International Health — MCQs
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Headquarters location of the international agency depicted in the image given below:
Identify the organization depicted by the symbol in the image given below:
Which of the following international agencies focuses on sustainable development programming that includes health as a key component?
According to International Health Regulations, there is no risk of spread of yellow fever if the Aedes aegypti index is kept at
Which is the correct sequence in increasing order for crude birthrates in the countries named herewith?
Which of the following agencies are playing a key role in running of the "COVAX" initiative against COVID-19? 1. GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance 2. World Health Organisation (WHO) 3. Ford Foundation 4. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
Of the following international agencies, which agency has been assisting India in development of friendly models of sanitation ?
Which one of the following indicators is not included in Millennium Development Goals?
With reference to International Certificate of Vaccination for Yellow Fever, the validity of the certificate begins how many days after the vaccination?
Disease usually not seen in a country but brought from abroad is:
International Health Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 51: Headquarters location of the international agency depicted in the image given below:
- A. Geneva
- B. New York
- C. New Delhi
- D. Rome (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Rome*** - The image depicts the logo of the **Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)** of the United Nations. - The headquarters of the **FAO** are located in Rome, Italy. *Geneva* - Geneva is home to many international organizations, including the **World Health Organization (WHO)** and the **International Labour Organization (ILO)**, but not the FAO. - These organizations focus on different global health and labor aspects. *New York* - New York City hosts the main headquarters of the **United Nations (UN)**. - Many UN bodies have offices there, but the FAO's primary headquarters are elsewhere. *New Delhi* - New Delhi is the capital of India and hosts regional offices for several international organizations. - It is not the global headquarters for any major international health or food agency.
Question 52: Identify the organization depicted by the symbol in the image given below:
- A. WHO
- B. UNICEF (Correct Answer)
- C. UNDP
- D. FAO
Explanation: ***UNICEF*** - The image displays the official logo of **UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)**, characterized by the silhouette of an adult and a child within a globe encircled by olive branches. - This emblem symbolizes UNICEF's dedication to **children's rights and well-being** globally. *WHO* - The **World Health Organization (WHO)** logo typically features the staff of Asclepius (a snake twined around a rod) superimposed on a map of the world. - Its primary focus is on **international public health** rather than specifically children's welfare. *UNDP* - The **United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)** logo usually consists of a stylized globe or a combination of its acronym and the UN emblem. - UNDP's mission is centered on **poverty eradication** and sustainable development, not primarily children's aid. *FAO* - The **Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)** logo features a stylized image of wheat ears and the organization's acronym. - Its main objective is to **achieve food security** for all, ensuring people have regular access to enough high-quality food.
Question 53: Which of the following international agencies focuses on sustainable development programming that includes health as a key component?
- A. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
- B. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
- C. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
- D. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)*** - The **UNDP** is a global development network that advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience, and resources to help people build a better life, with **health** being a critical aspect of their broader **sustainable development** goals. - Its strategic plan often integrates health outcomes as essential components of achieving poverty reduction, democratic governance, and environmental sustainability. *The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)* - **UNICEF** primarily focuses on the **rights and well-being of children** worldwide, addressing issues such as child survival, development, protection, and education. - While health is a major component of its work, its mandate is specifically centered on children, rather than broad sustainable development for all populations. *The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)* - **UNFPA** is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, and every young person's potential is fulfilled, focusing predominantly on **sexual and reproductive health** and rights. - Its scope is more targeted towards population dynamics, sexual and reproductive health, and gender equality, though these are linked to sustainable development, they are not its primary overarching mission in the same way as UNDP. *The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)* - **USAID** is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for administering civilian **foreign aid and development assistance**, with a focus on promoting U.S. foreign policy interests. - While it heavily invests in health programs globally, it is a bilateral agency representing U.S. interests rather than an international multilateral agency like those within the broader UN system with a specific mandate for sustainable development programming.
Question 54: According to International Health Regulations, there is no risk of spread of yellow fever if the Aedes aegypti index is kept at
- A. 2-4%
- B. 5-7%
- C. 8-10%
- D. below 1% (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***below 1%*** - The **International Health Regulations (IHR)** specify that a **house index** (percentage of houses infested with *Aedes aegypti* larvae) of **below 1%** is considered sufficient to prevent the spread of yellow fever. - Maintaining this low index is crucial for controlling potential outbreaks in endemic or receptive areas. *2-4%* - An *Aedes aegypti* index in this range (2-4%) indicates a **moderate risk** of yellow fever transmission, as the vector population is still significant enough to facilitate spread. - This level is **above the recommended threshold** for effective prevention according to IHR. *5-7%* - An index between 5-7% signifies an **elevated risk** of yellow fever transmission, indicating a substantial presence of the vector population. - At this level, there is a **high probability** of ongoing or impending disease outbreaks. *8-10%* - An *Aedes aegypti* index of 8-10% represents a **very high risk** of yellow fever spread, suggesting an widespread vector presence. - This range indicates a **strong potential for rapid and extensive disease transmission**.
