Anatomy
3 questionsThe main muscle affected in congenital muscular torticollis is?
Where is the auditory cortex primarily located in the brain?
What is the average axial length of the human eyeball?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: The main muscle affected in congenital muscular torticollis is?
- A. Sternocleidomastoid (Correct Answer)
- B. Trapezius
- C. Scalenus Anticus
- D. Omohyoid
Explanation: ***Sternocleidomastoid*** - Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is primarily caused by **unilateral fibrosis and shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)**. - This leads to the characteristic **head tilt towards the affected side** and **chin rotation to the opposite side**. *Trapezius* - The trapezius muscle is primarily involved in **shrugging the shoulders**, extending and rotating the head and neck, but is not the main muscle affected in CMT. - While it can become secondarily tight in response to persistent head positioning, it is **not the primary pathological muscle** in CMT. *Scalenus Anticus* - The scalenus anticus (anterior scalene muscle) is involved in **neck flexion and elevation of the first rib** during forced inspiration. - It plays a role in various neck pain syndromes and brachial plexus compression, but it is **not the defining muscle in congenital muscular torticollis**. *Omohyoid* - The omohyoid is a **strap muscle of the neck** that depresses the hyoid bone. - It has no primary involvement in the **pathophysiology or clinical presentation of congenital muscular torticollis**.
Question 752: Where is the auditory cortex primarily located in the brain?
- A. Superior temporal gyrus (Correct Answer)
- B. Inferior temporal gyrus
- C. Area 3,1,2
- D. Cingulate gyrus
Explanation: ***Superior temporal gyrus*** - The **primary auditory cortex** (Brodmann areas 41 and 42) is located in the **superior temporal gyrus**, primarily within the **transverse temporal gyri of Heschl**. [1] - This region is responsible for processing **auditory information**, including pitch, loudness, and sound localization. [1] *Inferior temporal gyrus* - The **inferior temporal gyrus** is a part of the temporal lobe involved in higher-level **visual processing** and object recognition. - It plays a role in the "what" pathway of vision and **memory formation**, not primary auditory processing. *Area 3,1,2* - **Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2** collectively form the **primary somatosensory cortex**. [2] - This area is located in the **postcentral gyrus** of the parietal lobe and is responsible for processing touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. [2] *Cingulate gyrus* - The **cingulate gyrus** is a component of the **limbic system**, involved in emotion formation, learning, memory, and executive function. - It plays a role in processing emotional aspects of pain and fear, but not primary auditory perception.
Question 753: What is the average axial length of the human eyeball?
- A. 16 mm
- B. 20 mm
- C. 24 mm (Correct Answer)
- D. 28 mm
Explanation: ***24 mm*** - The **average axial length** of the human eyeball is approximately **24 mm**. - This length is crucial for **emmetropia**, where parallel light rays focus precisely on the retina. *16 mm* - An axial length of **16 mm** would indicate extreme **hyperopia** (farsightedness), as the eyeball would be significantly too short [1]. - This would result in light focusing behind the retina, leading to blurry vision. *20 mm* - An axial length of **20 mm** is still considerably shorter than average, suggesting **significant hyperopia**. - This deviation from the norm would impair visual acuity without corrective lenses. *28 mm* - An axial length of **28 mm** would classify the eye as significantly **myopic** (nearsighted), as the eyeball would be too long [1]. - In this case, light would focus in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry [1].
ENT
2 questionsWhich of the following is not a complication of maxillary sinus lavage and insufflation?
All of the following are features of Tubotympanic CSOM except which of the following?
NEET-PG 2015 - ENT NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: Which of the following is not a complication of maxillary sinus lavage and insufflation?
- A. Orbital injury
- B. Epistaxis
- C. Facial nerve injury (Correct Answer)
- D. Air embolism
Explanation: ***Facial nerve injury*** - The **facial nerve (CN VII)** passes through the parotid gland and temporal bone, far from the maxillary sinus. - There is no anatomical proximity or procedural mechanism during maxillary sinus lavage and insufflation that would put the facial nerve at risk of injury. *Air embolism* - **Insufflation of air** into the maxillary sinus, especially under pressure, can lead to air entering the bloodstream if a blood vessel is inadvertently punctured. - This can result in a serious and potentially fatal **air embolism**, particularly if the air reaches the cerebral circulation. *Orbital injury* - The **medial wall of the maxillary sinus** is in close proximity to the orbit, separated by thin bone. - During lavage, excessive force or incorrect angulation of instruments can perforate this thin bone, leading to **orbital complications** such as periorbital hematoma or injury to orbital contents. *Epistaxis* - During the procedure, the **mucosa of the nasal cavity** or the sinus itself can be traumatized by the instruments used for lavage. - This local trauma to the rich blood supply of these areas can easily cause **nasal bleeding (epistaxis)**.
