Sustainable Development Goals — MCQs
Which of the following is NOT a core component of the WHO's global STI control strategy?
Not under millennium development goals?
What was the target reduction in child mortality rates set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) between 1990 and 2015?
With regard to the Goals, Milestones and Targets for the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030), consider the following statements: 1. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce the malaria mortality rates globally by at least 90% by year 2030 2. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce malaria case incidence by 90% by year 2030 3. Eliminate malaria from at least 35 countries, where malaria was transmitted in 2015, by year 2030 Which of the above statements hold true?
In which year was the World Health Organization (WHO) established?
The term "Barefoot Doctors" refers to a healthcare system originating from which country?
Which of the following is NOT a member of the SAARC region?
What is the total number of goals in the Millennium Development Goals?
Control of hookworm disease is achieved by which of the following organizations?
Which of the following is a disease under international surveillance?
Sustainable Development Goals Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1: Which of the following is NOT a core component of the WHO's global STI control strategy?
- A. Case management
- B. Universal mandatory screening (Correct Answer)
- C. Strategic information systems
- D. Prevention services
Explanation: ***Universal mandatory screening*** - While screening is part of STI control, **universal mandatory screening** for all STIs in the general population is not a core component of the WHO's strategy due to feasibility, cost, and ethical considerations. - The strategy emphasizes **targeted screening** for at-risk populations and opportunistic screening. *Case management* - **Case management**, including accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, is a critical component for managing current infections and preventing further transmission. - This involves syndromic or etiologic approaches to treatment and partner notification. *Strategic information systems* - **Strategic information systems** are essential for monitoring trends, evaluating interventions, and informing policy decisions related to STI control. - This includes surveillance data, program monitoring, and research. *Prevention services* - **Prevention services** are a cornerstone of the WHO's strategy, aiming to reduce the incidence of new infections. - These services encompass health education, condom promotion and distribution, vaccination, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Question 2: Not under millennium development goals?
- A. Eradication of extreme poverty
- B. Global partnership for development
- C. Reduction of cardiovascular health hazards (Correct Answer)
- D. Sustainability of the environment
Explanation: ***Reduction of cardiovascular health hazards*** - The **Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)** focused on broader health issues like poverty, hunger, maternal and child health, and infectious diseases, rather than specific non-communicable diseases. - While improving health was a core tenet, specific targets for reducing **cardiovascular disease** burdens were not explicitly listed as one of the eight MDGs. *Eradication of extreme poverty* - This was the **first and overarching goal** of the MDGs, aiming to halve the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day by 2015. - It included targets related to **employment** and **hunger reduction**. *Global partnership for development* - This was the **eighth and final goal** of the MDGs, emphasizing international cooperation to achieve the other goals. - It focused on issues such as **aid, debt relief**, and **access to technology**. *Sustainability of the environment* - This was one of the **seven major MDGs (Goal 7)**, aiming to integrate principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs. - It included targets related to **reducing biodiversity loss** and increasing access to safe drinking water.
Question 3: What was the target reduction in child mortality rates set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) between 1990 and 2015?
- A. Half
- B. Two-thirds (Correct Answer)
- C. One-fourth
- D. One-third
Explanation: ***Two-thirds*** - The **Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4)** specifically aimed to **reduce child mortality by two-thirds** among children under five years old between 1990 and 2015. - This target focused on improving maternal and child health outcomes globally. *Half* - Reducing child mortality by half was not the specific target set by MDG 4 for the 1990-2015 period. - While improvements were sought, the ambition was a more substantial reduction. *One-fourth* - A reduction of one-fourth would have been a significantly lower target than what was ultimately set and pursued by the MDGs. - The goals were designed to be ambitious yet achievable. *One-third* - Reducing child mortality by one-third falls short of the actual target established by the MDGs. - The international community aimed for a greater impact on child survival rates.
Question 4: With regard to the Goals, Milestones and Targets for the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030), consider the following statements: 1. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce the malaria mortality rates globally by at least 90% by year 2030 2. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce malaria case incidence by 90% by year 2030 3. Eliminate malaria from at least 35 countries, where malaria was transmitted in 2015, by year 2030 Which of the above statements hold true?
