ENT
1 questionsAll of the following are features of a nasal foreign body except:
NEET-PG 2015 - ENT NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: All of the following are features of a nasal foreign body except:
- A. Epistaxis
- B. Nasal obstruction
- C. Nasal polyps (Correct Answer)
- D. Foul smelling discharge
Explanation: ***Nasal polyps*** - While chronic inflammation can lead to nasal polyps, they are **not a direct or acute feature** of a nasal foreign body. - Nasal foreign bodies typically present with more immediate and obstructive symptoms rather than polyp formation. *Epistaxis* - A nasal foreign body can **irritate and traumatize the delicate nasal mucosa**, leading to bleeding. - This is a common symptom, especially if the foreign body is sharp or has been in place for some time. *Nasal obstruction* - The presence of any object in the nasal cavity will inevitably cause some degree of **physical blockage of airflow**. - This is one of the most common presenting symptoms, particularly in children. *Foul smelling discharge* - If a foreign body remains in the nasal cavity for an extended period, it can lead to **stasis of secretions and secondary bacterial infection**. - This infection often results in a **purulent, unilateral, and foul-smelling discharge**.
Internal Medicine
2 questionsWhich of the following is the MOST SIGNIFICANT modifiable predisposing factor for arterial thrombosis?
What is the cause of perihepatic fibrosis in Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
NEET-PG 2015 - Internal Medicine NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: Which of the following is the MOST SIGNIFICANT modifiable predisposing factor for arterial thrombosis?
- A. Antiphospholipid syndrome
- B. Hyperlipidemia
- C. Cigarette smoking (Correct Answer)
- D. Homocystinuria
Explanation: ***Cigarette smoking*** - **Cigarette smoking** is a major modifiable risk factor for **atherosclerosis** and arterial thrombosis, primarily by promoting endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and hypercoagulability. [1] - It damages the **endothelium**, leading to plaque formation and increasing the risk of **thrombotic events** such as myocardial infarction and stroke. [1] *Antiphospholipid syndrome* - This is an **autoimmune disorder** causing recurrent arterial and venous thromboses, but it is not a modifiable lifestyle factor. - While it dramatically increases thrombosis risk, therapeutic management focuses on anticoagulation rather than lifestyle modification. *Hyperlipidemia* - **Hyperlipidemia**, particularly elevated LDL cholesterol, is a significant risk factor for **atherosclerosis**, which can lead to thrombosis. [1] - However, while modifiable through diet and medication, its immediate thrombotic impact is often mediated through chronic plaque formation, whereas smoking has more direct prothrombotic effects on endothelium and platelet function. *Homocystinuria* - This is a rare, inherited **metabolic disorder** causing elevated homocysteine levels, leading to severe premature atherosclerosis and **thrombotic disease**. - It is a genetic condition and therefore not a modifiable risk factor in the same way as lifestyle choices.
Question 22: What is the cause of perihepatic fibrosis in Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?
- A. Bile Duct Injury
- B. Chronic Alcoholism
- C. Viral Hepatitis
- D. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Pelvic Inflammatory Disease*** - Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is a complication of **Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)**, where infection spreads from the pelvic organs to the liver capsule [1]. - The inflammation leads to **perihepatic fibrosis** and adhesions, often described as "violin string" adhesions [1]. *Bile Duct Injury* - **Bile duct injury** can cause inflammation and fibrosis of the liver, but it typically affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts directly, rather than the liver capsule. - This condition is often associated with surgical procedures or gallstones, and not directly linked to PID. *Chronic Alcoholism* - **Chronic alcoholism** is a well-known cause of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, but it specifically damages hepatocytes and leads to diffuse scarring of the liver parenchyma. - It does not primarily cause localized perihepatic fibrosis in the manner seen in Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. *Viral Hepatitis* - **Viral hepatitis** (e.g., Hepatitis B or C) causes diffuse inflammation and fibrosis throughout the liver, leading to cirrhosis over time. - It does not typically result in the characteristic localized perihepatic adhesions of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, which is an ascendant infection.
Ophthalmology
1 questionsWhat is a reverse hypopyon?
NEET-PG 2015 - Ophthalmology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: What is a reverse hypopyon?
