NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Which type of glial cell is derived from mesodermal origin?

Microglial cells. ***Microglial cells*** - **Microglial cells** are unique among glial cells as they originate from **mesoderm**, specifically from **monocyte/macrophage precursors** in the bone marrow [1]. - They function as the **immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)**, scavenging for plaques, damaged neurons, and infectious agents [1]. *Macroglial cells* - This is a broad category that includes **astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells**, all of which are derived from **neuroectoderm**, not mesoderm [1]. - They perform various supportive roles but are distinct in origin from microglial cells [1]. *Oligodendrocytes* - **Oligodendrocytes** are derived from **neuroectoderm** and are responsible for forming the **myelin sheath** around axons in the CNS [2]. - Myelination is crucial for rapid and efficient nerve impulse conduction. *Ependymal cells* - **Ependymal cells** are derived from **neuroectoderm** and line the **ventricles of the brain** and the **central canal of the spinal cord**. - They play a role in the production and circulation of **cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)**.

Q: Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to meet physiological needs?

Vitamin D. ***Vitamin D*** - The skin synthesizes vitamin D (specifically **cholecalciferol**) upon exposure to **ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation** from sunlight. - This endogenous production can be sufficient to meet physiological needs under adequate sun exposure, making it conditionally non-essential in the diet. *Vitamin K* - While **intestinal bacteria synthesize some vitamin K (K2)**, it is generally not in sufficient quantities to meet all physiological needs, especially for blood clotting. - Dietary intake of **vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)** from leafy green vegetables is critical. *Vitamin A* - **Vitamin A (retinol)** is obtained primarily from the diet, either directly from animal sources or from carotenoid precursors (like **beta-carotene**) in plants. - The body cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo; it relies on dietary intake and conversion from precursors. *Biotin* - Although the **gut microbiota can synthesize biotin**, the amount produced is generally considered insufficient to meet the body's requirements. - Therefore, biotin is primarily obtained through dietary intake, functioning as a coenzyme in various metabolic reactions.

Q: Abnormal proteins which are bound to ubiquitin are degraded in -

Proteasomes. ***Proteasomes*** - **Proteasomes** are multi-subunit protein complexes responsible for degrading **ubiquitin-tagged proteins**. - This degradation is a tightly regulated process essential for cell cycle control, gene expression, and immune response. *Golgi apparatus* - The **Golgi apparatus** primarily functions in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids synthesized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. - It does not directly participate in the degradation of **ubiquitin-bound proteins**. *Smooth ER* - The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)** is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions. - It lacks ribosomes and is not directly implicated in the degradation of misfolded proteins tagged with ubiquitin. *Lysosomes* - **Lysosomes** are organelles containing various hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris, as well as foreign invaders like bacteria. - While they degrade proteins, they primarily target **extracellular proteins** taken up by endocytosis or cellular components via **autophagy**, not specifically ubiquitin-bound proteins.

Q: Pyridoxine is required in -

Transamination. ***Transamination*** - **Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)**, the active form of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), is an essential **coenzyme for aminotransferases (transaminases)** - Transamination reactions involve the transfer of an **amino group** from an amino acid to a keto acid, which is crucial for amino acid metabolism - This is the classic biochemical function of vitamin B6 and a frequently tested concept *Glycolysis* - Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate - Key cofactors for glycolysis include **NAD+ and ATP**, not vitamin B6 - Does not require pyridoxine as a coenzyme *TCA cycle* - The **TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)** is a central metabolic pathway for energy production - Uses enzymes that require cofactors such as **NAD+, FAD, and Coenzyme A** (derived from pantothenic acid) - Pyridoxine is not directly involved as a coenzyme in TCA cycle reactions *Glycogenesis* - Glycogenesis is the process of synthesizing **glycogen from glucose** - Primarily involves enzymes like **glycogen synthase** and **branching enzyme** - Requires **UTP and glucose-1-phosphate**, not pyridoxine

Q: Prolyl hydroxylase requires which cofactor?