Question 55: Which is the correct sequence in increasing order for crude birthrates in the countries named herewith?
- A. India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Nepal
- B. India, Japan, Nepal, Sri Lanka
- C. Sri Lanka, Japan, Nepal, India
- D. Japan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Japan, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal*** - This sequence correctly orders the given countries from the lowest to the highest **crude birth rate**. - Japan consistently has one of the lowest birth rates globally due to an aging population and socio-economic factors. Sri Lanka and India follow with moderate birth rates, while Nepal generally has a higher birth rate compared to the others, influenced by factors like rural populations and access to healthcare. *India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Nepal* - This option incorrectly places **India first**, when its birth rate is significantly higher than Japan's and Sri Lanka's. - **Japan's birth rate** is notably lower than India's and Sri Lanka's, making this sequence incorrect. *India, Japan, Nepal, Sri Lanka* - This sequence is incorrect as it places **India first** and has an incorrect relative order between Nepal and Sri Lanka compared to their actual birth rates. - **Japan's birth rate** is the lowest among these countries, so it should be at the beginning of an increasing order, not after India. *Sri Lanka, Japan, Nepal, India* - This option incorrectly places **Sri Lanka first** and misrepresents the relative positions of Japan, Nepal, and India in terms of birth rates. - **Japan has the lowest birth rate** among the listed countries, so it should precede Sri Lanka in an increasing order.
Question 56: Which of the following agencies are playing a key role in running of the "COVAX" initiative against COVID-19? 1. GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance 2. World Health Organisation (WHO) 3. Ford Foundation 4. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
- A. 1, 2 and 3
- B. 2, 3 and 4
- C. 1, 2 and 4 (Correct Answer)
- D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: ***1, 2 and 4*** - **GAVI (the Vaccine Alliance)**, **WHO (World Health Organization)**, and **CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)** are the three official co-leads of the COVAX initiative. - **GAVI** serves as the procurement and delivery coordinator, leveraging its expertise in vaccine distribution in low-income countries. - **WHO** provides global health leadership, regulatory guidance, and ensures alignment with international health standards. - **CEPI** focuses on financing and coordinating vaccine research, development, and manufacturing. - These three organizations formed COVAX in 2020 as part of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator to ensure equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines. *1, 2 and 3* - While **GAVI** and **WHO** are correctly identified as co-leads, the **Ford Foundation** is not a primary operational partner or co-leader of COVAX. - Ford Foundation may provide philanthropic support, but it does not play a direct key role in running the initiative. - This option incorrectly excludes **CEPI**, which is an essential co-lead responsible for vaccine R&D. *2, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly excludes **GAVI**, which is one of the three core co-leaders of COVAX. - **GAVI's** role in vaccine procurement and delivery to COVAX is fundamental to the initiative's success. - The **Ford Foundation** is not a key operational agency in running COVAX. *1, 2, 3 and 4* - While **GAVI, WHO, and CEPI** (1, 2, and 4) are the correct co-leads, the **Ford Foundation** is not a primary partner in running COVAX. - Including all four agencies incorrectly elevates the Ford Foundation to the same level as the three official co-leaders.
Question 57: Of the following international agencies, which agency has been assisting India in development of friendly models of sanitation ?
- A. SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency) (Correct Answer)
- B. CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)
- C. DANIDA (Danish Development Agency)
- D. Ford Foundation
Explanation: ***SIDA (Swedish International Development Agency)*** - **SIDA** has been a major development partner with India in the **water and sanitation sector** - Provided significant support for developing **community-friendly sanitation models**, including community-led total sanitation (CLTS) approaches - Their assistance included **technical expertise, financial aid, and capacity building** for sustainable sanitation infrastructure *CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)* - **CARE** is a major international humanitarian organization focused primarily on **food security, health, and emergency relief** - While involved in community development, not specifically known for developing sanitation models in India *DANIDA (Danish Development Agency)* - **DANIDA's** major engagements in India have focused on **renewable energy, environmental protection, and poverty reduction** - While supporting general water and sanitation projects, not the leading agency for developing specific sanitation models in India *Ford Foundation* - A philanthropic organization focused on **social justice, education, and civil society building** - In India, primarily supports **NGOs and policy reforms** rather than direct development of sanitation infrastructure
Question 58: Which one of the following indicators is not included in Millennium Development Goals?