Question 752: All of the following are features of Tubotympanic CSOM except which of the following?
- A. Profuse discharge
- B. Hearing loss
- C. Extreme pain (Correct Answer)
- D. Facial nerve paralysis
Explanation: ***Extreme pain*** - **Extreme pain** is NOT a characteristic feature of **tubotympanic CSOM**. This type is typically associated with a history of **painless otorrhea**. - Tubotympanic CSOM is considered the "safe" type with inflammation limited to the mucosa without bone erosion. - The presence of severe pain should raise suspicion for complications or the **atticoantral (unsafe) type** of CSOM. *Profuse discharge* - **Profuse, mucoid** or **mucopurulent discharge** is a hallmark feature of tubotympanic CSOM. - This discharge results from chronic inflammation of the **middle ear mucoperiosteum** through a central perforation in the **pars tensa**. - The discharge is typically non-foul smelling (unlike atticoantral CSOM). *Hearing loss* - **Conductive hearing loss** is a universal feature of tubotympanic CSOM. - Results from **tympanic membrane perforation**, middle ear effusion, and potential ossicular discontinuity. - The degree of hearing loss correlates with the size and location of the perforation. *Facial nerve paralysis* - Facial nerve paralysis is **NOT a typical feature** of tubotympanic (safe) CSOM. - This complication is characteristically associated with **atticoantral (unsafe) CSOM** with cholesteatoma causing bone erosion. - While theoretically possible in very advanced neglected tubotympanic disease, it would indicate transformation to unsafe disease or secondary complications. - **Note:** Some sources may list this as a rare complication, but it is not a characteristic feature distinguishing tubotympanic CSOM, making this option potentially ambiguous in an "EXCEPT" question format.
Ophthalmology
1 questionsWhich of the following methods is not used to measure refractive error?
NEET-PG 2015 - Ophthalmology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: Which of the following methods is not used to measure refractive error?
- A. Keratometry
- B. Retinoscopy
- C. Refractometry
- D. Spectrometry (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Spectrometry*** - **Spectrometry** measures the absorption or emission of light by a substance at different wavelengths, primarily used for chemical analysis and material science. - It does not directly assess the **focal power** of the eye or its refractive state. *Keratometry* - **Keratometry** measures the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea, which is essential for determining astigmatism and fitting contact lenses. - While it doesn't measure the entire refractive error, it provides crucial data used in **refractive error assessment**. *Retinoscopy* - **Retinoscopy** is an objective method for determining the eye's refractive error by observing the movement of reflected light in the patient's pupil as a light source is swept across the eye. - It helps determine the approximate sphere and cylinder power needed for proper vision correction, especially useful in **uncooperative patients** or children. *Refractometry* - **Refractometry** (often performed with an autorefractor) is an automated method that uses light reflections from the retina to estimate the eye's refractive error. - It provides an objective measurement of the **spherical, cylindrical, and axial components** of refractive error, serving as a starting point for subjective refraction.
Pharmacology
1 questionsIn primary open-angle glaucoma, pilocarpine eye drops lower intraocular pressure primarily by acting on which of the following?
NEET-PG 2015 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: In primary open-angle glaucoma, pilocarpine eye drops lower intraocular pressure primarily by acting on which of the following?
- A. All of the options
- B. Trabecular meshwork
- C. Ciliary epithelium
- D. Longitudinal fibres of the ciliary muscle (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Longitudinal fibres of the ciliary muscle***- Pilocarpine is a **muscarinic agonist** that contracts the **longitudinal fibers of the ciliary muscle** [1, 3].- This contraction pulls on the **scleral spur**, separating the **trabecular meshwork** sheets, which increases conventional **aqueous humor outflow** [2, 3].*Trabecular meshwork*- While the **trabecular meshwork** is the site where aqueous humor exits the eye, pilocarpine primarily acts on the ciliary muscle to **indirectly affect** the meshwork's outflow facility [2, 3].- Pilocarpine does not directly alter the structure or function of the trabecular meshwork cells.*Ciliary epithelium*- The **ciliary epithelium** is responsible for **aqueous humor production** [1, 2].- Pilocarpine primarily affects **outflow**, not production, through its action on the ciliary muscle [1, 2].*All of the options*- Pilocarpine does not act on **all** these structures; its primary mechanism is through the ciliary muscle to enhance outflow.- It has no direct significant effect on **ciliary epithelium** or direct action on the **trabecular meshwork** itself.
