A 32-year-old G1P0 woman undergoes her 2nd-trimester ultrasound in a community hospital. During her prenatal care, she was found to have mild anemia, low levels of folate, and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels greater than 2 multiples of the median (MoM) on 2 separate occasions. Her 1st-trimester ultrasound was significant for the absence of the intracranial lucency, no visualization of the cisterna magna, and posterior shift of the brain stem. These 2nd-trimester ultrasound reports reveal the widening of the lumbosacral spine ossification centers and the presence of a sac in proximity to the lumbosacral defect. Which of the following statements best describes the congenital defect in the fetus?

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close

Abnormal development of the caudal eminence

Persistence of the anterior accessory neurenteric canal (ANC)

Failure of mesenchymal cells to form a neural rod

Failure of the rostral neuropore to close

A 37-year-old woman presents for prenatal counseling at 18 weeks gestation. The patient tells you that her sister recently had a child with Down's syndrome, and the patient would like prenatal screening for Down's in her current pregnancy. Which of the following prenatal screening tests and results would raise concern for Down's syndrome?

Decreased AFP, increased HCG, decreased unconjugated estriol

Increased AFP, normal HCG, normal unconjugated estriol

Decreased AFP, decreased HCG, decreased unconjugated estriol

Normal AFP, increased HCG, decreased unconjugated estriol

Normal AFP, decreased HCG, decreased unconjugated estriol

A 36-year old pregnant woman (gravida 4, para 1) presents at week 11 of pregnancy. Currently, she has no complaints. She had an uncomplicated 1st pregnancy that ended in an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at the age of 28 years. Her male child was born healthy, with normal physical and psychological development over the years. Two of her previous pregnancies were spontaneously terminated in the 1st trimester. Her elder sister has a child born with Down syndrome. The patient denies smoking and alcohol consumption. Her blood analysis reveals the following findings: Measured values Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) High Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) Low Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

Recommend chorionic villus sampling with subsequent cell culturing and karyotyping

Perform an ultrasound examination with nuchal translucency and crown-rump length measurement

Offer a blood test for rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma IgG

Recommend amniocentesis with subsequent cell culturing and karyotyping

Schedule a quadruple test at the 15th week of pregnancy

A 34-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 16 weeks gestation presents for prenatal care. Her prenatal course has been uncomplicated. She takes no medications besides her prenatal vitamin which she takes every day, and she has been compliant with routine prenatal care. She has a 7-year-old daughter who is healthy. The results of her recent quadruple screen are listed below: AFP: Low hCG: Low Estriol: Low Inhibin-A: Normal Which of the following is the most appropriate next step to confirm the diagnosis?

Ultrasound for nuchal translucency

A 38-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 12 weeks' gestation comes to her obstetrician for a prenatal visit. Screening tests in the first trimester showed a decreased level of pregnancy-associated plasma protein and an increased level of β-hCG. A genetic disorder is suspected. Which of the following results from an additional diagnostic test is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?

Trisomy 21 on chorionic villus sampling

Decreased estriol in maternal serum

Increased inhibin A in maternal serum

Increased nuchal translucency on ultrasound

A 28-year-old asymptomatic pregnant woman at 12 weeks gestation presents for prenatal care. She has no personal or family history of diabetes. Her BMI is 32 kg/m². She had a random glucose of 118 mg/dL at her first visit. She asks about gestational diabetes screening. Considering her risk factors and current pregnancy, what is the most appropriate screening approach?

Perform fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c now to assess for preexisting diabetes

Perform 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test at 16 weeks

Diagnose gestational diabetes based on random glucose and begin treatment

Perform 1-hour glucose challenge test now

Defer screening until 24-28 weeks gestation per routine protocol

A 66-year-old man underwent screening colonoscopy which revealed a 1.2 cm tubular adenoma with low-grade dysplasia in the sigmoid colon that was completely removed. He has no family history of colorectal cancer. His colonoscopy 8 years ago was normal. He asks about surveillance recommendations. Considering current guidelines and competing risks, what is the most appropriate surveillance interval?

