Anatomy
2 questionsWhich of the following is TRUE about bronchopulmonary segments?
Left anterior descending artery is a direct branch of
FMGE 2017 - Anatomy FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Which of the following is TRUE about bronchopulmonary segments?
- A. Spherical in shape
- B. Artery is intersegmental
- C. Pulmonary veins are intersegmental (Correct Answer)
- D. Non resectable
Explanation: Detailed knowledge of lung anatomy is essential for thoracic surgery. ***Pulmonary veins are intersegmental*** - The **pulmonary veins** run in the connective tissue septa **between** the bronchopulmonary segments, making them **intersegmental** [1]. - This anatomical arrangement allows surgeons to ligate the veins without affecting adjacent segments during a segmentectomy. *Spherical in shape* - Bronchopulmonary segments are typically **pyramid-shaped** or cone-shaped, with their apices directed towards the hilum [1]. - Their irregular, wedge-like structure allows them to fit together within the lung. *Artery is intersegmental* - The **bronchial arteries** and **pulmonary arteries** are **intrasegmental**, meaning they run **within** the bronchopulmonary segment alongside the bronchi. - Each segment has its own arterial supply, allowing for independent blood flow. *Non resectable* - Bronchopulmonary segments are considered **functionally and surgically independent units**, making them **resectable** [1]. - This allows for the removal of diseased segments while preserving healthy lung tissue, such as in cases of **lung cancer** or localized infection.
Question 12: Left anterior descending artery is a direct branch of
- A. Right coronary artery
- B. Circumflex artery
- C. Left coronary artery (Correct Answer)
- D. Ascending aorta
Explanation: ***Left coronary artery*** - The left coronary artery (LCA) is a major coronary artery that arises from the **aorta** and quickly branches into two main arteries: the **left anterior descending (LAD) artery** [1] and the circumflex artery. - The LAD artery, also known as the **"widowmaker"**, supplies oxygenated blood to the **anterior wall of the left ventricle** and the interventricular septum, making it crucial for heart function. *Right coronary artery* - The **right coronary artery (RCA)** typically supplies the **right atrium**, most of the **right ventricle**, and the inferior wall of the left ventricle, which are distinct areas from the LAD's supply. - The RCA originates from the **right sinus of Valsalva** and travels in the atrioventricular groove, while the LAD originates from the left main coronary artery [1]. *Circumflex artery* - The circumflex artery is another main branch of the **left coronary artery**, typically supplying the **lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle** and the left atrium. - While it branches from the same parent vessel as the LAD, it is a direct branch itself, not the origin of the LAD [1]. *Ascending aorta* - The ascending aorta is the initial part of the aorta that originates from the **left ventricle** and gives rise to the **coronary arteries** (both left and right coronary arteries). - It is the source from which the **left coronary artery** (and thus the LAD indirectly) originates, but it is not a direct branch itself.
Internal Medicine
1 questionsAll of the following syndromes are seen with obesity except:
FMGE 2017 - Internal Medicine FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: All of the following syndromes are seen with obesity except:
- A. Laurence Moon - Biedl syndrome
- B. Cohen syndrome
- C. Prader - Willi syndrome
- D. Carcinoid syndrome (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Carcinoid syndrome*** - Carcinoid syndrome is caused by **neuroendocrine tumors** that secrete **serotonin** and other vasoactive substances, leading to symptoms like flushing, diarrhea, and bronchospasm [2]. **Obesity is not a primary feature** of this syndrome. - The symptoms are directly related to the **hormonal effects** of the secreted substances, not to metabolic alterations associated with obesity. *Laurence Moon - Biedl syndrome* - This is a **rare genetic disorder** characterized by **obesity**, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, intellectual disability, and hypogonadism [1]. - Obesity is a **consistent and prominent feature** of this syndrome, often present from childhood. *Cohen syndrome* - Cohen syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by **obesity** (especially truncal obesity), intellectual disability, microcephaly, characteristic facial features, and hypotonia. - While not as universally severe as in some other syndromes, **obesity is a common clinical feature** of Cohen syndrome. *Prader - Willi syndrome* - Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 15, leading to **insatiable hunger (hyperphagia)** and chronic overeating, which results in **severe obesity** [1]. - **Obesity is a cardinal feature** of this syndrome, developing in early childhood due to hypothalamic dysfunction affecting appetite control.
