What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?
The internal anal sphincter is a part of which of the following?
The structure which lies outside the femoral sheath is:
Shortest part of male urethra is :
Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?
Common hepatic artery is a branch of:
Which of the following is not formed by the external oblique muscle?
Inferior epigastric artery forms the boundary of?
Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the foramen of Winslow?
What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?
NEET-PG 2015 - Anatomy NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 41: What is the posterior relation of the neck of the pancreas?
- A. IVC
- B. Aorta
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Origin of portal vein (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Origin of portal vein*** - The **neck of the pancreas** is intimately associated with the formation of the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. - The **superior mesenteric vein** and **splenic vein** unite behind the pancreatic neck to form the **hepatic portal vein** [1]. *IVC* - The **inferior vena cava (IVC)** lies posterior to the **head of the pancreas**, not the neck. - While it's in proximity, it does not directly relate to the neck in the same way the portal vein does. *Aorta* - The **abdominal aorta** lies posterior to the **body** and **tail of the pancreas**, further superior and to the left. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck. *Common bile duct* - The **common bile duct** passes through a groove on the posterior surface of the pancreatic **head**, sometimes even embedded within it. - It is not a direct posterior relation of the pancreatic neck, which is a different segment.
Question 42: The internal anal sphincter is a part of which of the following?
- A. Puborectalis muscle
- B. Deep perineal muscles
- C. Internal longitudinal fibers
- D. Internal circular fibers (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Internal circular fibers*** - The **internal anal sphincter** is an involuntary muscle formed by the thickening of the **circular smooth muscle layer** of the rectum. - This sphincter maintains **tonic contraction** and is responsible for about 80% of resting anal pressure [1]. *Puborectalis muscle* - The **puborectalis muscle** is a voluntary muscle, forming a sling around the anorectal junction to maintain the **anorectal angle** [1]. - It is part of the **levator ani muscles**, which are skeletal muscles, not smooth muscle [1]. *Deep perineal muscles* - The **deep perineal muscles** are a group of skeletal muscles located in the urogenital diaphragm. - They are involved in functions such as **urinary continence** and **erection**, but do not form the internal anal sphincter. *Internal longitudinal fibers* - The **longitudinal muscle layer** of the rectum continues downwards as the conjoined longitudinal muscle, which blends with the external anal sphincter. - These fibers contribute to the **anorectal ring** and support the anal canal but do not form the internal anal sphincter itself.
Question 43: The structure which lies outside the femoral sheath is:
- A. Genitofemoral nerve
- B. Femoral vein
- C. Femoral artery
- D. Femoral nerve (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Femoral nerve*** - The **femoral nerve** lies lateral to the femoral artery and is therefore situated outside the **femoral sheath**, which encloses the femoral artery, femoral vein, and lymphatic vessels [2]. - It originates from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4) and provides motor innervation to the quadriceps femoris and sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and medial leg. *Femoral artery* - The **femoral artery** is a primary content of the **femoral sheath**, occupying the most lateral compartment. - It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and is a major blood supply to the lower limb. *Femoral vein* - The **femoral vein** lies within the **femoral sheath**, positioned medial to the femoral artery. - It is the primary vein responsible for draining blood from the lower limb and eventually becomes the external iliac vein. *Genitofemoral nerve* - The **genitofemoral nerve** typically emerges on the anterior surface of the psoas major muscle and then usually divides into genital and femoral branches [1]. - While its femoral branch supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the femoral triangle, it does not course within the femoral sheath itself but rather anterior to it or outside its immediate vicinity [1].
Question 44: Shortest part of male urethra is :
- A. Prostatic
- B. Membranous (Correct Answer)
- C. Bulbar
- D. Penile
Explanation: ***Membranous*** - The **membranous urethra** is the shortest and narrowest part of the male urethra, passing through the **deep perineal pouch**. - Its short length makes it particularly vulnerable to injury during trauma to the pelvis [1]. *Prostatic* - The **prostatic urethra** is approximately 3-4 cm long and runs through the prostate gland. - It is one of the longer segments of the male urethra and drains the ejaculatory ducts. *Bulbar* - The **bulbar urethra** is a segment of the spongy (penile) urethra, located within the bulb of the penis [1]. - It is generally longer than the membranous part and wider distally. *Penile* - The **penile urethra**, also known as the spongy urethra, is the longest part of the male urethra, extending through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. - It measures around 15 cm and expands at its distal end to form the navicular fossa.
Question 45: Which of the following is not a branch of the splenic artery?
- A. Hilar branches of the splenic artery
- B. Short Gastric Arteries
- C. Arteria Pancreatica Magna
- D. Right Gastroepiploic Artery (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Right Gastroepiploic Artery*** - This artery originates from the **gastroduodenal artery**, which is a branch of the **common hepatic artery**, not the splenic artery. - It supplies the greater curvature of the stomach and the greater omentum. *Hilar branches of the splenic artery* - These are direct branches of the splenic artery that enter the **hilum of the spleen** [1] to supply the organ itself. - They are essential for the blood supply to the spleen [1]. *Short Gastric Artery* - The **short gastric arteries** arise directly from the splenic artery or its terminal branches [1]. - They supply the fundus and a part of the greater curvature of the stomach [1]. *Arteria Pancreatica Magna* - Also known as the **great pancreatic artery**, this is a significant branch that typically arises from the **splenic artery**. - It supplies the body and tail of the pancreas [1].