- A. 1 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 1, 2 and 3 (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1, 2 and 3*** - All three statements accurately reflect the **core targets** set by the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030). - These ambitious goals aim to achieve significant reductions in malaria burden and eventual eradication in many regions. *1 and 3 only* - This option is incorrect because it omits statement 2, which is a verified goal for **reducing malaria case incidence**. - All three statements are indeed part of the strategy's published objectives. *1 and 2 only* - This option is incorrect as it excludes statement 3 regarding the **elimination of malaria** from at least 35 countries. - The strategy encompasses all three stated objectives for global malaria control. *2 and 3 only* - This option is incorrect because it fails to include statement 1, which specifies the target for **reducing malaria mortality rates**. - The strategy explicitly addresses all three aspects: mortality, incidence, and country-level elimination.
Question 5: In which year was the World Health Organization (WHO) established?
- A. 1945 (Correct Answer)
- B. 1948
- C. 1950
- D. 1956
Explanation: **Explanation:** The correct answer is **A. 1945**. The World Health Organization (WHO) was technically established on **October 24, 1945**, when the United Nations (UN) Charter was signed, mandating the creation of a specialized health agency. While the WHO Constitution was drafted in 1946 and came into force in 1948, the legal foundation and the decision to establish the organization date back to the 1945 UN Conference in San Francisco. **Analysis of Options:** * **B. 1948:** This is a common distractor. On **April 7, 1948**, the WHO Constitution was ratified by 26 member states, and the organization became a functional entity. This date is celebrated annually as **World Health Day**, but the establishment process began in 1945. * **C. 1950:** By this year, the WHO was already operational, having held its first World Health Assembly in 1948. * **D. 1956:** This year holds no specific significance regarding the founding of the WHO. **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Headquarters:** Geneva, Switzerland. * **World Health Day:** April 7th (commemorating the 1948 ratification). * **Objective:** The attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. * **Structure:** Comprises the World Health Assembly (Supreme body), Executive Board, and Secretariat. * **WHO Regions:** There are 6 regions. India falls under the **South-East Asia Region (SEARO)**, headquartered in **New Delhi**.
Question 6: The term "Barefoot Doctors" refers to a healthcare system originating from which country?
- A. Mesopotamia
- B. Greece
- C. India
- D. China (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Explanation:** The term **"Barefoot Doctors"** refers to a revolutionary healthcare model implemented in **China** during the Cultural Revolution (1960s–70s). These were rural health workers who received basic medical training (3–6 months) to provide primary healthcare, preventive services, and immunizations to the rural population. They were called "barefoot" because they often worked in rice paddies alongside farmers and were not part of the formal urban medical elite. This model was a precursor to the modern concept of **Primary Health Care (PHC)** and heavily influenced the **Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978**. **Analysis of Options:** * **A. Mesopotamia:** Known for the Code of Hammurabi, which included early laws regarding medical practice and fees, but not the barefoot doctor system. * **B. Greece:** Associated with Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and the humoral theory of disease. * **C. India:** While India has similar cadres like ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists) and MPWs (Multi-Purpose Workers), the specific term and origin of "Barefoot Doctors" belong to China. **High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **Alma-Ata Declaration (1978):** Adopted the "Health for All by 2000 AD" goal, drawing inspiration from the Chinese model. * **Village Health Guides (VHG):** In India, the VHG scheme (launched in 1977) was directly inspired by the Barefoot Doctors of China. * **Key Concept:** The Barefoot Doctor system emphasizes **community participation** and **appropriate technology**, two pillars of Primary Health Care.
Question 7: Which of the following is NOT a member of the SAARC region?
- A. India
- B. Africa (Correct Answer)
- C. Sri Lanka
- D. Afghanistan
Explanation: **Explanation:** The **South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)** is a regional intergovernmental organization established in 1985 to promote economic and regional integration among South Asian nations. **Why Africa is the correct answer:** Africa is a **continent**, not a country. While several African nations participate in global health initiatives, none are members of SAARC. SAARC is strictly limited to the South Asian geographical region. **Why the other options are incorrect:** * **India:** A founding member of SAARC and the largest country in the association. * **Sri Lanka:** A founding member and a key player in regional health policies. * **Afghanistan:** Joined SAARC as the **8th member** during the 14th summit in 2007. It is a frequent "trap" option in exams because it was not an original founding member. **High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **Member Countries (8):** Mnemonic: **"MBBS PAIN"** (Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Nepal). * **Headquarters:** Kathmandu, Nepal. * **SAARC Supra-national Reference Laboratory:** Located in **Kathmandu, Nepal**, it is crucial for TB and HIV/AIDS surveillance. * **SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre (STAC):** Also located in Kathmandu; it coordinates the National TB Control Programmes of member countries. * **Recent Context:** SAARC countries often collaborate on regional health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 Emergency Fund.
