Anatomy
1 questionsAmong the following the plane of least pelvic dimension is:
NEET-PG 2022 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: Among the following the plane of least pelvic dimension is:
- A. Inlet
- B. False pelvis
- C. Mid-cavity (Correct Answer)
- D. Outlet
Explanation: ***Mid-cavity*** - The **mid-cavity** or **mid-pelvis** is the plane of smallest dimensions during labor, defined by the ischial spines laterally [1]. - This plane is crucial for determining if a fetus can successfully navigate the birth canal, as it represents the narrowest point [1]. *Inlet* - The **pelvic inlet** is the widest part of the pelvis and usually poses less of a restriction during the descent of the fetal head [1]. - It is bounded by the sacral promontory, arcuate line, pectineal line, and pubic crest [2]. *False pelvis* - The **false pelvis** is the upper, broader part of the pelvis and does not play a direct role in guiding the fetal head through the birth canal [1]. - Its boundaries are largely abdominal and do not define crucial dimensions for passage [2]. *Outlet* - The **pelvic outlet** is the final opening that the fetal head must pass through, and while its dimensions are important, the mid-cavity is generally the narrowest point. - Its dimensions are measured from the pubic arch to the tip of the coccyx [3].
Community Medicine
1 questionsContaminated tubing and catheters will be disposed in which bag according to biomedical waste management?
NEET-PG 2022 - Community Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: Contaminated tubing and catheters will be disposed in which bag according to biomedical waste management?
- A. Yellow
- B. Blue
- C. White
- D. Red (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Red Container*** - The **red bag** is designated for **contaminated recyclable waste** including tubing, catheters, intravenous sets, and soiled plastic items. - This waste is highly infectious and undergoes **autoclaving** or **microwaving** to disinfect it before recycling. *Yellow Container* - The **yellow bag** is used for **highly infectious waste** such as human anatomical waste, medical dressings, and microbiological waste. - This waste is typically **incinerated** or undergoes deep burial. *Blue Container* - The **blue/white puncture-proof container** is used for **sharp objects** like needles, syringes with fixed needles, and scalpel blades. - This waste is often **autoclaved** and then shredded or vitrified to prevent reuse and injury. *White Container* - In some biomedical waste management systems, a **white translucent container** is used for **glassware** that is contaminated with blood or body fluids, such as broken glass ampoules or vials. - The specific color codes can vary slightly between regions, but the red bag is consistently for contaminated plastic/tubing.
Dermatology
1 questionsA farmer has an ulcer on leg with indurated margin and multiple sinuses with discharging granules. The likely diagnosis is -
NEET-PG 2022 - Dermatology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: A farmer has an ulcer on leg with indurated margin and multiple sinuses with discharging granules. The likely diagnosis is -
- A. Lupus vulgaris
- B. Actinomycosis
- C. Scrofuloderma
- D. Mycetoma (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Mycetoma*** - This is the **correct diagnosis** characterized by the classic triad: **tumefaction** (swelling with indurated margin), multiple **draining sinuses**, and discharge of **granules**. - The **occupational history** (farmer with soil exposure) and **location on the leg** are highly suggestive of mycetoma, particularly common in agricultural workers. - The granules are **colonies of microorganisms** (either fungi [eumycetoma] or bacteria [actinomycetoma]) aggregated and encased in a cement-like matrix, a distinctive feature of this chronic infection. - **Key distinguisher**: Mycetoma has a predilection for the **lower extremities**, especially the foot and leg, in individuals with occupational soil exposure. *Actinomycosis* - Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection caused by *Actinomyces* species, which also forms abscesses and draining sinuses with characteristic **"sulfur granules."** - **Why incorrect**: While actinomycosis shares features of sinuses and granules, it most commonly affects the **cervicofacial (50-60%)**, **thoracic**, or **abdominal** regions. - **Leg involvement is rare** for actinomycosis, making mycetoma the more likely diagnosis in this clinical scenario. - The occupational history and typical location favor mycetoma over actinomycosis. *Lupus vulgaris* - This is a form of **cutaneous tuberculosis** presenting as red-brown plaques or nodules, often with an **"apple-jelly" appearance** on diascopy. - While it can cause ulcers, it typically does **not present with deep-seated sinuses and discharging granules**, which are pathognomonic for mycetoma. *Scrofuloderma* - This is a form of cutaneous tuberculosis that develops from the direct extension of underlying **tuberculous adenitis** or **osteomyelitis** to the skin. - It presents as cold abscesses that eventually rupture, forming irregular ulcers and sinuses, but typically **lacks the distinct discharging granules** of mycetoma. - The clinical presentation with granular discharge clearly differentiates mycetoma from scrofuloderma.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsA patient is having a continuous tremor and he has tendency to fall. Lesion is most commonly seen in?
