Anatomy
3 questionsA slipped disc at the level shown in the image would most likely involve which nerve root?
Identify the arrow marked nerve
Identify the labeled structures correctly in the axial CT image of the thorax
NEET-PG 2024 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: A slipped disc at the level shown in the image would most likely involve which nerve root?
- A. L4
- B. L5 (Correct Answer)
- C. S1
- D. L3
- E. L2
Explanation: ***L5*** - The image shows a **disc herniation** at the L4-L5 level. In cases of disc herniation, it is the **nerve root exiting below the level of the disc** that is typically compressed. - For an L4-L5 disc herniation, the **L5 nerve root** is the one most commonly affected because it passes directly behind the L4 vertebral body and the L4-L5 disc before exiting the neural foramen at the L5-S1 level. *L4* - An L4 nerve root compression would typically occur with a disc herniation at the **L3-L4 level**. The L4 nerve root usually exits above the L4-L5 disc. - While sometimes L4 nerve root can be involved in a massive central L4-L5 herniation, it is less common than L5 involvement for a typical posterolateral herniation at this level. *S1* - The S1 nerve root would be involved in a **disc herniation at the L5-S1 level**, as it exits below the L5-S1 disc. - The disc herniation visible in the image is clearly above the L5-S1 intervertebral space. *L3* - Compression of the L3 nerve root usually results from a disc herniation at the **L2-L3 level**, which is higher than the level depicted in the image. - The L3 nerve root is anatomically shielded from an L4-L5 disc herniation. *L2* - The L2 nerve root would be affected by a disc herniation at the **L1-L2 level**, which is significantly higher than the level shown in the image. - L2 nerve root involvement would present with different clinical features (primarily hip flexion weakness and sensory changes in the anterior thigh).
Question 332: Identify the arrow marked nerve
- A. Medial pectoral nerve
- B. Lateral pectoral nerve (Correct Answer)
- C. Long thoracic nerve
- D. Thoracodorsal nerve
- E. Nerve to subclavius
Explanation: ***Lateral pectoral nerve*** - The arrow points to a nerve originating from the **lateral cord of the brachial plexus**, traveling laterally to innervate the **pectoralis major muscle**. - Its position, lateral to the medial pectoral nerve and supplying the pectoralis major, confirms it as the lateral pectoral nerve. *Medial pectoral nerve* - The medial pectoral nerve typically arises from the **medial cord of the brachial plexus** and passes through both **pectoralis major** and **pectoralis minor**. - It lies more medially and generally pierces the pectoralis minor, unlike the nerve indicated. *Long thoracic nerve* - The long thoracic nerve innervates the **serratus anterior muscle** and runs along the lateral aspect of the chest wall. - Its course is distal and distinct from the nerve shown, which is clearly positioned in the pectoral region. *Thoracodorsal nerve* - The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the **latissimus dorsi muscle** and descends on the posterior axillary wall. - It is not located in the shown pectoral region and has a different trajectory. *Nerve to subclavius* - The nerve to subclavius arises from the **upper trunk of the brachial plexus** (C5-C6) and descends to innervate the **subclavius muscle**. - It has a more superior course compared to the lateral pectoral nerve and is not visible in the position indicated by the arrow.
