NEET-PG 2015 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following structures is present in an XY child but absent in an XX child?

Prostate gland. ***Prostate gland*** - The **prostate gland** is the most characteristic male-specific accessory reproductive organ that is **definitively present in XY and absent in XX individuals**. - It develops from the **urogenital sinus** under the influence of **dihydrotestosterone (DHT)** during embryonic development. - The prostate is a **substantial glandular structure** that surrounds the urethra and produces approximately 30% of seminal fluid. - It has **no homologous structure in females**—there is no female equivalent organ. *Incorrect: Urethral glands (Cowper's glands)* - **Cowper's glands (bulbourethral glands)** are indeed male-specific structures present only in XY individuals. - However, they are **homologous to Bartholin's glands** in females—meaning both develop from similar embryonic tissue (urogenital sinus). - While the question technically could accept this answer, the **prostate gland is the more definitive answer** as it is larger, more clinically significant, and has no female homologue. - Cowper's glands are small pea-sized glands that contribute to pre-ejaculate fluid. *Incorrect: Ovaries* - **Ovaries** are the primary female gonads present in **XX individuals**, not XY individuals [1]. - They produce ova and female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) [1]. - In XY individuals, the **testes** develop instead under the influence of the SRY gene. *Incorrect: Vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)* - **Bartholin's glands** are female-specific structures present in **XX individuals**, not XY individuals. - Located at the posterior vaginal opening, they secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication. - They are homologous to Cowper's glands in males but are distinct structures.

Q: Japanese encephalitis vaccine in routine schedule is given in how many doses -

Two doses (at 9-12 months and 15-18 months). ***Two doses (at 9-12 months and 15-18 months)*** - The **routine JE vaccination schedule in India** as per NTAGI and IAP recommendations involves **two doses**. - **First dose** is given at **9-12 months** of age. - **Second dose** is administered at **15-18 months** (or up to 24 months), approximately **6-12 months after the first dose**. - This provides adequate long-term protection against Japanese encephalitis in endemic areas. *Single dose vaccine* - A single dose does **not provide adequate long-lasting protection** against Japanese encephalitis. - The **immune response** from a single dose is insufficient for routine immunization. - Two doses are required to ensure protective antibody levels. *Three doses 1 month apart followed by a booster if needed* - This schedule is **not part of the routine immunization program** for JE in India. - The standard routine schedule involves **only 2 primary doses**, not three. - Rapid three-dose schedules may be used in specific outbreak situations but not for routine immunization. *Three doses with the second dose 1 month and 3rd dose 6 months after the first dose* - This three-dose schedule is **not the routine JE vaccination schedule** in India. - This may be confused with schedules for other vaccines or older JE vaccine protocols. - The current **routine schedule requires only 2 doses** at specified age intervals.

Q: Reduced osmolarity ORS does not contain which of the following ions?

Lactate. ***Lactate*** - The **reduced osmolarity ORS** formulation replaced **bicarbonate** with **citrate** and does not contain lactate. - **Citrate** is preferred over lactate / bicarbonate due to its stability, longer shelf life, and ease of dissolution. *Sodium* - **Sodium** is a crucial component of ORS, as it is co-transported with glucose into enterocytes, facilitating water absorption through **solvent drag**. - Reduced osmolarity ORS has a **lower sodium concentration** (75 mEq/L) compared to standard ORS (90 mEq/L) to minimize hypernatremia risk and enhance water absorption. *Potassium* - **Potassium** is included in ORS to replace intestinal losses, as **diarrhea** leads to significant potassium depletion. - Maintaining adequate **potassium levels** is essential for normal cellular function and preventing hypokalemia-related complications. *Citrate* - **Citrate** is a component of ORS that serves as an **alkalinizing agent** to correct metabolic acidosis often associated with dehydration in diarrheal diseases. - It also enhances the absorption of sodium and water in the intestine.

Q: Therapeutic phlebotomy is not done in which of the following conditions?

CML. CML - **Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)** is typically treated with targeted therapies like **Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors** (e.g., Imatinib), not phlebotomy [1]. - Therapeutic phlebotomy is ineffective in managing the **hypercellularity** or symptoms associated with this condition compared to other conditions [1]. *Polycythemia vera* - Therapeutic phlebotomy is a key treatment in **Polycythemia vera** to reduce **hyperviscosity** symptoms. - This condition features increased red blood cell mass, which is directly addressed by phlebotomy. *Hemochromatosis* - In **Hemochromatosis**, phlebotomy is employed to lower **iron overload** by removing excess iron from the body. - This reduces the risk of complications such as **liver cirrhosis** and **diabetes** associated with iron excess. *Porphyria cutanea tarda* - Therapeutic phlebotomy is sometimes used in cases of **Porphyria cutanea tarda** to manage iron levels as a potential precipitating factor [2]. - It helps alleviate symptoms and prevent complications associated with **photosensitivity** and skin lesions [2].