NEET-PG 2022 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: A patient is having a continuous tremor and he has tendency to fall. Lesion is most commonly seen in?
- A. Putamen
- B. Substantia Nigra (Correct Answer)
- C. Globus pallidus
- D. Caudate nucleus
Explanation: ***Substantia Nigra*** - A lesion in the **substantia nigra** leads to a deficiency of **dopamine**, which is characteristic of **Parkinson's disease** [1]. - Symptoms like **continuous tremor (resting tremor)**, **postural instability (tendency to fall)**, rigidity, and bradykinesia are hallmark features of Parkinson's disease, linked to substantia nigra degeneration [1], [2]. *Putamen* - While the putamen is part of the basal ganglia and involved in motor control, its primary lesion is not typically associated with the classic triad of **Parkinsonian symptoms** (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia) [1]. - Lesions here might instead contribute to involuntary movements like **dystonia** or **chorea**, which are not described. *Globus pallidus* - The globus pallidus is involved in regulating voluntary movement, and lesions here can cause various movement disorders, including **dystonia**, **chorea**, or **hemiballismus** [2]. - However, isolated pallidal lesions are less commonly the primary cause of the specific combination of **resting tremor** and **falls** seen in Parkinson's. *Caudate nucleus* - The caudate nucleus plays a crucial role in cognitive and motor functions and is primarily affected in diseases like **Huntington's disease**, leading to **chorea** and cognitive decline [2]. - Lesions in the caudate nucleus do not typically present with a **continuous tremor** and **tendency to fall** as the predominant symptoms.
Physiology
1 questionsMagnesium is not involved in ?
NEET-PG 2022 - Physiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: Magnesium is not involved in ?
- A. Cellular oxidation
- B. Hemoglobin synthesis (Correct Answer)
- C. Membrane transport
- D. Glucose tolerance
Explanation: ***Hemoglobin synthesis*** - **Magnesium** is not directly involved in the synthesis of **hemoglobin**; **iron** is the crucial mineral for this process. - While magnesium is vital for many enzymatic reactions, it does not play a direct role in forming the heme structure or globin chains. *Cellular oxidation* - **Magnesium** acts as a **cofactor** for numerous enzymes involved in **cellular respiration** and **oxidative phosphorylation**, which are key processes in cellular oxidation. - These enzymatic reactions are critical for energy production within the cell. *Membrane transport* - **Magnesium** ions are essential for the proper functioning of various **ion channels** and **pumps**, such as the **Na+/K+ ATPase**, which are fundamental for maintaining **membrane potential** and **active transport**. - It influences the permeability of cell membranes and the movement of substances across them. *Glucose tolerance* - **Magnesium** plays a significant role in **glucose metabolism** and **insulin signaling**, affecting **glucose uptake** and utilization by cells, thereby influencing **glucose tolerance**. - Deficiency in magnesium has been linked to **insulin resistance** and an increased risk of **type 2 diabetes**.
Surgery
1 questionsWhile shaving, a 45-year-old teacher notices a marble-sized mass beneath his left ear. The mass is eventually excised, revealing which of the following benign parotid gland lesions?
NEET-PG 2022 - Surgery NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 131: While shaving, a 45-year-old teacher notices a marble-sized mass beneath his left ear. The mass is eventually excised, revealing which of the following benign parotid gland lesions?
- A. Cystic dilation
- B. Mikulicz's disease
- C. Warthin tumor (Correct Answer)
- D. Glandular hypertrophy, secondary to vitamin A deficiency
Explanation: ***Warthin tumor*** - **Warthin tumors** are benign, cystic tumors of the parotid gland, often presenting as a painless, soft, and mobile mass, consistent with a "marble-sized mass." - They are the second most common benign parotid neoplasm and are frequently found in older men, especially those who smoke. *Cystic dilation* - While cystic dilation can occur in the parotid gland, it is typically associated with conditions like **sialolithiasis** (salivary stones) or ductal obstruction, which would usually present with pain and swelling secondary to eating. - The description of a "marble-sized mass" without other symptoms is less typical for simple cystic dilation. *Mikulicz's disease* - Mikulicz's disease, or **IgG4-related sclerosing disease**, is a systemic condition characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of exocrine glands, leading to bilateral, diffuse enlargement of various glands, including the parotid. - It usually presents with diffuse, persistent swelling, not a solitary, marble-sized mass, and is associated with elevated IgG4 levels. *Glandular hypertrophy, secondary to vitamin A deficiency* - **Glandular hypertrophy** of the parotid gland can occur due to various systemic conditions, but it is typically a diffuse, bilateral enlargement, not a discrete, unilateral mass. - While vitamin A deficiency can lead to metaplasia of glandular epithelium, it is not a direct cause of parotid gland hypertrophy or discrete mass formation.