Question 333: Identify the labeled structures correctly in the axial CT image of the thorax
- A. A - Pulmonary trunk, B - Ascending aorta, C - Superior vena cava, D - Descending aorta
- B. A - Superior vena cava, B - Pulmonary trunk, C - Ascending aorta, D - Descending aorta
- C. A - Ascending aorta, B - Pulmonary trunk, C - Superior vena cava, D - Descending aorta (Correct Answer)
- D. A - Ascending aorta, B - Superior vena cava, C - Pulmonary trunk, D - Descending aorta
- E. A - Pulmonary trunk, B - Superior vena cava, C - Ascending aorta, D - Descending aorta
Explanation: ***A - Ascending aorta, B - Pulmonary trunk, C - Superior vena cava, D - Descending aorta*** - **A** points to the **ascending aorta**, which is the large artery arising from the left ventricle and supplying oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. On this axial view, it is typically located anterior and to the right of the pulmonary artery. - **B** points to the **pulmonary trunk**, which emerges from the right ventricle and bifurcates into the pulmonary arteries to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. It is positioned anterior and to the left of the ascending aorta at this level. - **C** points to the **superior vena cava**, a large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body and drains into the right atrium. It is typically located to the right and slightly posterior to the ascending aorta at this level. - **D** points to the **descending aorta**, which continues from the aortic arch downwards through the chest and abdomen to supply blood to the lower body. It is visible posteriorly and to the left of the vertebral body on this axial CT image. *A - Pulmonary trunk, B - Ascending aorta, C - Superior vena cava, D - Descending aorta* - This option incorrectly identifies A as the pulmonary trunk and B as the ascending aorta; the **ascending aorta** is typically positioned more anteriorly and to the right compared to the **pulmonary trunk** at this level. - The relative positions of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta are swapped, leading to an incorrect labeling. *A - Superior vena cava, B - Pulmonary trunk, C - Ascending aorta, D - Descending aorta* - This option incorrectly identifies A as the superior vena cava and C as the ascending aorta. The **superior vena cava** is typically located to the right of the ascending aorta, not anterior-central. - The **ascending aorta** is usually the most anterior and central great vessel in the mediastinum at this level, which does not correspond to C. *A - Ascending aorta, B - Superior vena cava, C - Pulmonary trunk, D - Descending aorta* - This option incorrectly identifies B as the superior vena cava and C as the pulmonary trunk. **Superior vena cava** is a venous structure and is not typically located in the position of B, which is an arterial structure (pulmonary trunk). - The **pulmonary trunk** is usually more anterior and central than the position of C, which correctly identifies the superior vena cava in other options.
ENT
1 questionsA female patient presents with mild conductive hearing loss (CHL) and tinnitus. Based on the pure tone audiometry (PTA) shown in the image, what is the most likely diagnosis?
NEET-PG 2024 - ENT NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: A female patient presents with mild conductive hearing loss (CHL) and tinnitus. Based on the pure tone audiometry (PTA) shown in the image, what is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Ménière's disease
- B. Otosclerosis (Correct Answer)
- C. Ototoxicity
- D. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
Explanation: ***Otosclerosis*** - The audiogram shows a **conductive hearing loss** with a notable **Carhart notch** (bone conduction dip at 2000 Hz), which is characteristic of otosclerosis. - The patient's symptoms of **mild CHL** and **tinnitus** are consistent with the presentation of otosclerosis, a condition involving abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. *Ménière's disease* - This condition primarily causes **sensorineural hearing loss**, often fluctuating and affecting low frequencies initially, along with **vertigo, tinnitus, and aural fullness**. - The audiogram indicates **conductive hearing loss**, not sensorineural, and **vertigo** is not mentioned as a primary symptom. *Ototoxicity* - Ototoxicity typically results in **sensorineural hearing loss**, often bilateral and affecting high frequencies first. - The audiogram demonstrates **conductive hearing loss**, and there is no information about exposure to ototoxic medications. *Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)* - NIHL is characterized by **sensorineural hearing loss**, typically with a **notch at 3000-6000 Hz** (most commonly 4000 Hz notch) on the audiogram. - The audiogram reflects **conductive hearing loss**, and the specific pattern does not match that of NIHL.
Forensic Medicine
2 questionsA suspicious stain was treated with glacial acetic acid and heated. Examination shows the following crystalline finding. Which confirmatory test is being depicted?
Based on the image provided, identify the range of fire.
NEET-PG 2024 - Forensic Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: A suspicious stain was treated with glacial acetic acid and heated. Examination shows the following crystalline finding. Which confirmatory test is being depicted?
