Anesthesia for Emergency Surgery — MCQs

Anesthesia for Emergency Surgery Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 11: A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic liver disease is scheduled for an emergency laparotomy. Which anesthetic agent is preferred to minimize hepatic metabolism?

A. Thiopentone
B. Propofol
C. Sevoflurane
D. Etomidate (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Etomidate*** - **Etomidate** is preferred in patients with chronic liver disease because its metabolism primarily occurs via **plasma esterases**, rather than hepatic pathways, minimizing further liver stress. - It also provides good **cardiovascular stability**, which is beneficial in patients who might have compromised hemodynamics due to their liver disease or the emergency nature of surgery. *Propofol* - **Propofol** undergoes extensive **hepatic metabolism** and can lead to prolonged sedation in patients with significant liver impairment, increasing the risk of accumulation. - While suitable for many patients, the liver's compromised function in **chronic liver disease** makes it less ideal when considering minimized hepatic metabolism. *Thiopentone* - **Thiopentone** (Thiopental) mainly relies on **hepatic metabolism** for its elimination, which would be significantly prolonged in a patient with chronic liver disease. - This can result in a **prolonged awakening time** and increased risk of respiratory depression in patients with impaired liver function. *Sevoflurane* - **Sevoflurane** is an inhaled anesthetic that is primarily eliminated by the lungs, but a small percentage (about 3-5%) is metabolized in the liver, forming **fluoride ions**. - While generally considered safe for the liver, its minimal hepatic metabolism still makes it less ideal than an agent relying solely on **extrahepatic metabolism** in severely compromised liver function.

Question 12: A patient with massive bleeding due to a ruptured aortic aneurysm is in the operating room. The anesthesiologist suggests using fresh frozen plasma (FFP) to correct coagulopathy. What is the rationale behind this decision?

A. FFP provides necessary clotting factors and volume expansion (Correct Answer)
B. FFP increases platelet count to prevent bleeding
C. FFP provides erythrocytes to improve oxygen delivery
D. FFP contains fibrinogen, which is needed for clot formation

Explanation: ***FFP provides necessary clotting factors and volume expansion*** - **Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)** contains all plasma **clotting factors**, which are crucial for effective hemostasis and reversing coagulopathy in cases of massive hemorrhage. - In addition to clotting factors, FFP also provides **volume expansion**, helping to restore intravascular volume in a patient experiencing massive bleeding and potentially hypovolemic shock. *FFP increases platelet count to prevent bleeding* - **FFP** does **not contain platelets**; its primary components are clotting factors and plasma proteins. - **Platelet transfusions** are used to increase platelet count in patients with **thrombocytopenia** or platelet dysfunction. *FFP provides erythrocytes to improve oxygen delivery* - **FFP** is essentially plasma and **does not contain red blood cells (erythrocytes)**. - **Packed red blood cells (PRBCs)** are transfused to improve oxygen-carrying capacity and delivery in anemic or massively bleeding patients. *FFP contains fibrinogen, which is needed for clot formation* - While **FFP does contain fibrinogen**, it is only one of many clotting factors present. - The rationale for FFP use is to replace a **broad spectrum of clotting factors**, not just fibrinogen, to address generalized coagulopathy.

Question 13: A patient undergoing emergency laparotomy requires rapid-sequence induction. Which drug is preferred for its rapid onset and short duration of action?

A. Etomidate (rapid onset and short duration of action) (Correct Answer)
B. Ketamine (provides analgesia)
C. Propofol (quick but can cause hypotension)
D. Thiopentone (short-acting agent)

Explanation: ***Etomidate*** - **Etomidate** is a preferred induction agent for **rapid-sequence induction** due to its **ultrafast onset** (30-60 seconds) and **short duration of action**, allowing for quick intubation and minimal hemodynamic instability. - It maintains **cardiovascular stability**, making it particularly advantageous in emergency settings or hemodynamically compromised patients. *Ketamine* - **Ketamine** provides **analgesia** and **sympathomimetic effects**, which can be beneficial in certain emergency situations, but its psychomimetic side effects and longer emergence can be undesirable for a smooth rapid-sequence induction. - While it can maintain blood pressure, its **longer duration of action** and emergence delirium make it less ideal for rapid, controlled intubation compared to etomidate. *Propofol* - **Propofol** has a **rapid onset** but can cause significant **hypotension** due to vasodilation, which is often a concern in emergency patients who may already be hypovolemic or critically ill. - While it offers a smooth induction and rapid recovery, its hemodynamic effects limit its use as the **primary choice** for rapid-sequence induction in unstable patients. *Thiopentone* - **Thiopentone** is a **short-acting barbiturate** that was historically used for rapid-sequence induction, but it has a less favorable hemodynamic profile and can cause significant **myocardial depression** and hypotension. - Its use has largely been replaced by newer agents like etomidate and propofol due to its **less predictable cardiovascular effects** and a greater risk of adverse events.