Physiology
1 questionsMiracle fruit is used to change the taste from?
NEET-PG 2015 - Physiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: Miracle fruit is used to change the taste from?
- A. Sour to Bitter
- B. Sour to Sweet (Correct Answer)
- C. Bitter to Sweet
- D. Salty to Sweet
Explanation: ***Sour to Sweet*** - The **miracle fruit** (Synsepalum dulcificum) contains a glycoprotein called **miraculin**. - Miraculin binds to taste receptors on the tongue and modifies their perception, making **sour foods taste sweet**. *Sour to Bitter* - The primary effect of miracle fruit is to convert **sour tastes into sweet tastes**, not bitter ones. - No known natural compound consistently changes sour perception to bitter. *Bitter to Sweet* - While miraculin makes sour foods sweet, it does not typically convert **bitter tastes into sweet sensations**. - Bitter taste perception involves different receptor pathways that are not significantly altered by miraculin. *Salty to Sweet* - Miracle fruit primarily targets **sour taste receptors**. - It does not have a significant effect on altering the perception of **salty tastes to sweet**.
Radiology
1 questionsWhich of the following imaging modalities is most appropriate for initial evaluation of suspected acute appendicitis in a young adult patient?
NEET-PG 2015 - Radiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: Which of the following imaging modalities is most appropriate for initial evaluation of suspected acute appendicitis in a young adult patient?
- A. Ultrasound (Correct Answer)
- B. CT scan (Contrast-enhanced)
- C. Plain radiography (X-ray)
- D. MRI
Explanation: ***Ultrasound*** - **First-line imaging modality** for suspected acute appendicitis in young adults, especially in children, pregnant women, and young females - **Advantages:** No ionizing radiation, readily available, cost-effective, can be performed at bedside - **High specificity** (>90%) when positive findings are present - **Graded compression technique** helps visualize the appendix and assess for periappendiceal inflammation - **Limitations:** Operator-dependent, may be difficult in obese patients or with overlying bowel gas *CT scan (Contrast-enhanced)* - **Most sensitive imaging modality** (sensitivity >95%) for acute appendicitis - Considered when ultrasound is inconclusive or technically difficult - **Gold standard** in adults, especially in obese patients - Provides excellent visualization of the appendix and complications (perforation, abscess) - However, involves **ionizing radiation**, making it less ideal as first-line in young patients *MRI* - **Preferred in pregnant women** when ultrasound is inconclusive - No ionizing radiation exposure - High accuracy but **limited availability**, longer scan time, and higher cost - Not typically used as first-line imaging in non-pregnant young adults *Plain radiography (X-ray)* - **Limited role** in diagnosing acute appendicitis - Non-specific findings; may show fecalith, loss of psoas shadow, or signs of perforation - Cannot reliably visualize the appendix - **Not recommended** as initial imaging for suspected appendicitis
Surgery
1 questionsWhat is the treatment of choice for Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS) in adults?
NEET-PG 2015 - Surgery NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 751: What is the treatment of choice for Deviated Nasal Septum (DNS) in adults?
- A. Medical management with decongestants
- B. Observation
- C. Turbinoplasty
- D. Septoplasty (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Septoplasty*** - **Septoplasty** is the surgical procedure of choice to correct a deviated nasal septum by **realigning the cartilage and bone** in the septum. - It is performed to improve nasal airflow and address symptoms like **nasal obstruction** or recurrent sinusitis. *Medical management with decongestants* - **Decongestants** provide temporary relief from nasal congestion but do not correct the underlying **anatomical deviation** of the septum. - Prolonged use of decongestants can lead to **rhinitis medicamentosa**, a rebound congestion. *Observation* - **Observation** is not an appropriate long-term solution for symptomatic DNS as the **anatomical deviation** will persist and symptoms are unlikely to improve spontaneously. - Patients with significant symptoms impacting their quality of life require active intervention rather than just monitoring. *Turbinoplasty* - **Turbinoplasty** is a procedure to reduce the size of the **turbinates**, which are bony structures in the nasal cavity that can contribute to nasal obstruction. - While it can be performed concurrently with septoplasty, it does not correct the **deviated septum itself**.