Which one of the following terms is an "all-or-none phenomenon" and is best described as termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent?
Q172
The National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016-2030) has defined certain milestones and targets. Among the following, which is the specific target that has to be met by the year 2027?
Q173
Under which name (brand) does the National AIDS Control Organisation provide the STI/RTI services?
Q174
A traveller who has passed through a yellow fever endemic zone and does not possess a Certificate of Vaccination against yellow fever, enters a yellow fever 'receptive' area. For how long from the date of leaving the infected area must this traveller be placed on quarantine in a mosquito-proof ward?
Q175
Which one among the following vectors transmits the filaria *Loa loa*?
Q176
Which of the following mosquito-borne diseases are transmitted chiefly by Aedes mosquito ?
1. Dengue
2. West Nile fever
3. Yellow fever
4. Zika fever
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Q177
In which one of the following diseases, the transmission chain is 'Man-Snail-Man' ?
Q178
A water body was inspected to look for the presence of mosquito eggs. It was observed that there were boat-shaped eggs, laid singly, not in clusters. The eggs also had lateral floats. Which one of the following diseases is most likely to be spread by the mosquito whose eggs were found ?
Q179
NACO (National AIDS Control Organization) in India works towards which of the following causes?
1. Screening high-risk cases of HIV
2. Facilitating adoption of orphans
3. Public education towards safe sex
4. Providing antiretroviral therapy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Q180
The National AIDS Control Organization provides prepacked colour-coded STI/RTI kits as a free supply to its designated STI/RTI clinics. Consider the following pairs: Pair No Colour codes STI/RTI conditions 1 Red Urethral discharge 2 Green Vaginitis 3 White Inguinal bubo How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Infectious Diseases Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 171: Which one of the following terms is an "all-or-none phenomenon" and is best described as termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent?
A. Disease surveillance
B. Disease elimination
C. Disease eradication (Correct Answer)
D. Disease control
Explanation: ***Disease eradication***
- **Eradication** means the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts, with no risk of reintroduction.
- It is an "**all-or-none phenomenon**" because the infectious agent is completely exterminated globally, signifying a definitive end to transmission.
*Disease surveillance*
- **Disease surveillance** is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.
- It does not involve the termination or extermination of an infectious agent but rather monitors its spread and impact.
*Disease elimination*
- **Elimination** refers to the reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts.
- While local transmission is stopped, the infectious agent may still exist elsewhere, meaning there is still a risk of reintroduction.
*Disease control*
- **Disease control** involves ongoing public health efforts to reduce the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of an infectious disease to a locally acceptable level.
- It focuses on managing and reducing the burden of disease, not necessarily eradicating the causative agent.
Question 172: The National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016-2030) has defined certain milestones and targets. Among the following, which is the specific target that has to be met by the year 2027?
A. All states and UTs must establish fully functional malaria surveillance to track, investigate and respond to each case.
B. Entire country has to initiate the process for certification of malaria elimination.
C. All states and UTs must reduce API to less than 1 case per 1000 population at risk. (Correct Answer)
D. Entire country is to have no indigenous cases and no deaths due to malaria.
Explanation: ***All states and UTs must reduce API to less than 1 case per 1000 population at risk.***
- The National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016-2030) set a specific target to reduce the **Annual Parasite Incidence (API)** to less than 1 case per 1000 population at risk in all states and Union Territories **by 2027**.
- This milestone is a crucial intermediate step towards achieving complete malaria elimination, focusing on significant reduction in disease burden.
*All states and UTs must establish fully functional malaria surveillance to track, investigate and respond to each case.*
- Establishing fully functional malaria surveillance is an **ongoing and foundational requirement** throughout the elimination program, rather than a specific target solely for 2027.
- While essential for elimination, it's a **continuous process** to monitor and respond to cases, not a single milestone bound to a specific year like 2027 in the context of API reduction.
*Entire country has to initiate the process for certification of malaria elimination.*
- The initiation of the process for certification of malaria elimination across the entire country is targeted for **2030**, reflecting the final stage of the elimination program.
- This step occurs after achieving significant reduction and 0 indigenous cases, not as early as 2027.
*Entire country is to have no indigenous cases and no deaths due to malaria.*
- The ultimate target of **eliminating indigenous malaria cases** and deaths nationwide is set for **2030**, marking complete elimination.
- This represents the final goal, with **2027** focusing on the significant reduction of API as a prerequisite.
Question 173: Under which name (brand) does the National AIDS Control Organisation provide the STI/RTI services?
A. Chhaya Clinic
B. Antara Clinic
C. Sathi Clinic
D. Suraksha Clinic (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Suraksha Clinic***
- The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) provides its **STI/RTI services** under the brand name **Suraksha Clinic**.
- These clinics offer confidential testing, treatment, and counseling for sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections, aiming to control their spread.
*Chhaya Clinic*
- This is not the recognized brand name under which NACO provides STI/RTI services.
- **NACO's initiatives** are specifically branded to ensure consistency and public recognition of their health programs.