Question 14: A 50-year-old patient undergoing emergency surgery for a ruptured abdominal aneurysm becomes hypotensive. Which vasopressor is the most appropriate?

A. Dopamine
B. Epinephrine
C. Norepinephrine (Correct Answer)
D. Phenylephrine

Explanation: ***Norepinephrine*** - It is often considered the **first-line vasopressor** in hypotensive states, particularly in septic shock, due to its potent **alpha-1 adrenergic agonist** effects leading to significant vasoconstriction and increased mean arterial pressure. - While dopamine, epinephrine, and phenylephrine have roles, norepinephrine generally demonstrates a more favorable risk-benefit profile in terms of increasing blood pressure with less detrimental effects on **cardiac output** and **arrhythmias** in critical settings. *Dopamine* - Its effects are dose-dependent; at lower doses, it can increase renal perfusion, but at higher doses, it acts similarly to norepinephrine but with a higher incidence of **tachycardia** and **arrhythmias**. - Not typically the first choice for significant hypotension in a critical surgical setting due to its less predictable pressor response and increased risk of **cardiac side effects**. *Epinephrine* - Increases mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate, making it useful in cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis, but it can cause significant **tachycardia**, **arrhythmias**, and increased myocardial oxygen demand. - Its potent beta-adrenergic effects can be problematic in patients with **coronary artery disease** or those prone to tachyarrhythmias, making it a second-line agent for general shock. *Phenylephrine* - A pure **alpha-1 adrenergic agonist**, causing vasoconstriction without significant cardiac stimulation, which can initially seem appealing to avoid tachycardia. - However, it can cause **reflex bradycardia** and a decrease in cardiac output, which may be detrimental in contexts where cardiac output is already compromised, such as in significant hemorrhage.

Question 15: Which drug is commonly used for emergency intubation?

A. None of the options
B. Etomidate (Correct Answer)
C. Propofol
D. Ketamine

Explanation: ***Etomidate*** - Etomidate is a **short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic** often preferred for rapid sequence intubation (RSI) due to its minimal impact on **hemodynamic stability**. - It induces **rapid unconsciousness** with a quick onset and offset, making it suitable for emergency airway management in patients who are hemodynamically compromised. *Propofol* - Propofol is a **potent intravenous anesthetic** that can cause significant **hypotension** due to vasodilation and myocardial depression. - While it provides rapid onset of sedation and amnesia, its cardiovascular side effects make it less ideal for patients with **unstable hemodynamics** during emergency intubation. *Ketamine* - Ketamine is a **dissociative anesthetic** that causes a cataleptic state, amnesia, and analgesia, often leading to **bronchodilation** and cardiovascular stimulation. - While useful in patients with **reactive airway disease** or hypotension, it can increase intracranial pressure and may induce sympathetic stimulation, which might not be ideal for all emergency intubation scenarios. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **Etomidate is a commonly used drug** for emergency intubation, particularly where hemodynamic stability is a concern. - Other agents are also used but Etomidate is a clear clinical choice in many situations.

Question 16: Inducing agent of choice in hypovolemic shock?

A. Isoflurane
B. Desflurane
C. Ketamine (Correct Answer)
D. Thiopentone

Explanation: ***Ketamine*** - **Ketamine** is preferred in **hypovolemic shock** due to its **sympathomimetic** properties, leading to an increase in **heart rate** and **blood pressure**, which helps maintain **hemodynamic stability**. - It also has a relatively **stable cardiovascular profile** compared to other inducing agents, making it safer in patients with compromised circulatory volume. *Isoflurane* - **Isoflurane** is an **inhalational anesthetic** that causes significant **vasodilation** and dose-dependent **myocardial depression**, which can worsen **hypotension** in a hypovolemic patient. - Its use during induction can lead to a further decrease in **blood pressure** and compromise **organ perfusion**. *Desflurane* - **Desflurane** is another **inhalational anesthetic** known for its tendency to cause **tachycardia** and a **pronounced decrease in systemic vascular resistance**, which can severely exacerbate **hypotension** in a patient with **hypovolemic shock**. - Its rapid onset and offset properties do not outweigh the **cardiovascular depressant effects** in this context. *Thiopentone* - **Thiopentone** (and other **barbiturates**) causes significant **myocardial depression** and **vasodilation**, leading to a sharp drop in **blood pressure**, which can be detrimental in patients with **hypovolemia**. - It rapidly redistributes and can cause severe **hemodynamic instability** which is poorly tolerated by a compromised cardiovascular system.

Practice by Chapter

Trauma Anesthesia Principles

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Massive Hemorrhage Protocol

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Rapid Sequence Induction

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Full Stomach Considerations

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Damage Control Resuscitation

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Anesthesia for Abdominal Emergencies

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Anesthesia for Thoracic Emergencies

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Anesthesia for Vascular Emergencies

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Management of the Burned Patient

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Anesthesia for Orthopedic Emergencies

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Emergency Obstetric Anesthesia

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Mass Casualty Management

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