Vitamin C. ***Vitamin C*** - **Prolyl hydroxylase** is an enzyme critical for the hydroxylation of proline residues during **collagen synthesis**. - **Vitamin C** (ascorbic acid) acts as an essential **cofactor**, reducing the ferric iron of the enzyme back to its ferrous state after each catalytic cycle, enabling continued activity. - The enzyme requires both **iron (Fe²⁺)** as a metal cofactor and **vitamin C** to maintain the iron in its reduced state. *Iron (Fe²⁺)* - While **iron** is indeed required by prolyl hydroxylase as a **metal cofactor**, the question asks for the cofactor, which specifically refers to **vitamin C**. - Iron functions as part of the enzyme's active site, but vitamin C is the reducing agent that keeps iron functional. - Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) leads to defective collagen synthesis despite adequate iron. *Molybdenum* - **Molybdenum** is a cofactor for several human enzymes, including **xanthine oxidase** and **sulfite oxidase**. - However, it plays no direct role in the activity of prolyl hydroxylase. *Vitamin K1* - **Vitamin K1** is a crucial cofactor for **gamma-glutamyl carboxylase**, an enzyme involved in the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in clotting factors. - It is not involved in the hydroxylation of proline by prolyl hydroxylase.

Q: Which fat-soluble vitamin is most classically known for its steroid hormone-like action through nuclear receptors?

Vitamin D. ***Correct Answer: Vitamin D*** - **Vitamin D** (specifically its active form, **calcitriol** or **1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃**) is the **most classically recognized** fat-soluble vitamin that functions as a **steroid hormone** - It binds to the **vitamin D receptor (VDR)**, which is a member of the **nuclear receptor superfamily** - This VDR-calcitriol complex acts as a transcription factor, regulating gene expression involved in **calcium and phosphate homeostasis**, bone metabolism, skeletal development, and immune function - The mechanism is analogous to classic steroid hormones like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone *Incorrect: Vitamin A* - **Vitamin A** (as **retinoic acid**) also interacts with nuclear receptors (**retinoic acid receptors - RARs** and **retinoid X receptors - RXRs**) to regulate gene transcription - However, Vitamin A is **most classically associated** with vision (rhodopsin in retinal photoreceptors), epithelial cell differentiation, embryonic development, and immune function - While it does have nuclear receptor-mediated actions, **Vitamin D is more prominently described** as having steroid hormone-like activity in standard medical education *Incorrect: Vitamin K* - **Vitamin K** functions primarily as a **cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase**, an enzyme that catalyzes post-translational modification of glutamate residues to γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) - Essential for the synthesis of **clotting factors** (II, VII, IX, X, protein C, protein S) and bone proteins (osteocalcin) - Does **not** act through nuclear receptors or function as a steroid hormone *Incorrect: Vitamin E* - **Vitamin E** (α-tocopherol) is a powerful **lipid-soluble antioxidant** that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals - Functions primarily through its **antioxidant properties**, not through nuclear receptor binding - Does **not** have steroid hormone-like actions

Q: Transport of lipids from the intestine to other tissues is by -

Chylomicrons. ***Chylomicrons*** - **Chylomicrons** are the **largest lipoprotein particles** that transport **dietary (exogenous) lipids** from the **intestine** to peripheral tissues - They are synthesized in **intestinal enterocytes** after fat absorption and enter the bloodstream via the **lymphatic system (thoracic duct)** - They carry **triglycerides (85-95%), cholesterol, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins** (A, D, E, K) - **Apolipoprotein B-48** is the characteristic structural protein of chylomicrons - After delivering triglycerides to tissues (via lipoprotein lipase), chylomicron remnants are taken up by the **liver** *LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)* - LDL transports **cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues** (not from intestine) - It carries **endogenous cholesterol**, not dietary lipids from the intestine - Often called "**bad cholesterol**" due to its role in atherosclerosis - Contains **Apolipoprotein B-100** *HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)* - HDL performs **reverse cholesterol transport** - moving excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues **back to the liver** - It does **not transport lipids from the intestine** to tissues - Called "**good cholesterol**" for its protective cardiovascular role - Contains **Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II** *VLDL (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein)* - VLDL is synthesized in the **liver** (not intestine) and transports **endogenous triglycerides** to peripheral tissues - It carries lipids **from the liver**, not from the intestine - VLDL is converted to IDL and then LDL after losing triglycerides - Contains **Apolipoprotein B-100**

Q: In the context of energy metabolism, which coenzyme is niacin a precursor to?

NAD. ***NAD*** - Niacin (vitamin B3) is a direct precursor to **nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NAD+)**. - NAD is the crucial coenzyme in **energy metabolism**, primarily involved in **catabolic pathways** such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain. - Functions as an **electron carrier** in redox reactions, accepting electrons during oxidation of fuel molecules. *Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)* - **Thiamine (vitamin B1)** is the precursor to TPP, not niacin. - TPP plays a vital role in **carbohydrate metabolism**, particularly in pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. *NADP* - While niacin is also a precursor to **NADP/NADPH**, this coenzyme is primarily used in **anabolic (biosynthetic) pathways**, not energy metabolism. - NADP functions in reductive biosynthesis (fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis) and **oxidative stress protection** via the pentose phosphate pathway. - The question specifically asks about **energy metabolism**, making NAD the correct answer as it participates in catabolic, energy-producing reactions. *Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)* - **Riboflavin (vitamin B2)** is the precursor to FAD, not niacin. - FAD is a coenzyme involved in various metabolic reactions, especially in the **TCA cycle** and **electron transport chain**, acting as an electron acceptor.

