LMP 1 gene plays a role in oncogenesis induced by

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1

How many segments of RNA does the Influenza virus have?

8 segments of single-stranded RNA

5 segments of single-stranded RNA

8 segments of double-stranded DNA

8 segments of single-stranded DNA

A child presented with bluish-white spots in the mouth followed by a rash. What is the genome of the most likely causative agent?

Enveloped virus with single-stranded RNA

Naked virus with single-stranded RNA

A child presents with a fever and a rash. Urine examination showed cells with owl's eye appearance. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii

Infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus

The following are true about Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) except which of the following?

The main target of virus is the T-cell lymphocytes

Infects epithelial cells of pharynx

It is implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A member of herpes virus family

Which of the following is an RNA oncogenic virus?

Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

One day after delivery, an African American female newborn develops yellow discoloration of the eyes. She was born at term via uncomplicated vaginal delivery and weighed 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz). Her mother did not receive prenatal care. Examination shows scleral icterus and mild hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 10.7 g/dL Reticulocytes 3.5% Maternal blood group O, Rh-negative Fetal blood group A, Rh-negative Serum bilirubin, total 6.1 mg/dL Serum bilirubin, direct 0.4 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?

Binding of Rhesus immune globulins

Viral infiltration of the bone marrow

Polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Viral Infections for UPSC-CMS: High-Yield Pathology Lessons

Viral Infections - Viral Vitals - The Blueprint

Viral Structure: Core: Genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a protein coat (capsid). Some have an outer lipid envelope.
Genome Diversity: dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA (+ve or -ve sense), retroviruses (RNA with DNA intermediate).
Baltimore Classification: System categorizing viruses (Groups I-VII) based on their genome type and method of mRNA synthesis.
Viral Replication Cycle:

Mechanisms of Pathogenesis:
- Direct cytopathic effects (e.g., cell lysis).
- Immune-mediated injury (e.g., inflammation).
- Oncogenic transformation (e.g., HPV causing cancer).

⭐ Most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, EXCEPT Influenza virus and Retroviruses which replicate in the nucleus.

Viral Infections - DNA Dynamos - Double Helix Havoc

All DNA viruses dsDNA (exc. Parvo), nuclear replication (exc. Pox: cytoplasm). 📌 HHAPPPPy viruses.

Virus Family	Examples / Diseases	CPE / Pathognomonic	Dx Clues
Herpesviridae	HSV (herpes), VZV (varicella/zoster), CMV (congenital, retinitis), EBV (mono, cancers)	Cowdry A (HSV/VZV); Owl's eye (CMV); Downey cells (EBV)	Tzanck; PCR; Monospot
Poxviridae	Smallpox; Molluscum contagiosum	Guarnieri; Henderson-Paterson bodies	Clinical
Adenoviridae	URI, conjunctivitis, pneumonia	Basophilic intranuclear inclusions	PCR, Ag detect.
Papillomaviridae	HPV: Warts, cervical Ca	Koilocytes	Pap, DNA test
Hepadnaviridae	HBV: Hepatitis B, HCC	Ground glass hepatocytes	HBsAg

⭐ EBV, a Herpesvirus, is oncogenic, strongly linked to Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Viral Infections - RNA Raiders - Single Strand Scourge

Key single-stranded RNA viruses:

Virus Family	Key Diseases	Features / Clues
Orthomyxoviridae	Influenza	Segmented genome, antigenic drift/shift.
Paramyxoviridae	Measles, Mumps, RSV, Parainfluenza	Koplik spots (Measles) , parotitis, bronchiolitis (RSV), syncytia.
Picornaviridae	Polio, Coxsackie A/B, Hep A, Rhinovirus	Flaccid paralysis (Polio), hand-foot-mouth (Coxsackie A), aseptic meningitis.
Togaviridae	Rubella, Chikungunya	Postauricular LAD, CRS (cataracts, deafness, PDA), arthralgia (Chikungunya).
Flaviviridae	Dengue, HCV, Yellow Fever, Zika, West Nile	Hemorrhagic fever (Dengue/YF), Councilman bodies (YF), microcephaly (Zika), chronic HCV.
Rhabdoviridae	Rabies	Bullet-shaped, Negri bodies , hydrophobia.
Retroviridae	HIV/AIDS, HTLV	Reverse transcriptase, ↓CD4+ T-cells, opportunistic infections, oncogenic (HTLV).

Viral Infections - Oncogenesis & Diagnostics - Viral Impact

Oncogenic Viruses & Cancers:
- HPV (16, 18): Cervical, oropharyngeal Ca (E6/E7).
- EBV: Lymphomas (Burkitt's, Hodgkin's), Nasopharyngeal Ca.
- HBV, HCV: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (chronic inflammation).
- HTLV-1: Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (Tax).
- KSHV: Kaposi's Sarcoma.
Mechanisms: Inactivate tumor suppressors (p53, Rb by HPV E6/E7), activate oncogenes, chronic inflammation.
Diagnosis:
- Direct: PCR/NAATs (gold standard), antigen detection, culture.
- Indirect: Serology (IgM for acute, IgG for past/vaccination).
Antiviral Targets: Entry, polymerases, RT, integrase, proteases, release.
Vaccines: Live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit (HBV, HPV), mRNA, viral vector.

⭐ HPV E6 protein targets p53 for degradation; E7 protein inactivates Rb, crucial for viral oncogenesis.

High‑Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

DNA viruses mostly replicate in nucleus (Pox exception); RNA viruses in cytoplasm (Influenza, Retrovirus exceptions).

Key viral inclusion bodies: Negri bodies (Rabies), Owl's eye (CMV), Cowdry type A (HSV/VZV).

Major oncogenic viruses: EBV (lymphomas), HPV (cervical/other cancers), HBV/HCV (hepatocellular carcinoma).

Herpesviruses (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV) characteristically establish latency and can reactivate.

HIV targets CD4+ T-cells, leading to immunodeficiency; Dengue causes hemorrhagic manifestations and thrombocytopenia.

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