NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is NOT true?

It is caused by an allergic reaction. ***It is caused by an allergic reaction.*** - Vasomotor rhinitis, also known as nonallergic rhinitis, is characterized by symptoms similar to allergic rhinitis but is **not mediated by an allergic reaction** or an IgE-mast cell response. - Its etiology is related to the **dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system**, specifically an imbalance in the vascular tone of nasal blood vessels, rather than an allergic trigger. *It is due to parasympathetic overactivity* - **Parasympathetic overactivity** is a recognized underlying mechanism in vasomotor rhinitis, leading to increased vascular permeability and glandular secretion. - This overactivity results in symptoms such as **nasal congestion**, rhinorrhea, and sneezing, mimicking allergic rhinitis without an identifiable allergen. *Resistant cases may need cryotherapy* - For severe and **medically refractory cases** of vasomotor rhinitis, **cryotherapy** (specifically cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve) can be a treatment option. - This procedure targets the nerves responsible for parasympathetic outflow to the nasal mucosa, thereby reducing symptoms like rhinorrhea and congestion. *It may lead to hypertrophic rhinitis* - Chronic inflammation and vascular engorgement associated with long-standing vasomotor rhinitis can lead to **mucosal hypertrophy**, particularly of the inferior turbinates. - This condition, known as **hypertrophic rhinitis**, can exacerbate nasal obstruction and may require surgical intervention to improve airflow.

Q: Which of the following is a cause of objective tinnitus?

Carotid artery aneurysm. ***Carotid artery aneurysm*** - An **aneurysm** of the **carotid artery** can cause pulsatile tinnitus that is audible to others (objective) due to turbulent blood flow. - The sounds originate from vascular structures within or near the ear, making them detectable by a clinician. *Impacted Wax* - **Impacted cerumen** is a common cause of **subjective tinnitus**, where the sound is heard only by the patient. - It can muffle external sounds and alter the perception of internal body sounds, but it does not produce a sound audible to others. *Meniere's disease* - **Meniere's disease** is characterized by **subjective tinnitus**, along with vertigo, hearing loss, and aural fullness. - The tinnitus in Meniere's is typically a low-pitched roaring or buzzing sound, audible only to the affected individual. *Ototoxic drugs* - **Ototoxic drugs** (e.g., aspirin, aminoglycosides) commonly induce **subjective tinnitus** as a side effect. - These medications primarily damage inner ear structures, leading to perceived sounds that are not externally measurable.

Q: In the context of pharmacology, what is the term 'Mickey Finn' commonly associated with?

Chloral hydrate. ***Chloral hydrate*** - A "Mickey Finn" is a slang term for a drink **laced with a psychoactive drug or incapacitating agent** given to an unsuspecting person. - Historically, **chloral hydrate** was a common substance used for this purpose due to its rapid sedative-hypnotic effects. *Chloroform* - While chloroform is a potent anesthetic and sedative, it is primarily used as an **inhalant** and is not typically administered orally in drinks. - Ingesting chloroform in large quantities can be **fatal due to severe hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity**. *Methyl alcohol* - **Methyl alcohol (methanol)** is highly toxic and causes severe metabolic acidosis, blindness, and death, even in small amounts. - It does not induce the quick, incapacitating sedative effects associated with a "Mickey Finn" but rather a **delayed, severe poisoning syndrome**. *Ethylene glycol* - **Ethylene glycol** is an antifreeze agent that is also highly toxic, causing kidney failure and metabolic derangements. - Similar to methanol, its effects are **delayed and severe**, not the immediate incapacitating sedation implied by the term "Mickey Finn."

Q: In a patient there is dyspnea in upright position which is relieved in supine position, Diagnosis ?

Platypnea. ***Platypnea*** - **Platypnea** is defined as **dyspnea that worsens in an upright position** and improves when lying down. - This condition is often associated with **hepatopulmonary syndrome**, **intracardiac shunts** (e.g., patent foramen ovale), or **pulmonary arteriovenous malformations**, where gravity affects blood flow and gas exchange. *Tachypnea* - **Tachypnea** refers to an **abnormally rapid rate of breathing**. - It describes the *rate* of respiration, not its variation with body position. *Orthopnea* - **Orthopnea** is **dyspnea that occurs when lying flat** and is relieved by sitting or standing up [1]. - It is often seen in conditions like **heart failure**, where fluid redistribution to the lungs is exacerbated in the supine position [2]. *Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea* - **Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)** is characterized by **sudden, severe shortness of breath at night** that awakens the person from sleep [2]. - It is typically caused by **left-sided heart failure** and is relieved by sitting upright or standing, which is the opposite of the described scenario.