*Antara Clinic*
- This is not the correct brand name for NACO's STI/RTI services.
- The names of public health initiatives are often chosen to reflect their purpose and are standardized by the implementing organization.
*Sathi Clinic*
- This is not the designated name for NACO's STI/RTI services.
- **Brand recognition** is crucial for public health programs to ensure that individuals seeking specific services can easily identify the correct facilities.
Question 174: A traveller who has passed through a yellow fever endemic zone and does not possess a Certificate of Vaccination against yellow fever, enters a yellow fever 'receptive' area. For how long from the date of leaving the infected area must this traveller be placed on quarantine in a mosquito-proof ward?
A. 7 days
B. 8 days
C. 10 days
D. 6 days (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Correct Option: 6 days***
- International Health Regulations (IHR) specify that a traveler without a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate arriving from an endemic area into a receptive area must be placed in **quarantine for 6 days** from the date of leaving the infected territory.
- This quarantine period corresponds to the **maximum incubation period of yellow fever (3-6 days)**, ensuring that if the traveler was infected just before departure, any clinical manifestations would appear before release from quarantine.
- This prevents potential transmission by **Aedes aegypti mosquitoes** in the receptive area during the viremic phase.
*Incorrect Option: 7 days*
- While 7 days is a common quarantine period for some diseases, it is **one day longer** than the internationally stipulated period for yellow fever under IHR.
- Quarantining for an excessive period is unnecessary and places an **undue burden** on the traveler.
*Incorrect Option: 8 days*
- This period is **longer than the maximum incubation period** for yellow fever and is not the recommended duration under IHR.
- It would lead to an extended and **unjustified restriction** of the traveler's movement.
*Incorrect Option: 10 days*
- 10 days is a significantly **longer period** than scientifically necessary for yellow fever quarantine, based on its known incubation period.
- Such an extended quarantine would be **disproportionate** to the actual risk and violates IHR guidelines.
Question 175: Which one among the following vectors transmits the filaria *Loa loa*?
A. Cyclops
B. Chrysops (Correct Answer)
C. Simulium
D. Culicoides
Explanation: ***Chrysops***
- **Deer flies** of the genus *Chrysops* are the **intermediate hosts** for *Loa loa*, transmitting the microfilariae when they bite.
- These flies are typically found in the **humid rainforests of West and Central Africa**, where loiasis is endemic.
*Cyclops*
- *Cyclops* (copepods) are the **intermediate hosts** for **Dracunculus medinensis** (guinea worm) and **Diphyllobothrium latum** (fish tapeworm).
- They are **freshwater crustaceans** and not involved in the transmission of filarial worms like *Loa loa*.
*Simulium*
- *Simulium* (blackflies) are the **vectors** for **Onchocerca volvulus**, which causes **onchocerciasis** (river blindness).
- These flies breed in **fast-flowing rivers** and are known for their painful bites.
*Culicoides*
- *Culicoides* (biting midges) are the **vectors** for **Mansonella perstans** and **Mansonella streptocerca** filarial worms, as well as some viral diseases.
- They are distinct from the *Chrysops* flies that transmit *Loa loa*.
Question 176: Which of the following mosquito-borne diseases are transmitted chiefly by Aedes mosquito ?
1. Dengue
2. West Nile fever
3. Yellow fever
4. Zika fever
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 3 and 4 (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***1, 3 and 4***
- **Dengue**, **Yellow fever**, and **Zika fever** are all primarily transmitted by the *Aedes* mosquito, especially *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*.
- These mosquitoes are known for biting during the day and thrive in urbanized environments.
*1 and 3 only*
- This option is incomplete as **Zika fever** is also transmitted by *Aedes* mosquitoes.
- Excluding Zika fever makes this option incorrect, as Zika's primary vector is well-established as *Aedes*.
*1, 2 and 3*
- **West Nile fever** is primarily transmitted by *Culex* mosquitoes, not *Aedes*.
- Therefore, its inclusion invalidates this option because *Aedes* is not the chief vector for West Nile fever.
*2 and 4 only*
- This option is incorrect because **West Nile fever** is not primarily transmitted by *Aedes* mosquitoes.
- Moreover, it omits **Dengue** and **Yellow fever**, which are classic examples of *Aedes*-borne diseases.
Question 177: In which one of the following diseases, the transmission chain is 'Man-Snail-Man' ?
A. Schistosomiasis (Correct Answer)
B. Malaria
C. Onchocerciasis
D. Fish tapeworm
Explanation: ***Schistosomiasis***
- The transmission cycle for **schistosomiasis** involves humans as the definitive host and **snails** as the intermediate host.
- Eggs are passed in human feces or urine, hatch in freshwater to **miracidia**, which then infect snails. Snails release **cercariae** that penetrate human skin, completing the 'Man-Snail-Man' chain.
*Malaria*
- The transmission chain for **malaria** is typically 'Man-Mosquito-Man', where Anopheles mosquitoes serve as the vector.