- A. Barberio's test
- B. Florence test
- C. Teichman test (Correct Answer)
- D. Takayama test
Explanation: ***Teichman test*** - The Teichman test involves treating bloodstains with **glacial acetic acid** and **heat** to form **hemin crystals**, which are characteristic rhombic crystals of hematin hydrochloride. - This test is a **confirmatory test** for the presence of blood, distinguished by its specific crystalline structure under magnification. *Barberios test* - The Barberio's test is used to detect **spermine**, a component of seminal fluid, not blood. - It involves the formation of yellow, needle-like crystals of **spermine picrate** when treated with picric acid. *Florence test* - The Florence test is another presumptive test for the presence of **spermine** in seminal fluid. - It produces dark brown, rhomboid crystals of **choline periodide** when Lugol's iodine solution is added. *Takayama test* - The Takayama test is a **confirmatory test for blood** that forms characteristic **hemochromogen crystals**. - This test uses a solution containing pyridine, glucose, and dilute sodium hydroxide, which, when heated, forms **pink feathery crystals**, differentiating it from the Teichman test's rhombic crystals.
Question 332: Based on the image provided, identify the range of fire.
- A. Close range (Correct Answer)
- B. Distant range
- C. Contact
- D. Cannot be predicted
Explanation: ***Close range*** - The image clearly shows **tattooing** (unburnt gunpowder particles embedded in the skin) and **scorching/singeing** around the wound entrance, which are pathognomonic features of close-range gunshot wounds. - Close-range wounds occur when the firearm is discharged from **6 inches to 2 feet** away, allowing hot gases and powder particles to reach the skin but without creating a muzzle imprint. *Distant range* - Distant range wounds (beyond 2-3 feet) show **no tattooing or scorching** as the gunpowder particles lose velocity and hot gases cool down before reaching the target. - The wound would appear as a simple **punched-out hole** without surrounding debris, which is clearly not the case in this image. *Contact* - Contact wounds are characterized by a **muzzle imprint**, **star-shaped laceration** from gas expansion, and **absence of surface tattooing** as all residue enters the wound tract. - The image lacks the typical **cruciate tears** and **cherry-red discoloration** from carbon monoxide that are seen in contact wounds. *Cannot be predicted* - The visible **tattooing pattern** and **scorching** provide clear forensic evidence that allows definitive range determination according to **Reddy's Forensic Medicine** principles. - The combination of these specific findings makes range assessment not only possible but straightforward, contradicting the notion that it cannot be predicted.
Internal Medicine
2 questionsA 25-year-old patient presents with acute epigastric pain and elevated serum lipase. The patient was stabilized after 3 days, and a chest X-ray was obtained. What is the most common pulmonary complication associated with this condition?
An adult man presents with the clinical condition shown in the image, and a Gram stain reveals Gram-negative diplococci. What is the most appropriate treatment?
NEET-PG 2024 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: A 25-year-old patient presents with acute epigastric pain and elevated serum lipase. The patient was stabilized after 3 days, and a chest X-ray was obtained. What is the most common pulmonary complication associated with this condition?
- A. ARDS (Correct Answer)
- B. Acute pulmonary edema
- C. Pulmonary thromboembolism
- D. Miliary TB
Explanation: ***ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)*** - **Acute pancreatitis** can lead to significant systemic inflammation, causing widespread lung injury and subsequent **ARDS** [1, 2]. - This complication presents with bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray [3] and severe **hypoxemia** refractory to oxygen therapy [1]. *Acute pulmonary edema* - While pulmonary edema can occur in critical illness, **cardiogenic pulmonary edema** is less common as the primary pulmonary complication of pancreatitis in young, otherwise healthy patients [3]. - Pancreatitis-related pulmonary issues are more often inflammatory, leading to lung injury rather than direct fluid overload from cardiac dysfunction. *Pulmonary thromboembolism* - Although critically ill patients, including those with acute pancreatitis, are at increased risk for **thrombotic events**, it's not the most common immediate pulmonary complication. - A pulmonary embolism would typically present with pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, and potentially hemodynamic instability, and often without diffuse infiltrates on chest X-ray unless severe. *Miliary TB* - **Miliary tuberculosis** is a chronic infectious process characterized by widespread dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. - It would not manifest as an acute complication of acute pancreatitis and typically presents with constitutional symptoms and a different pattern on chest X-ray.
Question 332: An adult man presents with the clinical condition shown in the image, and a Gram stain reveals Gram-negative diplococci. What is the most appropriate treatment?