Microbiology
2 questionsWhich of the following is anaerobic non-acid fast bacilli:
Vertical transmission of resistance to ciprofloxacin occurs :-
FMGE 2017 - Microbiology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Which of the following is anaerobic non-acid fast bacilli:
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Listeria
- C. Nocardia
- D. Actinomyces (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Actinomyces*** - *Actinomyces* species are **obligate anaerobes** to **facultative anaerobes** that appear as **Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, filamentous rods** (bacilli). - They are classically described as **anaerobic bacteria** and are the prototypical example of anaerobic non-acid-fast bacilli. - They cause chronic infections (actinomycosis) often involving abscess formation with sulfur granules and sinus tracts. *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* - *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* is an **obligate aerobe**, not anaerobic. - It is characterized by its **acid-fastness** due to high mycolic acid content in its cell wall. - Requires oxygen for growth and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. *Listeria* - *Listeria monocytogenes* is a **facultative anaerobe**, meaning it preferentially grows in **aerobic conditions** but can survive anaerobically. - While it is a non-acid-fast Gram-positive bacillus, it is **not classified as an anaerobic organism** in standard microbiology terminology. - *Actinomyces* is the classic answer for anaerobic non-acid-fast bacilli. *Nocardia* - *Nocardia* species are **strict aerobes**, not anaerobic. - They are **weakly acid-fast** filamentous bacteria, distinguishing them from the non-acid-fast *Actinomyces*. - Require oxygen for growth and are found in soil.
Question 12: Vertical transmission of resistance to ciprofloxacin occurs :-
- A. Transduction
- B. Mutation (Correct Answer)
- C. Conjugation
- D. Transformation
Explanation: ***Mutation*** - Vertical transmission of resistance occurs when a bacterium with a **resistance gene**, such as one conferring resistance to **ciprofloxacin**, replicates and passes that gene to its progeny. - This typically happens through **spontaneous mutations** in the bacterial genome that alter the drug's target or uptake, and these mutations are then inherited by subsequent generations. *Transduction* - **Transduction** involves the transfer of genetic material, including resistance genes, via **bacteriophages** (viruses that infect bacteria). - This is a **horizontal gene transfer** mechanism, not a vertical one. *Conjugation* - **Conjugation** is the direct transfer of genetic material, often in the form of **plasmids**, from one bacterium to another through direct cell-to-cell contact. - This is a form of **horizontal gene transfer**, not vertical transmission. *Transformation* - **Transformation** is the uptake of **free DNA** from the environment by a bacterium, which can then integrate this DNA into its own genome. - This mechanism is also a type of **horizontal gene transfer**, not vertical transmission of resistance to daughter cells during replication.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
1 questionsMost common uterine tumor is:-
FMGE 2017 - Obstetrics and Gynecology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Most common uterine tumor is:-
- A. Adenomyoma
- B. Endometrial cancer
- C. Leiomyosarcoma
- D. Leiomyoma (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Leiomyoma*** - **Leiomyomas**, also known as **fibroids**, are the most **common benign tumors of the uterus**. - They are composed of **smooth muscle cells** and can vary in size and location within the uterus. *Adenomyoma* - An **adenomyoma** is a benign uterine tumor characterized by the presence of **endometrial glands and stroma** within the myometrium. - While it is a uterine tumor, it is significantly **less common** than leiomyomas. *Endometrial cancer* - **Endometrial cancer** is a **malignant tumor** arising from the endometrium and is the most common gynecologic malignancy. - However, malignant tumors are generally **less common** than benign tumors like leiomyomas. *Leiomyosarcoma* - **Leiomyosarcoma** is a **rare and aggressive malignant tumor** of the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus. - It accounts for a very small percentage of uterine masses and is much less common than benign leiomyomas.
Pathology
1 questionsRolling of leucocytes on endothelial cells is mediated by which of the following proteins?
FMGE 2017 - Pathology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Rolling of leucocytes on endothelial cells is mediated by which of the following proteins?
