **speech disorder** characterized by disruptions in fluency, such as repetitions, prolongations, or blocks in speech. - It is managed through **speech therapy** and behavioral interventions, and is unrelated to airway obstruction or surgical procedures on the palate.
Question 7: What is the minimum number of apnea episodes required for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea?
- A. AHI ≥ 10 events/hour
- B. AHI ≥ 2 events/hour
- C. AHI ≥ 5 events/hour (Correct Answer)
- D. AHI ≥ 4 events/hour
Explanation: ***AHI ≥ 5 events/hour*** - An **apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)** of 5 or more events per hour of sleep, accompanied by symptoms such as **daytime sleepiness**, snoring, or witnessed apneas, is the diagnostic criterion for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) [1]. - This threshold signifies a clinically significant frequency of **breathing disturbances** during sleep [1]. *AHI ≥ 2 events/hour* - An AHI of 2 events/hour is generally considered within the **normal range** or indicates very mild, non-pathological sleep disordered breathing. - It is **insufficient** to diagnose OSA in adults, even with associated symptoms. *AHI ≥ 10 events/hour* - An AHI of 10 events/hour would indicate at least **mild to moderate OSA**, well above the minimum diagnostic threshold. - While diagnostic, it is not the *minimum* number required for initial diagnosis. *AHI ≥ 4 events/hour* - An AHI of 4 events/hour is close to the diagnostic threshold but still **below the minimum** required for a formal diagnosis of OSA. - It would typically be considered **mild sleep-disordered breathing** that may not meet diagnostic criteria without other significant factors.
Question 8: The sleep apnea syndrome is defined as -
- A. Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 5/hour (Correct Answer)
- B. Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 10/hour
- C. Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 30/hour
- D. Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 15/hour
Explanation: ***Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 5/hour*** - The definition of **sleep apnea syndrome** generally requires an **AHI of 5 or more events per hour**, often accompanied by symptoms like excessive daytime sleepiness or cardiovascular complications [1]. - This threshold identifies individuals with clinically significant sleep-disordered breathing that warrants further evaluation and potential treatment [1]. *Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 10/hour* - While an AHI of 10/hour indicates sleep apnea, it is a higher severity criterion and does not represent the **minimum threshold** for defining the syndrome [1]. - Patients with an AHI between 5 and 10 also have sleep apnea and can experience significant symptoms. *Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 30/hour* - An AHI of 30/hour or more signifies **severe sleep apnea**, which requires aggressive management. - This is far above the **general diagnostic threshold** for sleep apnea syndrome. *Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 15/hour* - An AHI of 15/hour is typically classified as **moderate sleep apnea**. - This value is higher than the **lowest AHI threshold** used to define the presence of sleep apnea syndrome.
Question 9: A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He feels well. He was diagnosed with hypertension 3 months ago. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years but quit 4 years ago. He occasionally drinks alcohol on the weekends. He walks for 45 minutes daily and eats three meals per day. His current diet consists mostly of canned tuna and cured meats. He started eating whole-wheat bread after he was diagnosed with hypertension. He drinks 1 to 2 cups of coffee daily. His mother has a history of hyperthyroidism. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide and a multivitamin pill every night before sleeping. His wife told him that he sometimes snores at night, but he reports that he usually sleeps well and feels refreshed in the mornings. His pulse is 80/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
- A. Counsel on dietary modification (Correct Answer)
- B. Conduct a sleep study
- C. Add metoprolol
- D. Start a structured exercise program
- E. Measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels
Explanation: ### Counsel on dietary modification - This patient's diet of **canned tuna** and **cured meats** is likely very high in sodium, contributing to his uncontrolled hypertension despite being on hydrochlorothiazide. [2] - Counseling him on a **low-sodium diet** patterned after the **DASH diet** (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is the most appropriate next step to improve blood pressure control. [1] ### Conduct a sleep study - While snoring can be a sign of **sleep apnea**, the patient reports sleeping well and feeling refreshed, making sleep apnea less likely to be the primary concern for his hypertension at this point. - Addressing his likely high-sodium diet has a more direct and immediate impact on his uncontrolled blood pressure. [2] ### Add metoprolol - Adding a second antihypertensive medication (like metoprolol) is an option if **lifestyle modifications** and the current diuretic are insufficient. However, addressing preventable dietary factors first is key. - It's important to optimize non-pharmacological interventions before escalating drug therapy, especially when a clear modifiable risk factor like diet is present. [2] ### Start a structured exercise program - The patient already walks for **45 minutes daily**, which meets recommended exercise guidelines (moderate intensity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week). - While an exercise program is generally beneficial, his current exercise regimen is adequate, and dietary sodium is a more prominent and unaddressed factor for his uncontrolled hypertension. [2] ### Measure thyroid-stimulating hormone levels - Although his mother has a history of **hyperthyroidism**, this patient presents with no symptoms suggestive of thyroid dysfunction, such as weight changes, tremors, or significant fatigue. - His controlled pulse and feeling well do not indicate an immediate need for thyroid function testing as a primary cause for his hypertension.
Question 10: All are absolute indications of tonsillectomy except which of the following?
- A. Peritonsillar abscess
- B. Tonsils causing obstructive sleep apnea
- C. Chronic tonsillitis (Correct Answer)
- D. Suspicious malignancy
Explanation: ***Chronic tonsillitis*** - **Chronic tonsillitis** is a **relative indication** for tonsillectomy, not an **absolute indication**. - It becomes an indication based on frequency criteria (e.g., Paradise criteria: ≥7 episodes in 1 year, ≥5 episodes per year for 2 years, or ≥3 episodes per year for 3 years). - Absolute indications involve conditions requiring urgent surgical intervention. *Suspicious malignancy* - Suspected **malignancy** is an **absolute indication** for tonsillectomy to obtain tissue for histopathological diagnosis. - Early diagnosis and treatment of tonsillar malignancy is critical for patient outcomes. *Peritonsillar abscess* - **Peritonsillar abscess** (quinsy) is typically managed with needle aspiration or incision & drainage plus antibiotics, NOT immediate tonsillectomy. - Acute tonsillectomy during active infection ("hot tonsillectomy") is generally **contraindicated** due to increased bleeding risk and surgical complications. - **Recurrent peritonsillar abscess** may warrant **interval tonsillectomy** (4-6 weeks after resolution) as a **relative indication**, not an absolute one. *Tonsils causing obstructive sleep apnea* - **Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)** caused by tonsillar hypertrophy is an **absolute indication** for tonsillectomy, particularly in children. - Untreated OSA can lead to serious complications including failure to thrive, cor pulmonale, developmental delays, and neurocognitive problems.
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