- A. Ceftriaxone (Correct Answer)
- B. Azithromycin
- C. Doxycycline
- D. Acyclovir
Explanation: ***Ceftriaxone*** - The image shows **urethritis** (discharge from the urethra), and the Gram stain revealing **Gram-negative diplococci** is characteristic of **Neisseria gonorrhoeae**. - **Ceftriaxone** is the recommended first-line treatment for **gonorrhea**, often administered as a single intramuscular dose. *Azithromycin* - While often co-administered with ceftriaxone to cover potential **Chlamydia coinfection**, it is not the primary treatment for gonorrhea alone. - Azithromycin is the main treatment for uncomplicated **Chlamydia trachomatis** infections. *Doxycycline* - **Doxycycline** is a highly effective antibiotic for treating **Chlamydia trachomatis** infections and certain other bacterial STIs. - It is not the primary treatment for **gonorrhea** due to resistance concerns and preferred efficacy of cephalosporins. *Acyclovir* - **Acyclovir** is an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by the **herpes simplex virus (HSV)**. - It has no activity against **bacterial infections** like gonorrhea, making it inappropriate for this presentation.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
1 questionsA female presents with dysuria and vaginal discharge. Wet mount examination shows pear-shaped organisms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
NEET-PG 2024 - Obstetrics and Gynecology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: A female presents with dysuria and vaginal discharge. Wet mount examination shows pear-shaped organisms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Candida
- B. Chlamydia
- C. Trichomonas (Correct Answer)
- D. Bacterial vaginosis
Explanation: ***Trichomonas*** - The presence of **dysuria**, **vaginal discharge**, and **pear-shaped organisms** on wet mount examination is classic for **Trichomonas vaginalis** infection. - **Microscopic identification of motile trichomonads** confirms the diagnosis. *Candida* - **Candida** infections typically present with **thick, white, curd-like vaginal discharge**, and a wet mount would show **yeast buds or pseudohyphae**, not pear-shaped organisms. - While it can cause dysuria, the discharge characteristics and microscopy findings differentiate it. *Chlamydia* - **Chlamydia trachomatis** causes **mucopurulent cervicitis** with dysuria and vaginal discharge, but requires **specific diagnostic tests** such as **NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test)** or cell culture for diagnosis. - Wet mount examination would **not show pear-shaped organisms**; instead, it may show increased white blood cells but no specific pathogen visualization. *Bacterial vaginosis* - **Bacterial vaginosis** is characterized by a **thin, gray discharge** and a **"fishy" odor**, which is especially noticeable after intercourse. - Wet mount shows **clue cells** (vaginal epithelial cells studded with bacteria), not pear-shaped organisms, and **absent or few white blood cells**.
Radiology
1 questionsIdentify the diagnosis using the MRI provided.
NEET-PG 2024 - Radiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 331: Identify the diagnosis using the MRI provided.
- A. Chiari type 1 malformation (Correct Answer)
- B. Dandy-Walker malformation
- C. Vein of Galen malformation
- D. Agenesis of the corpus callosum
Explanation: ***Chiari type 1 malformation*** - The sagittal MRI image clearly shows the **cerebellar tonsils prolapsing below the foramen magnum** into the cervical spinal canal, which is the hallmark of a Chiari type 1 malformation. - This condition can lead to symptoms like headaches, neck pain, and neurological deficits due to compression of the brainstem and spinal cord. *Dandy-Walker malformation* - This malformation involves the **agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis** and persistent cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle, creating a large posterior fossa cyst. - The image does not show an enlarged posterior fossa with a cystic fourth ventricle or a severely hypoplastic vermis. *Vein of Galen malformation* - This is a **rare congenital vascular malformation** involving a direct arteriovenous shunt without an intervening capillary bed, typically presenting as an enlarged vein of Galen. - The provided image is a sagittal view demonstrating cerebellar tonsillar herniation, not a prominent or malformed vein of Galen. *Agenesis of the corpus callosum* - This condition is characterized by the **partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum**, the band of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. - On sagittal MRI, this would show absence of the corpus callosum and typically radial gyral patterns, which are not seen in this image.