International Health Practice Questions

Q: Under the WHO "Vision 2020" program, the "SAFE" strategy is adopted for which of the following diseases:

Trachoma. ***Trachoma*** * The SAFE strategy is an acronym for **Surgery** for trichiasis, **Antibiotics** to treat infection (especially azithromycin), **Facial cleanliness**, and **Environmental improvement** to prevent transmission. * This comprehensive approach is central to the global elimination efforts for **trachoma**, as outlined by the WHO's Vision 2020 initiative. *Glaucoma* * Glaucoma management typically involves **medications (eye drops)** to lower intraocular pressure, laser therapy, or **surgery** to improve fluid drainage from the eye. * The SAFE strategy with its specific components (Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement) is not applicable to the pathophysiology or treatment of **glaucoma**. *Onchocerciasis* * Onchocerciasis, or **river blindness**, is primarily controlled through mass drug administration of **ivermectin** to kill microfilariae and prevent new infections. * While both are Neglected Tropical Diseases causing blindness, the SAFE strategy is not designed for **onchocerciasis** prevention or treatment, which focuses on vector control and anthelmintic drugs. *Diabetic retinopathy* * Management of diabetic retinopathy focuses on **strict glycemic control**, managing blood pressure and lipids, and interventions such as **laser photocoagulation**, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, or vitrectomy for severe cases. * The term "SAFE strategy" with its specific interventions relates to bacterial infection control and environmental hygiene, which are not primary methods for managing **diabetic retinopathy**.

Q: Headquarters of FAO is located in

Rome. ***Rome*** - The **Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)** of the United Nations is headquartered in **Rome, Italy**. - This specialized agency leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. *Geneva* - **Geneva**, Switzerland, hosts many international organizations, including the **World Health Organization (WHO)** and the **World Trade Organization (WTO)**. - It is not the headquarters for the FAO. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi**, India, is a major capital city and houses regional offices for various international bodies. - However, it is not the global headquarters for the FAO. *New York* - **New York City** is home to the **United Nations Headquarters** itself. - While many UN-related activities occur there, the FAO's primary headquarters is in Rome.

Q: According to WHO guidelines, the minimum number of health workers per 1000 population required to achieve universal health coverage is

2.3. ***Correct: 2.3*** - According to the **WHO World Health Report 2006**, the minimum threshold density of skilled health workers (physicians, nurses, and midwives) required to achieve adequate coverage of essential health interventions is **2.3 per 1000 population**. - This threshold was established based on achieving 80% coverage of skilled birth attendance, which serves as a proxy indicator for universal health coverage. - Countries falling below this threshold are considered to have a critical shortage of health workers. *Incorrect: 1.5* - This value is **below the WHO recommended threshold**. - Countries with 1.5 health workers per 1000 population would face significant challenges in achieving universal health coverage. - This density is insufficient to provide essential health services. *Incorrect: 3.0* - While this is **above the minimum threshold**, it is not the WHO-specified minimum value. - This represents a better health worker density but is not the official guideline answer. *Incorrect: 4.5* - This value is closer to the **WHO Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health (2016)** target of 4.45 health workers per 1000 population for achieving SDG health targets. - However, the question asks for the **minimum** threshold, which remains **2.3** as established in the 2006 World Health Report.

Q: Tropical diseases targeted for research and training by WHO include all except:

Rabies. ***Rabies*** - While rabies is a significant public health concern, it is generally *not included* in the list of **Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)** targeted for research and training by the WHO. - Rabies is often managed through **vaccination campaigns** and **post-exposure prophylaxis**, differing from many NTD control strategies focused on vector control and mass drug administration. *Schistosomiasis* - **Schistosomiasis** is a **parasitic disease** caused by trematode worms, and it is explicitly listed as one of the major **Neglected Tropical Diseases** targeted by the WHO. - The WHO focuses on controlling schistosomiasis through **preventive chemotherapy** and **improved sanitation**. *Trypanosomiasis* - **Trypanosomiasis**, specifically **African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)** and **American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)**, are both prominent in the WHO's list of **NTDs**. - Research and training efforts are concentrated on disease surveillance, vector control, and access to diagnostics and treatment for these severe parasitic infections. *Filariasis* - **Filariasis**, including **lymphatic filariasis** and **onchocerciasis (river blindness)**, is another key **Neglected Tropical Disease** targeted by the WHO for elimination. - The WHO supports **mass drug administration** programs and vector control strategies to combat filariasis globally.

