Public Health Administration — MCQs
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In NRHM, the ASHA workers are recruited from the same village. Which part of principles of primary health care is followed here?
‘Accompanied MDT’ in NLEP implies
Under Primary Health Care, which of the following staff is present at the sub-centre level?
True statement about road traffic accidents
The population covered by an ASHA is:
When was the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) started in India?
A subcentre caters to a population of:
Vision 2020 includes all of the following, except?
School health checkup comes under which level of prevention?
Economic blindness is defined as:
Public Health Administration Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 301: In NRHM, the ASHA workers are recruited from the same village. Which part of principles of primary health care is followed here?
- A. Appropriate technology
- B. Community participation (Correct Answer)
- C. Intersectorial coordination
- D. Equitable distribution
Explanation: **Community participation** - Recruiting ASHA workers from the same village exemplifies **community participation** by empowering local individuals to lead health initiatives and ensures their understanding of local customs and needs. - This approach fosters trust and acceptability within the community, making health services more **accessible and relevant** to the population. *Appropriate technology* - This principle refers to the use of **scientifically sound and acceptable methods** and tools that are affordable and relevant to local conditions. - While ASHAs use appropriate technologies, their recruitment method itself doesn't directly illustrate this principle. *Intersectorial coordination* - This involves collaborative efforts between the health sector and other sectors like education, agriculture, and sanitation, to address the **social determinants of health**. - Recruiting ASHAs addresses human resources within the health sector, not coordination between different sectors. *Equitable distribution* - This principle aims to ensure that health resources and services are **available to all people regardless of their geographic location** or socioeconomic status. - While having ASHAs in rural areas contributes to equity, the specific act of recruiting them *from the same village* primarily highlights community involvement and local ownership, rather than just the distribution of services.
Question 302: ‘Accompanied MDT’ in NLEP implies
- A. MDT should be accompanied with Steroids/ Clofazimine to help fight Reversal reactions
- B. MDT prescription should be accompanied by all the precautions to be observed by the patient
- C. A patient will be given MDT only in the presence of a MDT provider
- D. Any responsible person from family or village can collect MDT, if patient is unable to come (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Any responsible person from family or village can collect MDT, if patient is unable to come*** - In the context of NLEP (National Leprosy Eradication Programme), "accompanied MDT" refers to **allowing a responsible family member or village volunteer to collect the Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) on behalf of the patient** if the patient is unable to do so. - This provision aims to **improve treatment adherence and accessibility** for patients who might face challenges in regularly visiting health centers. *MDT should be accompanied with Steroids/ Clofazimine to help fight Reversal reactions* - While steroids are sometimes used to manage **reversal reactions** in leprosy, and Clofazimine is part of MDT, the term "accompanied MDT" in the NLEP context does not specifically mean co-prescription with these drugs. - Reversal reactions are managed based on their severity and are not a universal accompaniment to every MDT prescription. *MDT prescription should be accompanied by all the precautions to be observed by the patient* - Patient education on precautions and drug administration is crucial for MDT, but this concept is called **patient counseling** or **health education**, not "accompanied MDT." - "Accompanied MDT" specifically addresses **drug collection logistics**, not the information transfer process. *A patient will be given MDT only in the presence of a MDT provider* - This statement describes the standard procedure for drug dispensing by a healthcare professional, ensuring proper instruction and verification. - However, "accompanied MDT" is an **exception or flexibility** to this rule, allowing for collection by another person under specific circumstances to ensure continuity of care.
Question 303: Under Primary Health Care, which of the following staff is present at the sub-centre level?
