Neck Practice Questions

Q: Which of the suprahyoid muscles is supplied by both the facial nerve and the mandibular nerve?

Digastric. **Explanation:** The correct answer is **Digastric**. This muscle is unique because it develops from two different pharyngeal arches, each bringing its own nerve supply. 1. **The Anterior Belly** develops from the **first pharyngeal arch**. Therefore, it is supplied by the **nerve of the first arch**, which is the **mandibular nerve** (specifically the nerve to mylohyoid, a branch of the inferior alveolar nerve). 2. **The Posterior Belly** develops from the **second pharyngeal arch**. It is supplied by the **nerve of the second arch**, which is the **facial nerve**. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Stylohyoid (A):** Develops solely from the second pharyngeal arch and is supplied only by the facial nerve. * **Mylohyoid (B):** Develops from the first pharyngeal arch and is supplied only by the mandibular nerve (nerve to mylohyoid). * **Hyoglossus (D):** This is an extrinsic muscle of the tongue, not a suprahyoid muscle. It is supplied by the **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)**. **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Dual Nerve Supply Rule:** Whenever a muscle has two bellies or parts with different embryological origins, it usually has a dual nerve supply (e.g., Digastric, Adductor Magnus, Pectoralis Major). * **The "First Arch" Group:** Muscles supplied by the mandibular nerve include the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini. * **The "Second Arch" Group:** Muscles supplied by the facial nerve include muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, and stapedius.

Q: Which part of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) does not give any branches?

Cervical. The Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) is divided into four segments: **Cervical, Petrous, Cavernous, and Cerebral.** ### Why Cervical is Correct The **Cervical part** of the ICA begins at the bifurcation of the Common Carotid Artery (at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage) and ascends within the carotid sheath to the base of the skull. In the neck, it is unique because it **gives off no branches**. It enters the skull through the carotid canal to become the petrous part. ### Why Other Options are Incorrect * **Petrous Part:** Located within the carotid canal of the temporal bone. It gives off the **caroticotympanic arteries** (supplying the tympanic cavity) and the artery of the pterygoid canal. * **Cavernous Part:** Located within the cavernous sinus. It gives off the **cavernous branches** (to the trigeminal ganglion), the inferior hypophyseal artery, and the meningeal branch. * **Cerebral Part:** This part gives off several vital branches, including the **Ophthalmic artery**, Posterior communicating artery, Anterior choroidal artery, and its terminal branches (Anterior and Middle Cerebral arteries). ### NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls * **Carotid Triangle:** The ICA lies posterolateral to the External Carotid Artery (ECA) at its origin. * **Carotid Sinus:** Located at the commencement of the ICA, it acts as a baroreceptor (innervated by CN IX). * **Mnemonic for ICA segments:** **C**an **P**eter **C**ause **C**onfusion? (**C**ervical, **P**etrous, **C**avernous, **C**erebral). * **Clinical Note:** The absence of branches in the neck is a key surgical landmark to distinguish the ICA from the ECA (which has 8 branches in the neck).

Q: Which nerve supplies the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Facial nerve. The digastric muscle is unique because its two bellies arise from different embryological sources, each carrying its own nerve supply. **Explanation of the Correct Answer:** The **posterior belly of the digastric** develops from the **second pharyngeal arch**. The nerve of the second arch is the **Facial nerve (CN VII)**. Specifically, as the facial nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen, it gives off a digastric branch that supplies this muscle. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Mandibular nerve (V3):** This nerve supplies muscles derived from the **first pharyngeal arch**. It supplies the **anterior belly of the digastric** (via the nerve to mylohyoid). * **B. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII):** This nerve provides motor supply to all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus). While it passes deep to the digastric, it does not supply it. * **C. Accessory nerve (CN XI):** This nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Dual Nerve Supply:** The digastric is a classic example of a muscle with dual innervation. Remember: **A**nterior belly = **A**lveolar (Inferior alveolar/Mandibular nerve); **P**osterior belly = **P**arotid/Facial nerve area. * **Intermediate Tendon:** The two bellies are connected by an intermediate tendon which is held to the hyoid bone by a fibrous pulley. * **Action:** It depresses the mandible (opens the mouth) when the hyoid is fixed, or elevates the hyoid during swallowing. * **Stylohyoid Connection:** The posterior belly is closely associated with the stylohyoid muscle; both are 2nd arch derivatives and both are supplied by the facial nerve.

Q: The sternocleidomastoid muscle is supplied by all of the following arteries except?