- A. Integrins
- B. Transferrin
- C. PECAM-1
- D. Selectins (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Selectins** - **Selectins** mediate the initial, weak and transient adhesion of **leukocytes** to the **endothelial cells** lining blood vessels [1]. - This interaction slows down the leukocytes, causing them to **roll** along the vascular endothelium as a prerequisite for **extravasation** [1]. *Integrins* - **Integrins** are responsible for the **firm adhesion** of leukocytes to endothelial cells, but not the rolling [1]. - They bind to **ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1)** on endothelial cells, leading to stable arrest of the leukocyte [1]. *PECAM-1* - **PECAM-1 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1)** plays a role in **diapedesis** or **transmigration**, the movement of leukocytes *through* the endothelial cell junctions [1]. - It facilitates the passage of the leukocyte by interacting with PECAM-1 on the endothelial cells, but does not mediate rolling [1]. *Transferrin* - **Transferrin** is an iron-binding protein found in blood plasma that regulates free **iron levels** in the body. - It is crucial for **iron transport** and metabolic processes but has no direct role in leukocyte adhesion or rolling on endothelial cells. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 87-89.
Pharmacology
1 questionsEmpirical drug of choice for treatment of meningococcal meningitis is:-
FMGE 2017 - Pharmacology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Empirical drug of choice for treatment of meningococcal meningitis is:-
- A. Cefotetan
- B. Cefoxitin
- C. Gentamicin
- D. Ceftriaxone (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Ceftriaxone*** - As a **third-generation cephalosporin**, **Ceftriaxone** provides excellent coverage against common bacterial causes of meningitis, including *Neisseria meningitidis*. - It achieves high concentrations in the **cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)**, making it highly effective for CNS infections. *Cefotetan* - **Cefotetan** is a **second-generation cephalosporin** that has limited CSF penetration and less reliable coverage against common meningitis pathogens. - While it has activity against some gram-negative bacteria, it is not considered a first-line agent for empirical treatment of meningitis. *Cefoxitin* - **Cefoxitin** is also a **second-generation cephalosporin** with limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, making it unsuitable for treating meningitis. - Its spectrum of activity is more focused on anaerobic bacteria and some gram-negative organisms, not typically the main culprits in meningitis. *Gentamicin* - **Gentamicin** is an **aminoglycoside antibiotic** that has poor penetration into the CSF and is less effective as a monotherapy for meningitis. - It is often used in combination with other antibiotics, but not as an empirical monotherapy for suspected meningococcal meningitis.
Physiology
1 questionsWhich of the following ion plays a role in exocytosis?
FMGE 2017 - Physiology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Which of the following ion plays a role in exocytosis?
- A. Potassium
- B. Sodium
- C. Calcium (Correct Answer)
- D. Magnesium
Explanation: ***Calcium*** - **Calcium ions** are crucial for initiating the fusion of **secretory vesicles** with the plasma membrane during **exocytosis**. - An increase in intracellular calcium concentration, often due to an influx from outside the cell, triggers the release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other substances. *Potassium* - **Potassium ions** are primarily involved in maintaining the **resting membrane potential** and repolarization during action potentials. - While essential for neuronal function, they do not directly trigger the **vesicle fusion** step of exocytosis. *Sodium* - **Sodium ions** are vital for depolarizing the membrane and initiating **action potentials**, as well as for certain co-transport mechanisms. - However, they do not directly bind to proteins involved in **exocytosis** to trigger the release mechanism. *Magnesium* - **Magnesium ions** serve as **cofactors** for many enzymes, including ATPases, and play a role in stabilizing nucleic acids and proteins. - While important for overall cellular function, magnesium does not directly initiate or regulate the **fusion events** of exocytosis.
Psychiatry
1 questionsProsopagnosia is:
FMGE 2017 - Psychiatry FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Prosopagnosia is:
- A. Inability to recognize face (Correct Answer)
- B. Inability to read
- C. Anosmia
- D. Inability to write
Explanation: ***Inability to recognize face*** - **Prosopagnosia**, or **face blindness**, is a cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own. - This condition is often associated with damage to the **fusiform face area** in the brain, typically in the right hemisphere. *Inability to read* - The inability to read is known as **alexia** or **dyslexia**, which is distinct from the visual recognition deficit seen in prosopagnosia. - Alexia primarily involves difficulties with processing written language, not the visual recognition of faces. *Anosmia* - **Anosmia** refers to the complete or partial loss of the sense of smell and is a disorder affecting the olfactory system. - It is unrelated to visual processing or face recognition. *Inability to write* - The inability to write is termed **agraphia** or **dysgraphia**, a neurological condition that impairs writing ability. - This condition affects motor skills and language processing related to writing, not visual face recognition.