Q: Where is the headquarters of WHO located?

Geneva. ***Geneva*** - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** has its headquarters in **Geneva, Switzerland**. - As a specialized agency of the **United Nations**, its central administrative and coordinating functions are based there. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi** is the capital of India and hosts the World Health Organization's Regional Office for **South-East Asia (SEARO)**, not its global headquarters. - While an important regional hub, it does not oversee global operations. *New York* - **New York City** is home to the **United Nations Secretariat** and many other UN agencies. - However, the global headquarters of the World Health Organization is specifically in **Geneva**. *London* - **London**, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a major international city with many global organizations. - However, the **WHO headquarters** is not located in London.

Q: The headquarters of the World Health Organization (WHO) is located in -

Geneva. ***Geneva*** - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** has its headquarters located in **Geneva, Switzerland**. - The headquarters has been in Geneva since WHO's establishment in **1948**, serving as the central hub for the organization's global health initiatives and governance. - Geneva hosts many international organizations, making it a key center for international diplomacy and health policy. *Paris* - **Paris** is home to UNESCO and other international organizations, but **not WHO headquarters**. - While France has significant international presence, the WHO central office is in Switzerland. *New York* - **New York City** is the headquarters of the **United Nations**, but not the WHO. - The UN headquarters houses various UN-related offices, but WHO operates independently from Geneva. *New Delhi* - **New Delhi** is the capital of India and hosts the **WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO)**, but not the main headquarters. - Regional offices handle specific geographical areas, while the primary administration and Director-General office is in Geneva.

Q: Which of the following cities is the headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)?

New York, USA. ***New York, USA*** - This is the **headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)**, established in 1946. - UNICEF's headquarters are located at **UNICEF House** in New York City, coordinating global programs for child health, nutrition, education, and protection. - As a UN agency, UNICEF operates from New York alongside the UN headquarters. *Rome, Italy* - Rome is the headquarters of the **Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)** and the **World Food Programme (WFP)**. - These organizations focus on food security, nutrition, and agricultural development globally. *Paris, France* - Paris is the headquarters of **UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)**. - UNESCO focuses on education, science, culture, and communication worldwide. *Geneva, Switzerland* - Geneva is the headquarters of the **World Health Organization (WHO)** and many other UN agencies. - WHO is the leading global health authority, coordinating international health responses and setting health standards.

Q: Which of the following is a major international humanitarian agency widely recognized for emergency aid and long-term development projects in global health?

CARE. ***CARE*** - **CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)** is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency aid and long-term international development projects. - It is widely recognized for its significant contributions to global health and poverty alleviation. *Ford foundation* - The **Ford Foundation** is a private foundation that supports social justice initiatives, including arts and culture, democratic governance, and economic opportunity. - While it funds various impactful programs, it is not primarily known as an emergency relief or health aid organization in the same vein as CARE. *DANIDA* - **DANIDA** is the official development cooperation agency of Denmark, focusing on humanitarian assistance, human rights, and sustainable development. - It is a significant donor but is a government agency rather than a non-governmental organization primarily focused on direct relief like CARE. *Rockefeller foundation* - The **Rockefeller Foundation** is a philanthropic organization that supports innovative solutions to global challenges in health, food, and economic opportunity. - It has a strong historical focus on public health but operates more as an incubator and funder of solutions rather than a direct relief organization.