- A. Maternal mortality ratio
- B. Suicide rate per 100,000 population
- C. T.B. death rate per 100,000 children (0 – 4 years of age) (Correct Answer)
- D. Under five mortality rate
Explanation: ***T.B. death rate per 100,000 children (0 – 4 years of age)*** - While **tuberculosis** was addressed in **MDG 6** (Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases), this **specific age-stratified indicator** was not directly enumerated in the official MDG indicator framework. - The MDG indicators for TB included: **prevalence of tuberculosis**, **tuberculosis incidence rate**, **proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS**, and general TB death rates - but NOT age-specific pediatric TB mortality rates for the 0-4 year age group. - This makes it the correct answer as it represents a specific metric formulation that was not part of the official MDG monitoring framework, despite TB being included in the broader goals. *Maternal mortality ratio* - The **maternal mortality ratio** was a **key indicator under MDG 5** (Improve Maternal Health). - Target 5.A specifically aimed to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015. - This was one of the core reproductive health indicators monitored globally. *Suicide rate per 100,000 population* - The **suicide rate** was not included in the Millennium Development Goals framework. - Mental health indicators, including suicide rates, were notably absent from the MDGs, which focused on infectious diseases, maternal and child health, poverty, education, and environmental sustainability. - However, among the options listed, the **TB death rate for children 0-4 years** is considered the answer because it represents a more specific technical distinction about indicator formulation within a disease area (TB) that WAS included in the MDGs, whereas suicide was entirely outside the MDG scope. *Under five mortality rate* - The **under-five mortality rate** was a **central indicator under MDG 4** (Reduce Child Mortality). - Target 4.A aimed to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. - This was measured as deaths per 1,000 live births before age five.
Question 59: With reference to International Certificate of Vaccination for Yellow Fever, the validity of the certificate begins how many days after the vaccination?
- A. 14 days
- B. 20 days
- C. 10 days (Correct Answer)
- D. 5 days
Explanation: ***10 days*** - The **International Certificate of Vaccination** for **yellow fever** becomes valid 10 days after the primary vaccination. This 10-day period aligns with the time needed for the immune system to develop a protective response. - This regulation ensures that individuals traveling to **yellow fever endemic areas** have sufficient immunity to prevent disease transmission and protect themselves. *14 days* - This is an incorrect timeframe; the specified waiting period for the **yellow fever vaccine** certificate to become valid is not 14 days. - While immune responses can develop over varying periods, the international regulation specifically states a shorter interval for certificate validity. *20 days* - This timeframe is longer than the internationally recognized period for the validity of the **yellow fever vaccination certificate** to commence. - A 20-day waiting period would cause unnecessary delays for travelers, as adequate protection is generally achieved earlier. *5 days* - Five days is too short a period for the body to mount a sufficient and recognized **immune response** to the **yellow fever vaccine**. - A shorter waiting period might lead to a false sense of security, as full protection may not yet be established, increasing the risk of infection.
Question 60: Disease usually not seen in a country but brought from abroad is:
- A. Exotic (Correct Answer)
- B. Endemic
- C. Epidemic
- D. Zoonotic
Explanation: ***Exotic*** - An **exotic disease** refers to a disease that is not native or usually found in a particular country or region but is introduced from abroad. - This term highlights its **foreign origin** and rarity within the local population. *Endemic* - An **endemic disease** is one that is constantly present in a population or region with a relatively stable prevalence within that population. - It describes a disease that is **native** to a specific area, not typically brought from abroad. *Epidemic* - An **epidemic** signifies a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population over a particular period, substantially exceeding what is normally expected. - While it can be introduced from abroad, the definition focuses on the **rapid spread** rather than the origin itself. *Zoonotic* - A **zoonotic disease** is an infectious disease that has jumped from an animal to humans. - This term describes the **mode of transmission** from animals, not necessarily its geographic origin or whether it's new to a country.
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World Health Organization
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UNICEF
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Other International Health Agencies
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International Health Regulations
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Global Disease Burden
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Global Health Initiatives
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Millennium Development Goals
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Sustainable Development Goals
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Global Fund
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International Health Aid
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Health in Humanitarian Crises
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