Q: What condition is characterized by hypertension and hypokalemia?

Liddle's Syndrome. ***Liddle's Syndrome*** - This syndrome is characterized by **overactivity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)** in the collecting ducts, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. [1] - The resulting **sodium retention causes hypertension**, while the **potassium excretion leads to hypokalemia**. *Gitelman's Syndrome* - This is an **autosomal recessive kidney disorder** causing a defect in the **thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter** in the distal convoluted tubule. - It presents with **hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia**, but typically with **normal or low blood pressure**, not hypertension. *Bartter Syndrome* - This is a group of **autosomal recessive salt-wasting tubulopathies** affecting the **Na-K-2Cl cotransporter** in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. - It leads to **hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and normal or low blood pressure**, similar to chronic loop diuretic use. *All of the options* - While all mentioned conditions involve **hypokalemia**, only **Liddle's Syndrome** is consistently associated with **hypertension**. - **Gitelman's and Bartter syndromes** typically present with **normal or low blood pressure**.

Q: Which HIV virus is associated with a higher transmission rate and virulence?

HIV-1. ***HIV-1*** - **HIV-1** is responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections worldwide and is known for its **higher virulence** and more rapid progression to AIDS. - It also has a **higher transmission rate** compared to HIV-2, contributing to its global prevalence. *HIV-2* - **HIV-2** is less virulent and has a **slower progression** to AIDS compared to HIV-1. - Its transmission rate is **lower** than HIV-1, and it is primarily concentrated in West Africa. *Both have similar risks* - This statement is incorrect because **HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ significantly** in their transmission rates, virulence, and disease progression. - **HIV-1** poses a much greater global health burden due to its higher infectivity and pathology. *It depends on individual factors* - While individual factors can influence disease progression, the intrinsic characteristics of **HIV-1** and **HIV-2** (such as transmissibility and virulence) are distinct and not solely dependent on the host. - The inherent biological differences between the two viruses are the primary determinants of their differential impact.

Q: Which of the following statements about paramyxoviruses is false?

Are DNA viruses. ***Are DNA viruses*** - Paramyxoviruses are characterized by their **single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome**, not DNA. - Their replication and transcription processes occur in the cytoplasm, which is typical for RNA viruses. *Belong to the family Paramyxoviridae* - This statement is correct; paramyxoviruses are indeed classified under the **family Paramyxoviridae**. - This family includes important human pathogens like measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). *Have linear nucleic acid* - This statement is correct as paramyxoviruses possess a **linear, non-segmented RNA genome**. - The linear nature differentiates them from viruses with segmented genomes, such as influenza viruses. *Are RNA viruses* - This statement is correct; paramyxoviruses are characterized by their **RNA genome**. - Specifically, they are **negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses**.

Q: Muscae volitantes is seen in?

Vitreous detachment. ***Vitreous detachment*** - **Muscae volitantes** (Latin for "flying flies") is the classical term for **vitreous floaters** - **Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)** is the **most common cause** of muscae volitantes - PVD occurs due to **vitreous liquefaction** and **vitreoretinal separation**, causing **collagen fibers and cellular debris** to cast shadows on the retina - These floaters are typically described as **spots, cobwebs, or threads** that move with eye movement - PVD is extremely common, particularly **after age 50-60 years**, and in **myopic patients** *Remains of primitive hyaloid vasculature* - **Hyaloid remnants** (such as **Mittendorf's dot** or **Bergmeister's papilla**) are **congenital developmental anomalies** - While these can occasionally be visible as small opacities, they are **not the classical cause** of muscae volitantes - These are typically **stationary** rather than "floating" as the term implies *Vitreous Hemorrhage* - Causes **sudden onset** of numerous floaters, often described as **"shower of red blood cells"** or dense black spots - Associated with **significant vision loss** and requires urgent evaluation - Not the benign, chronic floaters typical of muscae volitantes *Eale's disease* - **Peripheral retinal vasculitis** causing **recurrent vitreous hemorrhages** - Floaters occur secondary to **hemorrhage**, not the primary pathology of muscae volitantes - Presents with **recurrent episodes** and **vision loss**, not isolated benign floaters

Q: Which of the following statements about pterygium is false?