Q: Which method is used to separate a mixture of lipids?

Chromatography. ***Chromatography*** - **Chromatography** (e.g., thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography) is widely used to separate lipids based on differences in their **polarity**, **molecular weight**, or **solubility** in various solvents. - This method allows for the isolation and identification of different lipid classes and individual lipid species from a complex mixture. *Electrophoresis* - **Electrophoresis** separates molecules based on their **charge** and **size** in an electric field, making it more commonly used for proteins and nucleic acids. - Lipids are generally **uncharged** or have very low charge, which makes them poorly suited for separation by standard electrophoretic methods without modification. *Isoelectric focusing* - **Isoelectric focusing** is a type of electrophoresis that separates molecules based on their **isoelectric point (pI)**, which is the pH at which a molecule has no net charge. - This technique is primarily used for **proteins** and **peptides**, as lipids typically lack ionizable groups necessary for establishing a distinct pI. *PAGE* - **PAGE** (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) is a common method used to separate **proteins** and **nucleic acids** based on their size and charge. - Lipids are **hydrophobic** and do not readily migrate through an aqueous polyacrylamide gel matrix, making PAGE unsuitable for their direct separation.

Q: Which of the following is not a metabolic product of the urea cycle?

Alanine. ***Alanine*** - **Alanine** is an amino acid primarily involved in the **glucose-alanine cycle** for glucose production and ammonia transport, not as a direct metabolic product within the urea cycle. - While it plays a role in nitrogen metabolism, it is not synthesized or directly consumed as an intermediate in the reactions that convert ammonia to urea. *Citrulline* - **Citrulline** is a key intermediate formed during the second step of the urea cycle when **ornithine carbamoyltransferase** combines carbamoyl phosphate with ornithine. - It is then transported out of the mitochondrion into the cytosol to continue the cycle. *Ornithine* - **Ornithine** is an amino acid that acts as a **catalytic intermediate** in the urea cycle, being regenerated at the end of the cycle to combine with carbamoyl phosphate. - It does not directly contribute a nitrogen atom to urea but is essential for the cycle's continuation. *Arginine* - **Arginine** is an amino acid that is a direct precursor to urea in the penultimate step of the urea cycle, where **arginase** cleaves it into urea and ornithine. - It provides one of the nitrogen atoms and the carbon atom for the formation of urea.

Question 1

Which type of glial cell is derived from mesodermal origin?

Accepted Answer

Microglial cells

Answer

Macroglial cells

Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Answer

Ependymal cells

Question 2

Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to meet physiological needs?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Answer

Vitamin K

Answer

Vitamin A

Answer

Biotin

Question 3

Abnormal proteins which are bound to ubiquitin are degraded in -

Accepted Answer

Proteasomes

Answer

Golgi apparatus

Answer

Smooth ER

Answer

Lysosomes

Question 4

Pyridoxine is required in -

Accepted Answer

Transamination

Answer

Glycolysis

Answer

TCA cycle

Answer

Glycogenesis

Question 5

Prolyl hydroxylase requires which cofactor?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Answer

Iron (Fe²⁺)

Answer

Molybdenum

Answer

Vitamin K1

Question 6

Which fat-soluble vitamin is most classically known for its steroid hormone-like action through nuclear receptors?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Answer

Vitamin K

Answer

Vitamin A

Answer

Vitamin E

Question 7

Transport of lipids from the intestine to other tissues is by -

Accepted Answer

Chylomicrons

Answer

LDL

Answer

HDL

Answer

VLDL

Question 8

In the context of energy metabolism, which coenzyme is niacin a precursor to?

Accepted Answer

NAD

Answer

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Answer

NADP

Answer

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 9

Which method is used to separate a mixture of lipids?

Accepted Answer

Chromatography

Answer

Electrophoresis

Answer

Isoelectric focusing

Answer

PAGE

Question 10

Which of the following is not a metabolic product of the urea cycle?

Accepted Answer

Alanine

Answer

Citrulline

Answer

Arginine

Answer

Ornithine

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Biochemistry