Q: Most common site for bone marrow aspiration in neonates is -

Anteromedial tibia. ***Anteromedial tibia*** - The **anteromedial tibia** is the preferred site in neonates due to its relatively **large marrow cavity**, superficial location, and reduced risk of vital organ injury. - This site is easily accessible and provides a good yield of marrow cells, making it suitable for diagnostic purposes in newborns. *Anterior superior iliac crest* - While a common site for bone marrow aspiration in older children and adults, the **anterior superior iliac crest** can be more challenging and poses a greater risk in neonates due to their smaller bone structures. - The iliac crest offers less bony prominence and a thinner cortex in neonates, increasing the difficulty of the procedure and potential for sampling error. *Posterior superior iliac crest* - The **posterior superior iliac crest** is another common site in older children and adults but is generally avoided in neonates due to the difficulty in positioning and the risk of damaging vital structures in the vicinity. - It requires prone positioning and offers less superficial bone, making it a less practical and safe choice for neonates compared to the tibia. *Sternum* - **Sternal aspiration** is generally contraindicated in neonates and young children due to the thinness of the sternal bone and proximity to vital structures like the heart and great vessels. - There is a high risk of **perforation** of the sternum and injury to underlying organs, making this site unsafe for bone marrow aspiration in this age group.

Q: Theory of human motivation was given by?

Abraham Maslow. ***Abraham Maslow*** - **Abraham Maslow** is renowned for his theory of **human motivation**, often depicted as **Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**. - This theory posits that individuals are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, starting from basic physiological needs up to **self-actualization**. *Pavlov* - **Ivan Pavlov** is famous for his work on **classical conditioning**, particularly his experiments with dogs. - His contributions are primarily in the field of **learning theory**, not a comprehensive theory of human motivation. *Alois Alzheimer* - **Alois Alzheimer** was a psychiatrist and neuropathologist who first described the condition known as **Alzheimer's disease**. - His work focused on neurological disorders and neurodegenerative processes, not theories of human motivation. *Aaron Beck* - **Aaron Beck** is considered the father of **cognitive therapy** and is known for his work on the **cognitive triad** of depression. - While his theories relate to human thought and emotion, they do not constitute a broad theory of human motivation like Maslow's.

Q: What is a common medical treatment for sexual paraphilias?

Anti-androgens. ***Anti-androgens*** - **Anti-androgens are the established first-line pharmacological treatment** for paraphilias when medication is indicated. - Medications like **medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)** and **cyproterone acetate (CPA)** reduce testosterone levels, thereby reducing sexual drive and paraphilic urges. - They are particularly effective in **reducing the frequency and intensity of deviant sexual fantasies and behaviors**. - Used in combination with psychotherapy for comprehensive management of paraphilic disorders. *SSRIs* - May have a role as **adjunctive therapy** for compulsive sexual behaviors or when comorbid OCD, depression, or anxiety is present. - They can help reduce obsessive thoughts but are **not considered the primary treatment** for paraphilias themselves. - More useful for comorbid mood and anxiety symptoms than for core paraphilic symptoms. *Benzodiazepines* - Primarily used for **anxiety and insomnia** due to their sedative effects. - They do not address sexual urges or paraphilic behaviors and have no role in paraphilia treatment. *Opioids* - Prescribed for **pain management** and associated with risk of dependence. - They have **no established role** in the treatment of sexual paraphilias.

Question 1

Which bones form the floor of the nasal cavity in children?

Accepted Answer

Palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Answer

Nasal bone and maxilla

Answer

Vomer and ethmoid

Answer

Nasal crest of maxilla and palatine process of maxilla

Question 2

Which of the following structures is present in an XY child but absent in an XX child?

Accepted Answer

Prostate gland

Answer

Urethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Answer

Ovaries

Answer

Vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)

Question 3

Japanese encephalitis vaccine in routine schedule is given in how many doses -

Accepted Answer

Two doses (at 9-12 months and 15-18 months)

Answer

Single dose vaccine

Answer

Three doses 1 month apart followed by a booster if needed

Answer

Three doses with the second dose 1 month and 3rd dose 6 months after the first dose

Question 4

Reduced osmolarity ORS does not contain which of the following ions?

Accepted Answer

Lactate

Answer

Sodium

Answer

Potassium

Answer

Citrate

Question 5

Therapeutic phlebotomy is not done in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

CML

Answer

Polycythemia vera

Answer

Hemochromatosis

Answer

Porphyria cutanea tarda

Question 6

Most common site for bone marrow aspiration in neonates is -

Accepted Answer

Anteromedial tibia

Answer

Anterior superior iliac crest

Answer

Posterior superior iliac crest

Answer

Sternum

Question 7

Theory of human motivation was given by?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow

Answer

Pavlov

Answer

Aaron Beck

Answer

Alois Alzheimer

Question 8

What is an illusion?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal perception by a sensory misinterpretation of actual stimulus

Answer

Perception without stimuli

Answer

Fear of closed spaces

Answer

A false unshaken belief not keeping one's sociocultural background

Question 9

What is a common medical treatment for sexual paraphilias?

Accepted Answer

Anti-androgens

Answer

Benzodiazepines

Answer

SSRIs

Answer

Opioids

Question 10

A 25-year-old male believes that his penis is decreasing in size every day and that it will eventually disappear, leading to his death. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Delusional Disorder

Answer

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Answer

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Answer

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

NEET-PG 2015

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Internal Medicine

Pediatrics

Psychiatry