Thyrocervical trunk. The **sternocleidomastoid (SCM)** is a major landmark muscle of the neck with a segmental and profuse blood supply. Understanding its arterial supply is high-yield for NEET-PG, as it involves branches from both the external carotid and subclavian systems. ### **Why Thyrocervical Trunk is the Correct Answer** The **Thyrocervical trunk** itself does not directly supply the SCM. While its branch, the *suprascapular artery*, may occasionally provide minor twigs to the lower portion of the muscle, the trunk as a whole is not considered a primary supplier. In the context of standard anatomical teaching and competitive exams, the SCM is supplied by direct branches of named arteries rather than the trunk itself. ### **Analysis of Incorrect Options (Suppliers of SCM)** * **Occipital Artery (Option A):** Provides two main branches to the SCM (upper and middle parts). This is a major source of blood supply. * **Posterior Auricular Artery (Option B):** Supplies the uppermost part of the muscle near its insertion on the mastoid process. * **Superior Thyroid Artery (Option D):** Provides a specific "sternocleidomastoid branch" that supplies the middle portion of the muscle. ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG** 1. **Nerve Supply:** The SCM has a dual nerve supply: **Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)** for motor function and **C2, C3 ventral rami** for proprioception. 2. **Surgical Landmark:** The SCM divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles. The **Erb’s point** (nerve point of the neck) is located at the posterior border of the SCM. 3. **Torticollis (Wry neck):** Often caused by fibrosis or hematoma of the SCM, leading to the head tilting toward the affected side and the chin rotating to the opposite side. 4. **Blood Supply Summary:** Remember the mnemonic **"S-O-P-A"** for SCM supply: **S**uperior thyroid, **O**ccipital, **P**osterior auricular, and **A**scending cervical arteries.

Q: Which of the following does not drain into the submental lymph nodes?

Upper lip. The **submental lymph nodes** are located in the submental triangle, between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. They receive primary lymphatic drainage from the midline structures of the lower face and oral cavity. ### Why "Upper Lip" is the Correct Answer: The **upper lip** (along with the lateral parts of the lower lip) drains directly into the **submandibular lymph nodes**, bypassing the submental group. This is a high-yield anatomical distinction frequently tested in NEET-PG. ### Analysis of Incorrect Options: * **Tip of the tongue:** Lymphatic vessels from the tip of the tongue pierce the mylohyoid muscle to drain into the submental nodes before reaching the deep cervical chain. * **Floor of the mouth:** The central part of the floor of the mouth (anterior to the frenulum) drains into the submental nodes. * **Central lower lip:** While the lateral parts of the lower lip drain to the submandibular nodes, the central (medial) portion drains specifically into the submental nodes. ### Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG: * **Drainage Hierarchy:** Submental nodes $\rightarrow$ Submandibular nodes $\rightarrow$ Deep Cervical nodes (specifically the Jugulo-omohyoid node). * **Cancer Metastasis:** Squamous cell carcinoma of the tip of the tongue or central lower lip first metastasizes to the submental nodes. * **The "Rule of Midline":** Most midline structures in the head and neck drain bilaterally. However, the submental nodes are the primary station for the most anterior-inferior midline structures. * **Submandibular Nodes:** These receive drainage from the upper lip, lateral lower lip, cheek, nose, and the lateral margins of the tongue.

Q: An abscess was surgically removed in a 26-year-old man from the middle of the posterior triangle on the right side. During recovery, the patient noticed that her shoulder drooped and she could no longer raise her right hand above her head to brush her hair. Which nerve was accidentally cut during the surgery?

Accessory (XI). The patient is presenting with a classic injury to the **Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)**. **Why the correct answer is right:** The Spinal Accessory Nerve emerges from the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and crosses the **posterior triangle** of the neck superficially, making it highly vulnerable to injury during minor surgical procedures like lymph node biopsies or abscess drainage. * **Anatomical Course:** It lies just beneath the investing layer of deep cervical fascia. * **Clinical Presentation:** It innervates the **Trapezius** muscle. Paralysis of the Trapezius leads to: 1. **Shoulder drooping** (loss of muscle tone). 2. **Inability to abduct the arm above 90 degrees** (the Trapezius is essential for rotating the scapula upward to allow overhead movement). **Why the incorrect options are wrong:** * **Ansa Cervicalis:** Innervates the infrahyoid (strap) muscles. Injury would cause difficulty in stabilizing the hyoid bone but no shoulder deficits. * **Facial Nerve (VII):** Innervates muscles of facial expression. Injury would lead to facial drooping (Bell’s palsy), not shoulder weakness. * **Hypoglossal Nerve (XII):** Innervates the muscles of the tongue. Injury leads to deviation of the tongue toward the side of the lesion. **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls:** * The Spinal Accessory Nerve is the only cranial nerve that **does not** arise from the brainstem (its roots arise from C1-C5 spinal segments). * It enters the skull through the **Foramen Magnum** and exits through the **Jugular Foramen**. * **Erb’s Point:** The nerve emerges at the posterior border of the SCM, roughly at the junction of the upper 1/3rd and middle 1/3rd of the muscle. * To test CN XI: Ask the patient to shrug their shoulders (Trapezius) and turn their head against resistance (SCM).