Arise from any part of conjunctiva. ***Arise from any part of conjunctiva*** **(FALSE - Correct Answer)** - This statement is **FALSE** and thus the correct answer. - Pterygium characteristically arises from the **nasal (interpalpebral) bulbar conjunctiva** in 90-95% of cases. - It does NOT arise from "any part" - it has a specific predilection for the medial (nasal) limbus in the palpebral fissure zone. - Temporal pterygium is much less common (~10% of cases). *Can cause astigmatism* **(TRUE)** - This statement is TRUE. - As a pterygium grows across the cornea, it can induce **corneal astigmatism** by altering the curvature of the cornea. - This irregular corneal surface can blur vision, especially as the pterygium progresses towards the central visual axis. *Surgery is treatment of choice* **(TRUE)** - This statement is TRUE. - **Surgical excision** is the primary treatment for pterygium when it is symptomatic, threatens vision, or causes significant cosmetic concerns. - Indications for surgery include: growth towards the visual axis, inducing high astigmatism, significant discomfort, or cosmetic desire. - Adjunctive measures (mitomycin C, conjunctival autograft) help reduce recurrence. *UV exposure is risk factor* **(TRUE)** - This statement is TRUE. - **Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure** is a well-established and significant risk factor for the development and progression of pterygium. - This explains its higher prevalence in individuals living in sunny climates (between 37° N and 37° S latitude - "pterygium belt") and those with outdoor occupations.

Q: What is the intensity in decibel of normal conversation in humans?

60dB. ***60dB*** - The sound intensity of **normal human conversation** is typically around **60 decibels (dB)**. - This level is considered **moderate** and is comfortably audible without causing discomfort or hearing damage. *30dB* - A sound intensity of **30dB** is characteristic of a **quiet whisper** or a **soft rustle of leaves**. - This level is much **quieter** than a normal conversation and would require closer proximity to be clearly heard. *90dB* - **90dB** represents a significantly **louder sound**, comparable to that of a **lawnmower** or a **heavy truck** passing by. - Prolonged exposure to sounds at this intensity can start to cause **hearing damage**. *150dB* - **150dB** is an **extremely loud** and potentially **painful** sound level, similar to a **jet engine at takeoff** or a **firecracker** exploding nearby. - Exposure to sounds this intense can cause **immediate and permanent hearing loss**.

Question 1

Which of the following statements about vasomotor rhinitis is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

It is caused by an allergic reaction

Answer

It is due to parasympathetic overactivity

Answer

Resistant cases may need cryotherapy

Answer

It may lead to hypertrophic rhinitis

Question 2

Which of the following is a cause of objective tinnitus?

Accepted Answer

Carotid artery aneurysm

Answer

Impacted Wax

Answer

Meniere's disease

Answer

Ototoxic drugs

Question 3

In the context of pharmacology, what is the term 'Mickey Finn' commonly associated with?

Accepted Answer

Chloral hydrate

Answer

Chloroform

Answer

Methyl alcohol

Answer

Ethylene glycol

Question 4

In a patient there is dyspnea in upright position which is relieved in supine position, Diagnosis ?

Accepted Answer

Platypnea

Answer

Tachypnea

Answer

Orthopnea

Answer

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Question 5

What condition is characterized by hypertension and hypokalemia?

Accepted Answer

Liddle's Syndrome

Answer

Gitelman's Syndrome

Answer

Bartter Syndrome

Answer

All of the options

Question 6

Which HIV virus is associated with a higher transmission rate and virulence?

Accepted Answer

HIV-1

Answer

Both have similar risks

Answer

It depends on individual factors

Answer

HIV-2

Question 7

Which of the following statements about paramyxoviruses is false?

Accepted Answer

Are DNA viruses

Answer

Belong to the family Paramyxoviridae

Answer

Are RNA viruses

Answer

Have linear nucleic acid

Question 8

Muscae volitantes is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Vitreous detachment

Answer

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Answer

Remains of primitive hyaloid vasculature

Answer

Eale's disease

Question 9

Which of the following statements about pterygium is false?

Accepted Answer

Arise from any part of conjunctiva

Answer

Can cause astigmatism

Answer

Surgery is treatment of choice

Answer

UV exposure is risk factor

Question 10

What is the intensity in decibel of normal conversation in humans?

Accepted Answer

60dB

Answer

30dB

Answer

90dB

Answer

150dB

NEET-PG 2015

ENT

Forensic Medicine

Internal Medicine

Microbiology

Ophthalmology

Physiology