- There is no involvement of **snails** in the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite.
*Onchocerciasis*
- **Onchocerciasis**, or river blindness, is transmitted by the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium species).
- The life cycle involves microfilariae maturing into adult worms in the human host, with blackflies as the **arthropod vector**.
*Fish tapeworm*
- The **fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum)** has a complex life cycle involving copepods (crustaceans) and fish as intermediate hosts.
- Humans become infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected fish, not through **snail** involvement.
Question 178: A water body was inspected to look for the presence of mosquito eggs. It was observed that there were boat-shaped eggs, laid singly, not in clusters. The eggs also had lateral floats. Which one of the following diseases is most likely to be spread by the mosquito whose eggs were found ?
A. Dengue fever
B. Japanese encephalitis
C. Chikungunya fever
D. Malaria (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Malaria***
- The description of **boat-shaped eggs**, laid singly, and possessing **lateral floats** is characteristic of the *Anopheles* mosquito.
- *Anopheles* mosquitoes are the primary vectors for **malaria**, transmitting *Plasmodium* parasites to humans.
*Dengue fever*
- Dengue fever is primarily transmitted by the *Aedes* mosquito, which lays **single, oval-shaped eggs** on water surfaces, typically in domestic containers.
- These eggs lack the **boat shape** and **lateral floats** seen with *Anopheles*.
*Japanese encephalitis*
- Japanese encephalitis is mainly spread by *Culex* mosquitoes, which lay their eggs in **rafts** on the surface of water.
- Their eggs are not boat-shaped or laid singly with lateral floats.
*Chikungunya fever*
- Chikungunya fever is transmitted by *Aedes* mosquitoes (similar to dengue), which lay their eggs **singly** on the sides of containers above the water line.
- The eggs are **oval** and do not have the distinct boat-shape or lateral floats of *Anopheles*.
Question 179: NACO (National AIDS Control Organization) in India works towards which of the following causes?
1. Screening high-risk cases of HIV
2. Facilitating adoption of orphans
3. Public education towards safe sex
4. Providing antiretroviral therapy.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 2, 3 and 4
B. 1, 3 and 4 (Correct Answer)
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: **1, 3 and 4**
- **NACO** (National AIDS Control Organization) is the primary body in India responsible for formulating policy and implementing programs for **HIV/AIDS prevention and control**.
- Its core functions include **screening high-risk cases** for HIV, conducting **public education campaigns** on safe sex practices to prevent transmission, and ensuring access to **antiretroviral therapy (ART)** for those infected.
*2, 3 and 4*
- While NACO focuses on preventing and managing HIV/AIDS, **facilitating the adoption of orphans** (Option 2) is not a direct or primary function of NACO.
- NACO's mandate centers on health-related interventions, not social welfare programs like adoption.
*1, 2 and 4*
- This option incorrectly includes "facilitating adoption of orphans" (Option 2) as a function of NACO.
- Public education (Option 3) is a crucial component of NACO's strategy that is omitted in this selection.
*1, 2 and 3*
- This option incorrectly includes "facilitating adoption of orphans" (Option 2) and omits "providing antiretroviral therapy" (Option 4).
- Providing **ART** is a fundamental and critical service directly managed and supported by NACO.
Question 180: The National AIDS Control Organization provides prepacked colour-coded STI/RTI kits as a free supply to its designated STI/RTI clinics. Consider the following pairs: Pair No Colour codes STI/RTI conditions 1 Red Urethral discharge 2 Green Vaginitis 3 White Inguinal bubo How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
A. All the pairs
B. Only one pair
C. None of the pairs
D. Only two of the pairs (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Only two of the pairs***
- Pair 1 (Red - Urethral discharge) is **correctly matched** according to NACO STI/RTI syndromic management guidelines
- Pair 3 (White - Inguinal bubo) is **correctly matched** as per NACO color-coding system
- Pair 2 (Green - Vaginitis) is **incorrectly matched** because Green kit is designated for lower abdominal pain, not vaginitis
- **Yellow kit** is used for vaginal discharge/vaginitis, not Green
- NACO color-coded kits ensure standardized syndromic management: Red (urethral discharge), Yellow (vaginal discharge), Green (lower abdominal pain), White (genital ulcer/inguinal bubo)
*Only one pair*
- This is incorrect as two pairs are correctly matched (Red-Urethral discharge and White-Inguinal bubo)
- Green is not the correct color for vaginitis; it is meant for lower abdominal pain syndrome
*All the pairs*
- This is incorrect because Pair 2 (Green-Vaginitis) is wrongly matched
- Green kit is designated for lower abdominal pain, while Yellow kit is for vaginal discharge/vaginitis
- Only two out of three pairs are correctly matched
*None of the pairs*
- This is incorrect as both Pair 1 (Red-Urethral discharge) and Pair 3 (White-Inguinal bubo) are correctly matched according to NACO guidelines
- Two pairs show accurate color-syndrome correlation