- A. Medical officer
- B. Block extension educator
- C. Multipurpose health worker (Correct Answer)
- D. Health guides
Explanation: ***Multipurpose health worker*** - Subcenters, the most peripheral healthcare facilities, are typically staffed by **Multipurpose Health Workers (MPHWs)**, both male and female, to deliver basic health services. - MPHWs are responsible for a wide range of primary health activities including **maternal and child health**, family planning, immunization, and disease surveillance at the community level. *Medical officer* - **Medical officers** are typically found at the **Primary Health Centres (PHCs)**, which are a higher tier of healthcare facility than subcenters. - Their role involves supervising subcenters and providing **clinical care** that is beyond the scope of MPHWs. *Block extension educator* - **Block extension educators** work at the block level, usually associated with the **Community Health Centre (CHC)** or block-level health administration. - Their primary role involves **health education and awareness** programs, operating at a broader administrative level than the subcenter. *Health guides* - **Health guides** are community-level volunteers or workers, often chosen from within the community, to serve as a link between the healthcare system and the populace. - While they assist with health promotion, they are generally not considered the primary professional staff permanently stationed at a **subcenter**.
Question 304: True statement about road traffic accidents
- A. More common in motor-car users than pedestrians in the USA
- B. Most common cause of accidental deaths in India
- C. Contribute to 50% of all injury-related deaths in India (Correct Answer)
- D. More numerous than self-inflicted injuries in India
Explanation: ***Contribute to 50% of all injury-related deaths in India*** - Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a significant public health problem in India, accounting for about **half of all injury-related deaths**. - This highlights the severe impact of RTAs on mortality rates due to injuries in the country. - According to WHO and National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, RTAs consistently contribute to approximately 40-50% of all injury-related mortality in India. *More common in motor-car users than pedestrians in the USA* - While motor-car occupants are involved in many accidents, **pedestrian fatalities** remain a serious concern in the USA. - This statement makes an unverified comparison that is not consistently true across all data sets, as pedestrian risks can be substantial, particularly in urban areas. *Most common cause of accidental deaths in India* - While RTAs are a **leading** cause of accidental deaths, the "most common" designation varies depending on the year and specific data definitions. - Other major causes of accidental deaths include **falls, drowning, and poisoning**, making the absolute claim of "most common" inaccurate. *More numerous than self-inflicted injuries in India* - This statement compares RTAs to self-inflicted injuries (suicide attempts or self-harm), which are distinctly different injury categories. - Without specific comparative epidemiological data, this direct numerical comparison is speculative and not consistently supported by evidence.
Question 305: The population covered by an ASHA is:
- A. 2000
- B. 2500
- C. 500
- D. 1000 (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1000*** - An **ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)** typically covers a population of approximately **1000 individuals** in plain/general rural areas. - This ratio ensures that each ASHA worker can effectively provide primary healthcare services, health education, and link the community to health facilities. *2000* - This is not a standard population coverage norm for any specific health worker under NRHM. - ASHAs are designed to cover smaller, more manageable populations (1000) to ensure effective community-level engagement. *2500* - This is not aligned with standard NRHM norms for health worker coverage. - For reference, a **sub-center** covers **3000 population in plain areas** (or 5000 in hilly/tribal/difficult areas), not 2500. - ASHA's responsibility is at the village level with much smaller population coverage. *500* - In **tribal, hilly, or difficult terrain areas**, one ASHA may cover a smaller population of around **500-600** due to accessibility challenges. - In **general/plain areas**, the standard norm is 1000 population per ASHA. - Note: **Anganwadi Workers (AWW)** typically cover 400-800 population, which is a different cadre of worker.
Question 306: When was the National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) started in India?
- A. 1987
- B. 1995
- C. 1982 (Correct Answer)
- D. 1990
Explanation: ***1982*** - The **National Mental Health Programme (NMHP)** was launched in India in **1982**. - Its objective was to ensure the availability and accessibility of minimum mental healthcare for all. *1987* - This year is not recognized as the starting point for a major national mental health program in India. - While there may have been mental health initiatives, 1982 marks the official launch of the NMHP. *1995* - While subsequent amendments and enhancements to the NMHP occurred, 1995 was not the year of its inception. - The **District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)** was initiated as a pilot project in 1996, building on the NMHP. *1990* - This year did not mark the beginning of the national mental health program in India. - The initial framework and goals for mental healthcare were established earlier in the 1980s.