Q: What structures pass between the superior and middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle. ### Explanation The pharyngeal wall is composed of three overlapping constrictor muscles. Between these muscles, there are four distinct "gaps" or intervals that serve as conduits for specific neurovascular and muscular structures to enter or exit the pharynx. **1. Why Option C is Correct:** The gap between the **Superior and Middle constrictors** is the second pharyngeal space. It provides passage for: * **Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX):** It winds around the stylopharyngeus to reach the base of the tongue. * **Stylopharyngeus muscle:** It originates from the styloid process and enters the pharyngeal wall through this gap to elevate the pharynx. * **Stylohyoid ligament:** Also passes through this interval. **2. Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Option A & D:** The **Internal laryngeal nerve** and **Superior laryngeal vessels** pass through the thyrohyoid membrane, which is located in the gap between the **Middle and Inferior constrictors**. * **Option B:** While the stylopharyngeus is correct, the superior laryngeal vessels belong to the gap below (between middle and inferior constrictors). **3. High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Gap 1 (Above Superior Constrictor):** Auditory (Eustachian) tube, Levator veli palatini, and Ascending palatine artery. * **Gap 3 (Middle & Inferior Constrictors):** Internal laryngeal nerve and Superior laryngeal artery. * **Gap 4 (Below Inferior Constrictor/Recurrent Laryngeal Space):** Recurrent laryngeal nerve and Inferior laryngeal artery. * **Killian’s Dehiscence:** A weak area between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus parts of the inferior constrictor; it is the site for **Zenker’s diverticulum**.

Q: Why do vocal cords appear pale?

Absence of submucosa and blood vessels.. The vocal cords (true vocal folds) appear pearly white or pale during laryngoscopy, a classic anatomical feature that distinguishes them from the surrounding pinkish laryngeal mucosa. [1] ### **Explanation of the Correct Answer** The pale appearance is primarily due to the **absence of a submucosal layer** and a **sparse blood supply**. In most parts of the respiratory tract, the mucosa is loosely attached to underlying structures by a vascular submucosa. However, at the vocal folds, the stratified squamous epithelium is firmly bound to the underlying vocal ligament. The lack of loose areolar tissue (submucosa) and the relative avascularity of the dense connective tissue underneath prevent the red hue of blood from showing through, resulting in a pale, white appearance. [1] ### **Analysis of Incorrect Options** * **Option A:** While the vocalis muscle lies deep to the cord, the cord itself is a ligamentous structure. Muscles are highly vascular; if the cords were primarily muscle without the overlying ligamentous cover, they would appear red. * **Option B & D:** These are incorrect because the vocal cords **do** have a mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium). The absence of mucosa would imply an ulcerated or raw surface, which is pathological. ### **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls** * **Epithelium:** The true vocal cords are lined by **stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium** (to withstand mechanical stress), while the rest of the larynx is mostly respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar). * **Reinke’s Space:** This is a potential space between the epithelium and the vocal ligament. Accumulation of fluid here leads to **Reinke’s Edema**, often seen in smokers. * **Lymphatic Drainage:** The true vocal cords have **no lymphatic drainage**, which is why localized glottic cancer has a better prognosis (late metastasis) compared to supraglottic cancer. [1]

Question 1

Which of the suprahyoid muscles is supplied by both the facial nerve and the mandibular nerve?

Accepted Answer

Digastric

Answer

Stylohyoid

Answer

Mylohyoid

Answer

Hyoglossus

Question 2

Which part of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) does not give any branches?

Accepted Answer

Cervical

Answer

Petrous

Answer

Cavernous

Answer

Cerebral

Question 3

Which nerve supplies the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve

Answer

Mandibular nerve

Answer

Hypoglossal nerve

Answer

Accessory nerve

Question 4

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is supplied by all of the following arteries except?

Accepted Answer

Thyrocervical trunk

Answer

Occipital artery

Answer

Posterior auricular artery

Answer

Superior thyroid artery

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Accepted Answer

It carries sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Answer

It supplies some intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Answer

It supplies the inferior constrictor muscle.

Answer

It carries sensation from below the vocal cords.

Question 6

Which of the following does not drain into the submental lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

Upper lip

Answer

Tip of the tongue

Answer

Floor of the mouth

Answer

Central lower lip

Question 7

An abscess was surgically removed in a 26-year-old man from the middle of the posterior triangle on the right side. During recovery, the patient noticed that her shoulder drooped and she could no longer raise her right hand above her head to brush her hair. Which nerve was accidentally cut during the surgery?

Accepted Answer

Accessory (XI)

Answer

Ansa Cervicalis

Answer

Facial (VII)

Answer

Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 8

What structures pass between the superior and middle constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

Accepted Answer

Glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle

Answer

Superior laryngeal vessels and internal laryngeal nerve

Answer

Stylopharyngeus muscle and superior laryngeal vessels

Answer

Internal laryngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 9

A person receives a laceration along the anterior border of the trapezius muscle in the neck. Subsequently, the point of his shoulder (scapula) sags, and he has difficulty fully abducting his arm. What nerve appears to have been severed?

Accepted Answer

Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)

Answer

Axillary nerve

Answer

Dorsal scapular nerve

Answer

Greater occipital nerve

Question 10

Why do vocal cords appear pale?

Accepted Answer

Absence of submucosa and blood vessels.

Answer

Vocal cords are muscle and lack a rich blood vessel network.

Answer

Absence of mucosa and blood vessels.

Answer

Absence of mucosa with blood vessels.

Neck — MCQs

Neck — MCQs

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