Repeat colonoscopy in 5-10 years

Annual fecal immunochemical testing

A 32-year-old woman presents for preconception counseling. She is healthy with no medical problems. Her mother and maternal aunt both had breast cancer diagnosed at ages 38 and 42, respectively. Her maternal grandmother died of ovarian cancer at age 52. The patient tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations 2 years ago through a commercial genetic testing panel. She asks about breast cancer screening recommendations. What is the most appropriate evaluation and management?

Refer for genetic counseling and consider expanded testing with breast MRI screening

Begin mammography at age 35 and annually thereafter

Recommend clinical breast exam every 6 months only

Reassure that negative BRCA testing indicates average risk

Prenatal screening for USMLE Step 2 CK: High-Yield Diagnosis Lessons

Prenatal Screening - A Trimester Tour

A sequential process to screen for aneuploidy and neural tube defects. Non-invasive options (cfDNA from 10 wks) have high sensitivity but are not diagnostic. Definitive diagnosis requires invasive testing.

Fetal Nuchal Translucency Ultrasound Measurement

⭐ Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Quad Screen: shows ↑ β-hCG, ↑ Inhibin A, ↓ AFP, and ↓ unconjugated estriol (uE3). 📌 Mnemonic: HIgh levels (HCG, Inhibin A).

Aneuploidy Analytes - Biomarker Breakdown

First Trimester Screen (Weeks 9-13): PAPP-A + β-hCG + Nuchal Translucency
Second Trimester Quad Screen (Weeks 15-22): AFP + β-hCG + Estriol + Inhibin A

Analyte	Trisomy 21 (Down)	Trisomy 18 (Edwards)	Neural Tube Defects
AFP	↓	↓	↑
β-hCG	↑	↓	Normal
Estriol	↓	↓	Normal
Inhibin A	↑	Normal or ↓	Normal
PAPP-A	↓	↓	N/A

⭐ High Yield: Inhibin A is the most specific second-trimester marker for Down syndrome, as it is typically normal in other trisomies.

cfDNA vs. Diagnostic Tests - Screening vs. Certainty

cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
- Screening test using maternal blood; non-invasive.
- High detection rate for common aneuploidies (T21, T18, T13).
- Performed at or after 10 weeks gestation.
- ⚠️ A positive cfDNA result always requires confirmation.
Invasive Diagnostic Tests
- Provide certainty via fetal karyotype.
- Carry a small risk of procedure-related fetal loss.
- Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): 10-13 weeks.
- Amniocentesis: >15 weeks.

⭐ cfDNA is a powerful screening tool, but only invasive tests like amniocentesis or CVS provide a definitive diagnosis. False positives on cfDNA can occur, making confirmatory testing essential.

NTDs & Abdominal Wall - Finding the Flaws

Initial screen: ↑ maternal serum AFP.
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs):
- Anencephaly: "Frog-like" facies, polyhydramnios.
- Spina Bifida: Look for "lemon" (frontal bones) & "banana" (cerebellum) signs on ultrasound.
Abdominal Wall Defects:
- Gastroschisis: Right of midline, no sac.
- Omphalocele: Midline, sac present.

Lemon Sign in Fetal Ultrasound

⭐ Omphalocele is contained within a sac and often associated with chromosomal trisomies (13, 18, 21).

High‑Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

First-trimester combined screening integrates PAPP-A, β-hCG, and nuchal translucency ultrasound to assess aneuploidy risk.

The second-trimester quad screen measures AFP, estriol, β-hCG, and inhibin A.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a highly sensitive and specific non-invasive screen for common aneuploidies.

Elevated maternal serum AFP suggests a neural tube defect; low levels can indicate aneuploidy.

Screen for gestational diabetes at 24-28 weeks with a glucose challenge test.

Universal GBS screening via rectovaginal culture occurs at 36-38 weeks.

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