- A. Collection of pus in the vitreous
- B. Abscess in the orbit
- C. Seen in corneal ulcer close to being ruptured
- D. Collection of emulsified silicone oil in the anterior chamber (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Collection of emulsified silicone oil in the anterior chamber*** - A **reverse hypopyon** is characterized by the accumulation of **emulsified silicone oil droplets** in the anterior chamber, which float superiorly due to silicone oil's lower specific gravity than aqueous humor. - This condition is typically observed in patients who have undergone **vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade** for retinal detachment, and it can indicate **silicone oil emulsification**. *Collection of pus in the vitreous* - A collection of pus in the vitreous is known as **vitreous abscess** or **endophthalmitis**, which is a severe infection causing inflammation within the eye. - This condition presents with significant pain, vision loss, and typically a **hypopyon** (pus in the anterior chamber) with a horizontal level, not a reverse hypopyon. *Abscess in the orbit* - An **orbital abscess** is a localized collection of pus within the orbit, typically caused by bacterial infection, leading to proptosis, pain, and ophthalmoplegia. - This condition affects the tissues surrounding the eye, not the anterior chamber contents, and does not involve the characteristic silicone oil droplets seen in a reverse hypopyon. *Seen in corneal ulcer close to being ruptured* - A **corneal ulcer** with impending rupture may present with a **hypopyon** (pus in the anterior chamber) due to severe inflammation and infection. - This hypopyon consists of inflammatory cells that settle inferiorly due to gravity, distinct from the floating silicone oil droplets of a reverse hypopyon.
Orthopaedics
1 questionsBlount's disease is associated with all of the following, except:
NEET-PG 2015 - Orthopaedics NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: Blount's disease is associated with all of the following, except:
- A. External tibial torsion (can occur in some cases)
- B. Genu varum (tibia vara)
- C. Genu recurvatum (hyperextension of the knee) (Correct Answer)
- D. Internal tibial torsion (common in Blount's disease)
Explanation: ***Genu recurvatum (hyperextension of the knee)*** - Blount's disease is primarily characterized by **genu varum** (bowing of the legs) due to abnormal growth of the proximal tibia. - **Genu recurvatum** is not a typical feature or associated deformity of Blount's disease. *Genu varum (tibia vara)* - This is the **hallmark deformity** of Blount's disease, involving an inward bowing of the leg predominantly at the knee. - It results from a growth disturbance in the **medial portion of the proximal tibial physis**. *External tibial torsion (can occur in some cases)* - While less common than internal torsion, **external tibial torsion** can sometimes be a secondary or associated deformitry in complex cases of Blount's disease, especially with progressive bowing. - It involves an outward twisting of the tibia relative to the femur. *Internal tibial torsion (common in Blount's disease)* - **Internal tibial torsion** is a frequently observed deformity in patients with Blount's disease. - It results in an inward rotation of the lower leg, contributing to the overall malalignment alongside the genu varum.
Pharmacology
2 questionsWhat was the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor to be developed and approved for clinical use?
Which of the following antidiabetic drugs is NOT an insulin secretagogue?
NEET-PG 2015 - Pharmacology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: What was the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor to be developed and approved for clinical use?
- A. Indraparinux
- B. Fondaparinux
- C. Dabigatran
- D. Ximelagatran (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Ximelagatran*** - **Ximelagatran** was the **first oral direct thrombin inhibitor** to be developed and approved for clinical use. - Despite its initial approval, it was later withdrawn due to concerns about **drug-induced liver injury**. *Indraparinux* - **Indraparinux** is a **synthetic heparin analog** and an **indirect Factor Xa inhibitor**, not a direct thrombin inhibitor. - It was developed as a long-acting anticoagulant but did not achieve widespread clinical adoption. *Dabigatran* - **Dabigatran** is currently a widely used **oral direct thrombin inhibitor**, but it was approved **after ximelagatran**. - It is often cited as the first of the modern non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (**NOACs**) to be widely marketed, but not the very first to be developed and approved for clinical use. *Fondaparinux* - **Fondaparinux** is a synthetic **selective Factor Xa inhibitor**, structurally similar to the antithrombin-binding region of heparin. - It works indirectly by enhancing antithrombin's activity against Factor Xa, and is not a direct thrombin inhibitor.
Question 22: Which of the following antidiabetic drugs is NOT an insulin secretagogue?
- A. Glinides
- B. Exenatide
- C. Pramlintide (Correct Answer)
- D. Sulfonylureas
Explanation: ***Pramlintide*** - **Pramlintide** is an **amylin analog** which delays gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon secretion, and promotes satiety, thereby reducing postprandial glucose. It is **not an insulin secretagogue**. - Its mechanism of action is distinct from drugs that directly stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. - **This is the correct answer** as pramlintide has no role in enhancing insulin secretion. *Exenatide* - **Exenatide** is a **glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist** that enhances **glucose-dependent** insulin secretion. - Unlike traditional insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas and glinides), GLP-1 agonists work through the **incretin effect** and only stimulate insulin release when glucose levels are elevated. - In strict pharmacological classification, GLP-1 agonists are **incretin mimetics**, not traditional insulin secretagogues, as they do not cause insulin release independent of glucose levels. - However, they do enhance insulin secretion in a physiological manner. *Glinides* - **Glinides**, such as repaglinide and nateglinide, are **insulin secretagogues** that stimulate rapid and short-lived insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. - They bind to the **sulfonylurea receptor** on beta cells, leading to membrane depolarization and insulin exocytosis. - Unlike GLP-1 agonists, glinides can cause insulin release **regardless of glucose levels**. *Sulfonylureas* - **Sulfonylureas**, such as glyburide and glipizide, are **insulin secretagogues** that stimulate insulin secretion by binding to the sulfonylurea receptor on pancreatic beta cells. - This binding leads to **closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels**, membrane depolarization, and subsequent insulin release, regardless of blood glucose levels. - This glucose-independent action increases the risk of hypoglycemia compared to incretin-based therapies.
