NEET-PG 2015

1414 Questions — Page 10 of 142

Anatomy

9 questions

Q91

Which of the following provides the MOST COMPLETE description of muscles attached to the perineal body?

Q92

Distance of cricopharynx from incisor teeth

Q93

Which of the following statements about the first part of the duodenum is false?

Q94

Sensory nerve supply of gall bladder is through -

Q95

Uvula vesicae seen in bladder is formed from the following structure?

Q96

Ligament which prevents the spleen from falling in left iliac fossa -

Q97

What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

Q98

What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?

Q99

What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?

NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 91: Which of the following provides the MOST COMPLETE description of muscles attached to the perineal body?

A. Deep transverse perineal
B. Ischiocavernosum
C. Two unpaired : (i) External anal sphincter, (ii) Fibres of longitudinal muscle coat of anal canal.
D. Four paired muscles including bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal, and levator ani. In females, sphincter urethrovaginalis is also attached. (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Four paired muscles including bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal, and levator ani. In females, sphincter urethrovaginalis is also attached. [1] - The **perineal body** (or central tendon of the perineum) is a fibromuscular mass located in the midline of the perineum, serving as an important point of attachment for multiple muscles essential for pelvic floor integrity. - This option correctly identifies **four paired muscles** (bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal, and levator ani) and additionally mentions the **sphincter urethrovaginalis** in females, providing the most thorough description. [1] *Ischiocavernosus* - The **ischiocavernosus** muscle surrounds the crus of the penis or clitoris and attaches to the ischial tuberosity and pubic ramus. - While it contributes to perineal function, it does **not** directly attach to the perineal body, making this option incorrect. *Deep transverse perineal* - The **deep transverse perineal** muscle does attach to the perineal body and is part of the urogenital diaphragm. [1] - However, it is only one of several muscles, making this an incomplete description compared to the correct answer. *Two unpaired: (i) External anal sphincter, (ii) Fibres of longitudinal muscle coat of anal canal* - The **external anal sphincter** does indeed have fibers that connect to the perineal body, and the longitudinal muscle coat of the anal canal also contributes. [1] - However, this option *only* lists two unpaired structures and omits major paired muscles (bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal, and levator ani), making it an incomplete description of all attachments.

Question 92: Distance of cricopharynx from incisor teeth

A. 22 cm
B. 27 cm
C. 40 cm
D. Approximately 15 cm (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Approximately 15 cm*** - The **cricopharynx** (upper esophageal sphincter at C6 level), which is the narrowest part of the pharynx, is typically located about **15 cm** from the incisor teeth in adults. - This anatomical landmark is crucial in procedures such as **endoscopy**, **intubation**, and **nasogastric tube insertion** to avoid injury. *22 cm* - This distance corresponds to the level of the **aortic arch** (second physiological narrowing of the esophagus). - This is where the aorta crosses anterior to the esophagus, creating the broncho-aortic constriction. *27 cm* - A distance of 27 cm from the incisor teeth corresponds to the level where the **left main bronchus** crosses the esophagus (third physiological narrowing). - This is well beyond the location of the **cricopharynx** and represents the mid-esophageal region. *40 cm* - This measurement represents the approximate total length of the **esophagus**, reaching the **gastroesophageal junction** at the level of the **diaphragmatic hiatus** (cardia of the stomach). - The **cricopharynx** is at the very beginning of this path, much closer to the incisors.

Question 93: Which of the following statements about the first part of the duodenum is false?

A. 5 cm long
B. Is superior part
C. Develops from foregut
D. Supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Supplied by the superior mesenteric artery*** - The first part of the duodenum, derived from the **foregut**, receives its blood supply from the **gastroduodenal artery**, a branch of the celiac artery [1], [2]. - The **superior mesenteric artery** primarily supplies the **midgut** derivatives, which include the distal half of the duodenum and onward [2]. *5 cm long* - The first part of the duodenum is indeed the **shortest** and widest section, typically measuring about **5 cm (2 inches)** in length. - This length allows it to course from the pylorus to the inferior border of the L1 vertebra. *Is superior part* - This statement is correct as the first part courses **superiorly** and then posteriorly, crossing the right crus of the diaphragm. - It lies at the level of the **L1 vertebra**. *Develops from foregut* - The first part of the duodenum, along with the other upper gastrointestinal structures (stomach, liver, pancreas), indeed develops from the **embryonic foregut** [1]. - The transition from foregut to midgut occurs at the level of the **major duodenal papilla**.

Question 94: Sensory nerve supply of gall bladder is through -

A. Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X) (Correct Answer)
B. Celiac plexus (sympathetic fibers)
C. Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
D. Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)

Explanation: ***Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)*** - The **vagus nerve** provides the primary **sensory (visceral afferent) innervation** to the gallbladder, carrying information about distension, contraction, and physiological state. - These **parasympathetic sensory fibers** travel through the vagus nerve to medullary centers, monitoring gallbladder function and participating in reflex arcs. - The vagus nerve is the main pathway for **general sensory innervation** of the gallbladder as per standard anatomical texts. *Celiac plexus (sympathetic fibers)* - The **celiac plexus** contains **sympathetic afferent fibers** that primarily transmit **pain sensation** from the gallbladder, especially during inflammation or biliary colic [1]. - These pain fibers travel via sympathetic pathways to spinal segments **T8-T9**, mediating referred pain to the epigastric region and right upper quadrant [1]. - While important for pain transmission, the celiac plexus is not classified as the primary sensory nerve supply in anatomical nomenclature. *Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)* - The **trigeminal nerve** provides **sensory innervation to the face** and motor innervation to muscles of mastication. - It has no role in innervation of abdominal viscera, including the gallbladder. *Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)* - The **facial nerve** controls **facial expression muscles**, provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and supplies parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands. - It does not innervate any abdominal organs.