Question 307: A subcentre caters to a population of:
- A. 3000
- B. 5000 (Correct Answer)
- C. 7000
- D. 10,000
Explanation: ***5000*** - A subcentre is designed to cater to a population of **5000** in **plain areas**. - In **hilly, tribal, or difficult-to-access areas**, a subcentre typically covers a population of **3000**. *3000* - This population coverage is applicable for subcentres in **hilly, tribal, or desert areas**, not general populations. - For plain areas, the target population is higher. *7000* - This population figure is typically associated with a **Primary Health Centre (PHC)** in a plain area, not a subcentre. - A subcentre is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary healthcare system and the community. *10,000* - This population figure is also associated with a **Primary Health Centre (PHC)** in **hilly, tribal, or difficult areas**. - Subcentres serve a smaller, more localized population.
Question 308: Vision 2020 includes all of the following, except?
- A. Diabetic Retinopathy
- B. Refractive Errors
- C. Cataract
- D. Age-related Macular Degeneration (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Age-related Macular Degeneration*** - **Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)** was originally **not included** as one of the priority diseases in the initial "Vision 2020: The Right to Sight" initiative. - The initial focus was on conditions with a high burden of preventable blindness that were readily treatable or preventable with widely available interventions. *Diabetic Retinopathy* - **Diabetic retinopathy** is a major cause of preventable blindness and was specifically targeted by Vision 2020 efforts due to its increasing prevalence globally. - Early detection and treatment through retinal screening are crucial components of preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. *Refractive Errors* - **Uncorrected refractive errors** are a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, and their correction with spectacles is a simple and cost-effective intervention. - Vision 2020 emphasized accessible and affordable refractive error services to improve vision in affected populations. *Cataract* - **Cataract** is the leading cause of blindness globally, and its surgical removal is a highly effective and widely accessible treatment. - Vision 2020 prioritized increasing the number of cataract surgeries to restore sight to millions.
Question 309: School health checkup comes under which level of prevention?
- A. Secondary (Correct Answer)
- B. Tertiary
- C. Primary
- D. Primordial
Explanation: ***Secondary*** - School health check-ups aim for **early diagnosis and prompt treatment** of diseases or health conditions in apparently healthy children. - This level of prevention focuses on reducing the **prevalence of disease** by shortening its duration and preventing complications. *Tertiary* - Tertiary prevention involves **rehabilitation and minimizing disability** after a disease has already established and caused damage. - Examples include physical therapy after a stroke or managing chronic conditions to prevent further deterioration. *Primary* - Primary prevention aims to **prevent the onset of disease** entirely in healthy individuals before it occurs. - Examples include vaccinations, health education on balanced diet, and promoting regular exercise. *Primordial* - Primordial prevention targets the **prevention of risk factors** themselves from ever emerging, often at a societal level. - This includes policies that discourage unhealthy behaviors or create environments that promote health, such as improving sanitation or economic development.
Question 310: Economic blindness is defined as:
- A. Vision 6/60 to 3/60 (Correct Answer)
- B. Social blindness with vision below 3/60.
- C. Complete blindness with no perception of light
- D. Severe visual impairment with vision below 1/60
Explanation: ***Vision 6/60 to 3/60*** - **Economic blindness** refers to a level of visual impairment where an individual is unable to perform most jobs requiring good sight. - This category specifically encompasses visual acuity ranging from **6/60 to 3/60** (or 20/200 to 20/400 in feet). *Severe visual impairment with vision below 1/60* - Vision below **1/60** with significant visual field loss is typically classified as **absolute blindness** or **total blindness**. - This degree of impairment is more severe than economic blindness and often implies a complete inability to see objects. *Social blindness with vision below 3/60* - **Social blindness** is defined by a visual acuity of **3/60 or less**. - This level indicates significant visual impairment where an individual may be unable to navigate independently in an unfamiliar environment. *Complete blindness with no perception of light* - This definition describes **total blindness** or **no light perception (NLP)**. - It represents the most severe form of visual loss, where the individual cannot perceive any light.
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Public Health Legislation
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Health Management Information System
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Public Health Ethics
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Intersectoral Coordination
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