Physiology
1 questionsThrough which of the following means of transport is folic acid absorbed in the proximal jejunum?
NEET-PG 2015 - Physiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: Through which of the following means of transport is folic acid absorbed in the proximal jejunum?
- A. Facilitated diffusion
- B. Both active and passive transport (Correct Answer)
- C. Active transport
- D. Passive transport
Explanation: ***Both active and passive transport*** - **Folic acid** absorption in the **proximal jejunum** occurs through **both active and passive mechanisms**. - At **low physiological concentrations**, an **active carrier-mediated transport** system is primarily responsible, while at **higher concentrations** (e.g., from supplements), **passive diffusion** also plays a significant role. *Facilitated diffusion* - While a type of passive transport, **facilitated diffusion** alone does not fully encompass the entirety of folic acid absorption, especially at low concentrations. - It relies on a **concentration gradient** and **carrier proteins** but does not require metabolic energy. *Active transport* - **Active transport** is crucial for absorbing folic acid when its concentration is low in the gut lumen. - This process requires **energy** and specific **carrier proteins**, like the **reduced folate carrier (RFC)**, to transport folate against a concentration gradient. *Passive transport* - **Passive transport**, specifically **simple diffusion**, contributes to folic acid absorption but primarily at **high lumen concentrations**, such as after taking large doses of supplements. - It occurs down a **concentration gradient** and does not require energy or specific carriers.
Psychiatry
2 questionsCharacteristic hallucination of schizophrenia is -
Characterized by chronic, multiple tics, what is the condition?
NEET-PG 2015 - Psychiatry NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 21: Characteristic hallucination of schizophrenia is -
- A. Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient
- B. Auditory hallucinations talking to patient
- C. Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient
- D. Auditory hallucinations giving running commentary (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Auditory hallucinations giving running commentary** - **Third-person auditory hallucinations**, such as *running commentaries* or *voices discussing the patient in the third person*, are considered highly characteristic of **schizophrenia**, particularly a **first-rank symptom**. - These types of hallucinations are distinct from simple voices and often involve multiple voices or a narrative describing the patient's actions or thoughts. *Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient* - While *command hallucinations* can occur in **schizophrenia**, they are not considered as diagnostically characteristic as *third-person commentaries or discussions*. - *Command hallucinations* can also be seen in other psychiatric conditions, including **bipolar disorder** and **severe depression**. *Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient* - *Critical or pejorative hallucinations* can be present in **schizophrenia**, but they are not as specific to the diagnosis as third-person voices. - These types of hallucinations can also be a feature of **mood disorders** with psychotic features. *Auditory hallucinations talking to patient* - *Second-person auditory hallucinations* where voices speak directly *to* the patient are common in many psychotic disorders, including **schizophrenia**. - However, they lack the specific classic feature of *third-person commentary* or discussion, which is more indicative of **schizophrenia**.
Question 22: Characterized by chronic, multiple tics, what is the condition?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Wilson's disease
- C. Shy-Drager syndrome
- D. Tourette's syndrome (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Tourette's syndrome*** - This syndrome is defined by **multiple motor tics** and at least one **vocal tic** that persist for more than one year. - Tics in Tourette's syndrome are typically **sudden**, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic **movements** or vocalizations. *Parkinson's disease* - Characterized by **tremor at rest**, **bradykinesia**, **rigidity**, and postural instability. - While it involves movement disorders, it does not typically present with the characteristic tics seen in Tourette's. *Wilson's disease* - An **autosomal recessive disorder** causing excessive copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs. - Manifestations include **hepatic dysfunction**, neurologic symptoms like **tremor** and **dystonia**, and **Kayser-Fleischer rings**, not tics. *Shy-Drager syndrome* - This is an older term for **multiple system atrophy (MSA)**, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. - It primarily affects the **autonomic nervous system**, leading to **orthostatic hypotension**, cerebellar ataxia, and parkinsonism, but not tics.