Question 46: Common hepatic artery is a branch of:
- A. Splenic artery
- B. Superior mesenteric artery
- C. Inferior mesenteric artery
- D. Coeliac trunk (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Coeliac trunk*** - The **common hepatic artery** is one of the three main branches arising from the **coeliac trunk**, which is the first major anterior branch of the abdominal aorta [1]. - It typically supplies the **liver**, gallbladder, pylorus of the stomach, and part of the duodenum through its various branches [1]. *Splenic artery* - The **splenic artery** is another major branch of the coeliac trunk, primarily supplying the **spleen**, and also gives off branches to the stomach and pancreas [1]. - It does not directly give rise to the common hepatic artery. *Superior mesenteric artery* - The **superior mesenteric artery (SMA)** originates just inferior to the coeliac trunk from the abdominal aorta and supplies structures of the **midgut**, including the small intestine, and parts of the large intestine. - It is not a direct source of the common hepatic artery. *Inferior mesenteric artery* - The **inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)** arises from the abdominal aorta further inferior to the SMA and supplies the **hindgut**, including the distal transverse colon to the superior part of the rectum. - It is anatomically distinct and separate from the arterial supply to the foregut-derived organs supplied by the common hepatic artery.
Question 47: Which of the following is not formed by the external oblique muscle?
- A. Inguinal ligament
- B. Lacunar ligament
- C. Pectineal ligament
- D. Conjoint tendon (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Conjoint tendon*** - The **conjoint tendon** is formed by the conjoined aponeuroses of the **internal oblique** and **transversus abdominis muscles**, not the external oblique [1]. - It provides posterior wall reinforcement to the inguinal canal. - This is the structure that is definitively **NOT formed by the external oblique muscle**. *Lacunar ligament* - The **lacunar ligament** (Gimbernat's ligament) is a triangular fascial band formed by the medial reflection of the **inguinal ligament**. - It is derived from the **external oblique aponeurosis** and forms the medial boundary of the femoral ring. *Pectineal ligament* - The **pectineal ligament** (Cooper's ligament) is a thickening of the periosteum along the pecten pubis (pectineal line) [3]. - While it is continuous with the lacunar ligament, it is not directly formed by the external oblique muscle itself, but rather represents a separate periosteal structure. - For the purposes of this question, the conjoint tendon is the most appropriate answer as it has no contribution from the external oblique. *Inguinal ligament* - The **inguinal ligament** (Poupart's ligament) is formed by the inferomedial border of the **external oblique aponeurosis**, folding back on itself [2]. - It spans between the **anterior superior iliac spine** and the **pubic tubercle**.
Question 48: Inferior epigastric artery forms the boundary of?
- A. Femoral triangle
- B. Hesselbach's triangle (Correct Answer)
- C. Adductor canal
- D. Popliteal triangle
Explanation: ***Hesselbach's triangle*** - The **inferior epigastric artery** forms the superolateral border of Hesselbach's triangle [1]. - This triangle is clinically significant as it is a common site for **direct inguinal hernias** due to its relative weakness [1]. *Femoral triangle* - The femoral triangle is bounded by the **inguinal ligament superiorly**, the **sartorius muscle laterally**, and the **adductor longus muscle medially**. - It contains the **femoral nerve**, artery, and vein. *Adductor canal* - The adductor canal is an intermuscular tunnel located in the **thigh**, containing the **femoral artery and vein** and the **saphenous nerve**. - Its boundaries are the **vastus medialis**, adductor longus/magnus, and sartorius muscles. *Popliteal triangle* - This term is not a standard anatomical triangle. The correct term is the **popliteal fossa**, which is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. - The popliteal fossa contains structures such as the **popliteal artery and vein**, tibial nerve, and common fibular nerve.
Question 49: Which of the following is NOT a boundary of the foramen of Winslow?
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Free border of lesser omentum
- C. 4th part of Duodenum (Correct Answer)
- D. Caudate lobe of liver
Explanation: 4th part of Duodenum[1] - The foramen of Winslow (epiploic foramen) is an opening that connects the greater sac to the lesser sac of the peritoneum. The 4th part of the duodenum is not a boundary of this foramen. - The 4th part of the duodenum is located at the duodenojejunal junction on the left side of the abdomen, far from the foramen of Winslow. - Note: The 1st part of the duodenum (D1) forms the inferior boundary of the foramen of Winslow, along with the hepatic artery. Inferior vena cava[1] - The inferior vena cava (IVC) forms the posterior boundary of the foramen of Winslow. - It lies behind the peritoneum that forms the posterior wall of the lesser sac at this point. Free border of lesser omentum[1] - The free border of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) forms the anterior boundary of the foramen of Winslow. - This ligament contains the portal triad (hepatic artery proper, portal vein, and common bile duct). Caudate lobe of liver[1] - The caudate lobe of the liver forms the superior boundary of the foramen of Winslow.[1] - It lies above the opening, contributing to its roof.
Question 50: What is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa?
- A. Brachioradialis
- B. Pronator teres (Correct Answer)
- C. Supinator
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Pronator teres*** - The **pronator teres muscle** forms the **medial boundary** of the cubital fossa, running obliquely from the medial epicondyle to the lateral side of the radius. - This muscle defines the medial aspect of the triangular space at the anterior elbow. *Brachioradialis* - The **brachioradialis** muscle forms the **lateral boundary** of the cubital fossa. - It arises from the humerus and inserts into the distal radius, helping to delineate the region laterally. *Supinator* - The **supinator muscle** is located deep within the forearm and is not a direct boundary of the cubital fossa. - It lies on the posterior aspect of the radius and ulna, deep to some of the cubital fossa contents. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because the **pronator teres** clearly defines the medial boundary of the cubital fossa.