Q: Diseases under surveillance by WHO under International Health Regulations are all, EXCEPT:

Leprosy. ***Leprosy*** - **Leprosy** is considered a **neglected tropical disease** and is not currently listed among the diseases under *mandatory surveillance* by the WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR). - While it remains a public health concern, particularly in endemic areas, its *global surveillance requirements* differ from those diseases deemed to have immediate international public health implications. *Malaria* - **Malaria** is a disease under *mandatory surveillance* by the WHO, as it has a high epidemic potential and can quickly spread across borders, posing a significant public health risk. - Countries are required to report outbreaks and implement control measures under the IHR. *Smallpox* - Although **smallpox** has been *eradicated*, it remains on the list of diseases that must be notified under IHR due to the potential threat of its re-emergence by accident or bioterrorism. - Any suspected case would trigger an immediate international health response. *Louse-borne typhus fever* - **Louse-borne typhus fever**, caused by *Rickettsia prowazekii*, is listed as a disease requiring notification under the IHR due to its potential for *epidemic spread*, especially in conditions of overcrowding and poor hygiene. - Its ability to cause *severe illness* and its *historical impact* on populations make it a disease of international concern.

Q: Disease not included under International surveillance

Tension headache. ***Tension headache*** - **Tension headaches** are a common, benign, and typically self-limiting condition that does not pose a public health threat requiring international attention. - They are **not communicable** and do not have the potential for widespread international spread. - This is a **non-infectious neurological symptom** with no epidemic potential. *Common cold* - While the **common cold** is highly contagious and caused by various respiratory viruses, it is **not under formal international surveillance**. - It is generally a mild, self-limiting illness that does not meet the criteria for International Health Regulations (IHR) reporting. - However, severe acute respiratory syndromes (like SARS or COVID-19) are under international surveillance due to their pandemic potential. *Rabies* - **Rabies** is a fatal zoonotic disease included under **WHO International Health Regulations (IHR)** surveillance. - It requires international monitoring due to high case-fatality rate (nearly 100%) and potential for cross-border transmission through animal movement. - WHO coordinates global surveillance to track animal reservoirs, implement vaccination programs, and prevent human deaths. *Malaria* - **Malaria** is a major disease under **WHO Global Malaria Programme** surveillance with mandatory reporting requirements. - International surveillance tracks disease burden, drug resistance patterns, vector control effectiveness, and progress toward elimination goals. - It causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. *Yellow fever* - **Yellow fever** is a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic disease explicitly listed under **WHO International Health Regulations (IHR)**. - Countries must report outbreaks and maintain vaccination requirements for international travel from endemic areas. - International surveillance prevents epidemic spread and guides vaccination campaigns.

Question 1

Under the WHO "Vision 2020" program, the "SAFE" strategy is adopted for which of the following diseases:

Accepted Answer

Trachoma

Answer

Glaucoma

Answer

Onchocerciasis

Answer

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 2

Headquarters of FAO is located in

Accepted Answer

Rome

Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

New York

Question 3

According to WHO guidelines, the minimum number of health workers per 1000 population required to achieve universal health coverage is

Accepted Answer

2.3

Answer

1.5

Answer

3.0

Answer

4.5

Question 4

Tropical diseases targeted for research and training by WHO include all except:

Accepted Answer

Rabies

Answer

Schistosomiasis

Answer

Trypanosomiasis

Answer

Filariasis

Question 5

Where is the headquarters of WHO located?

Accepted Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

New York

Answer

London

Question 6

The headquarters of the World Health Organization (WHO) is located in -

Accepted Answer

Geneva

Answer

New Delhi

Answer

Paris

Answer

New York

Question 7

Which of the following cities is the headquarters of UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)?

Accepted Answer

New York, USA

Answer

Rome, Italy

Answer

Paris

Answer

Geneva, Switzerland

Question 8

Which of the following is a major international humanitarian agency widely recognized for emergency aid and long-term development projects in global health?

Accepted Answer

CARE

Answer

Ford foundation

Answer

DANIDA

Answer

Rockefeller foundation

Question 9

Diseases under surveillance by WHO under International Health Regulations are all, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Leprosy

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Smallpox

Answer

Louse-borne typhus fever

Question 10

Disease not included under International surveillance

Accepted Answer

Tension headache

Answer

Common cold

Answer

Rabies

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Yellow fever

International Health — MCQs

International Health — MCQs

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