Question 8: What is the total number of goals in the Millennium Development Goals?
- A. 20
- B. 10
- C. 8 (Correct Answer)
- D. 6
Explanation: **Explanation:** The **Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)** were a set of eight international development goals established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. These goals were designed to be achieved by the year **2015**. **1. Why Option C is Correct:** There are exactly **8 MDGs**. They were specifically formulated to address the main developmental challenges of the time. The goals are: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. **Reduce child mortality** (Target: Reduce Under-5 Mortality Rate by 2/3). 5. **Improve maternal health** (Target: Reduce Maternal Mortality Ratio by 3/4). 6. **Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.** 7. Ensure environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development. **2. Why Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Option A (20) & B (10):** These numbers do not correspond to any major UN developmental framework. * **Option D (6):** While there were 6 "Education for All" goals, the MDG framework specifically consisted of 8. **High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **Successor:** The MDGs were succeeded by the **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)** in 2016. * **SDG Count:** There are **17 Goals** and 169 targets in the SDGs (to be achieved by 2030). * **Health Goal:** In MDGs, health was spread across Goals 4, 5, and 6. In SDGs, all health-related targets are consolidated under **Goal 3** ("Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages"). * **Baseline Year:** For MDGs, the baseline year for monitoring progress was **1990**.
Question 9: Control of hookworm disease is achieved by which of the following organizations?
- A. Ford Foundation
- B. CARE
- C. Rockefeller Foundation (Correct Answer)
- D. Red Cross Society
Explanation: **Explanation:** The **Rockefeller Foundation** is the correct answer because of its historic and pioneering role in public health. In the early 20th century, the foundation launched the **International Health Board**, which spearheaded global campaigns to eradicate hookworm disease. In India, the Rockefeller Foundation was instrumental in establishing the **All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIH&PH)** in Kolkata and supported large-scale hookworm control programs, particularly in the southern states. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Ford Foundation (A):** Primarily focuses on rural development, population control (Family Planning), and water and sanitation projects (e.g., the Research-cum-Action project for sanitary latrines). * **CARE (B):** Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere. It is mainly involved in nutrition programs (e.g., Mid-day Meal Scheme) and integrated family welfare services. * **Red Cross Society (D):** Focuses on disaster relief, blood banking, maternal and child health (MCH) services, and first aid. It is not specifically associated with hookworm control. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Rockefeller Foundation:** Also known for its contribution to **Yellow Fever** vaccine development and the establishment of the **National Institute of Virology (NIV)** in Pune. * **Hookworm Control:** In modern public health, the strategy has shifted to **Periodic Deworming** (Albendazole 400mg) under the National Deworming Day initiative. * **Sanitary Latrines:** The most effective long-term preventive measure for hookworm is the use of sanitary latrines (PRAL - Prevention of Soil Pollution).
Question 10: Which of the following is a disease under international surveillance?
- A. Hepatitis
- B. Polio (Correct Answer)
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Leprosy
Explanation: **Explanation:** The International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) provide a legal framework for global health security, requiring WHO member states to report specific diseases that constitute a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" (PHEIC). **Why Polio is the Correct Answer:** Polio (specifically Wild Poliovirus and Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus) is one of the four diseases that require **mandatory notification** to the WHO under IHR (2005), regardless of the context. The other three are Smallpox, SARS-CoV, and Human Influenza caused by a new subtype. Polio remains under international surveillance because of its potential for rapid international spread and the global goal of eradication. **Why Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, and Leprosy:** While these are significant global public health burdens, they are not classified under the mandatory immediate notification list of the IHR. They are managed through national control programs (e.g., NTEP for TB) and global strategies, but they do not typically trigger the same emergency international surveillance mechanisms as Polio. **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls:** 1. **IHR (2005) Mandatory Notification List:** Remember the mnemonic **"S-S-P-I"** (Smallpox, SARS, Polio, Influenza). 2. **The "Algorithm" Diseases:** For other diseases like Cholera, Plague, or Yellow Fever, notification is required only if they fulfill specific criteria (serious public health impact, unusual/unexpected nature, risk of international spread, or risk of travel/trade restrictions). 3. **Current Status:** India was declared "Polio-free" by the WHO South-East Asia Region in March 2014. 4. **PHEIC:** As of recent years, Polio remains a standing Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
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