Question 95: Uvula vesicae seen in bladder is formed from the following structure?

A. Lateral lobe of the prostate
B. Anterior lobe of the prostate
C. Posterior lobe of the prostate
D. Median lobe of the prostate (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Median lobe of the prostate*** - The **uvula vesicae** is a slight median elevation on the internal surface of the **bladder base**, immediately behind the **internal urethral orifice**. - This elevation is formed by the underlying **median (middle) lobe of the prostate** projecting upward beneath the bladder mucosa. - In **benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)**, enlargement of the median lobe accentuates this prominence and can cause significant urinary obstruction. *Lateral lobe of the prostate* - Enlargement of the **lateral lobes** causes lateral compression of the prostatic urethra, not a median elevation at the bladder neck. - While they are the most common site of **BPH**, they do not form the uvula vesicae. *Anterior lobe of the prostate* - The **anterior lobe** (or anterior fibromuscular stroma) is located in front of the urethra and is non-glandular. - It does not contribute to the formation of the uvula vesicae or cause significant urinary symptoms. *Posterior lobe of the prostate* - The **posterior lobe** is located behind the urethra and is the most common site for **prostate cancer**. - It does not project into the bladder base and therefore does not form the uvula vesicae.

Question 96: Ligament which prevents the spleen from falling in left iliac fossa -

A. Phrenicocolic ligament (Correct Answer)
B. Lienorenal ligament
C. Upper pole of right kidney
D. Sigmoid colon

Explanation: ***Phrenicocolic ligament*** - The **phrenicocolic ligament** is a fold of peritoneum that extends from the left colic flexure to the diaphragm, under the spleen. - It forms a shelf that **supports the spleen** and prevents it from descending into the left iliac fossa. *Lienorenal ligament* - The **lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament** connects the hilum of the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall (specifically over the left kidney) [1]. - While it helps to anchor the spleen, its primary role is not preventing caudal displacement, but rather containing the **splenic artery and vein** and the tail of the pancreas [1]. *Upper pole of right kidney* - The **right kidney** is located on the opposite side of the abdominal cavity from the spleen. - It plays no role in supporting the spleen or preventing its descent. *Sigmoid colon* - The **sigmoid colon** is a part of the large intestine located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen and pelvis. - It is situated far below the spleen and has no direct anatomical connection or supporting role for the spleen.

Question 97: What is the primary lymphatic drainage pathway of the ovary?

A. Deep inguinal
B. Superficial inguinal
C. Obturator
D. Paraaortic (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Paraaortic*** - The **ovaries** develop embryologically in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, and their lymphatic drainage follows the **ovarian vessels** (which arise from the aorta). - Lymph drains primarily to the **paraaortic (lumbar) lymph nodes** located along the **aorta** in the retroperitoneum at the level of L1-L2. - This is clinically important in ovarian cancer staging and treatment planning. *Deep inguinal* - The **deep inguinal lymph nodes** primarily drain the deep structures of the lower limb, perineum, and external genitalia. - They do not receive lymphatic drainage directly from the ovaries. *Superficial inguinal* - The **superficial inguinal lymph nodes** drain the skin of the lower abdomen, buttocks, perineum, external genitalia, and the superficial lower limb. - The ovaries are internal intra-abdominal organs and do not drain into these nodes. *Obturator* - The **obturator lymph nodes** are pelvic lymph nodes that primarily drain pelvic structures such as the bladder, uterine body, cervix, and upper vagina. - While adjacent to pelvic organs, they are not the primary drainage site for the ovaries, which drain superiorly along the ovarian vessels to the paraaortic nodes.

Question 98: What is the uppermost structure in left lung hilum?

A. Pulmonary artery (Correct Answer)
B. Pulmonary vein
C. Bronchial artery
D. Left mainstem bronchus

Explanation: ***Pulmonary artery*** - In the **left lung hilum**, the **pulmonary artery** typically lies superior to the bronchus. - This anatomical position helps differentiate it from the relations in the right lung hilum, where the pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus. *Pulmonary vein* - The **pulmonary veins** are usually located anterior and inferior to the bronchus in both lung hila. - They tend to be the most anterior and inferior structures carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs. *Bronchial artery* - **Bronchial arteries** are smaller vessels that typically run on the posterior surface of the bronchi. - They are not considered the uppermost main structure in the hilum. *Left mainstem bronchus* - The **left mainstem bronchus** is usually found inferior to the pulmonary artery and posterior to the pulmonary veins in the left hilum. - It is a prominent structure but not the most superior.

Question 99: What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?

A. Brachioradialis
B. Pronator teres (Correct Answer)
C. Supinator
D. None of the options

Explanation: ***Pronator teres*** - The **pronator teres muscle** forms the **medial boundary** of the cubital fossa, running obliquely from the medial epicondyle to the lateral side of the radius. - This muscle defines the medial aspect of the triangular space at the anterior elbow. *Brachioradialis* - The **brachioradialis** muscle forms the **lateral boundary** of the cubital fossa. - It arises from the humerus and inserts into the distal radius, helping to delineate the region laterally. *Supinator* - The **supinator muscle** is located deep within the forearm and is not a direct boundary of the cubital fossa. - It lies on the posterior aspect of the radius and ulna, deep to some of the cubital fossa contents. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **pronator teres** clearly defines the medial boundary of the cubital fossa.

Orthopaedics

1 questions

Q91

Which ligament is most commonly damaged in knee injuries?